Bohemia is a historical region located in the western two-thirds of the Czech Republic. It has been ruled by various powers over the centuries, including the Přemyslid dynasty beginning in the 9th century. In the 15th century, the Hussite movement led Bohemia to defend itself against Catholic forces. The Habsburgs later took control of Bohemia and it became part of the Austrian Empire, though Czech national identity persisted.
Describe Burberry business Model with the brand management highlights based on the paper "The Burberry business model: creating an international luxury fashion brand by:Christopher M. Moore and Grete Birtwistle"
Burberry was established in 1856 in Britain and is known for its trench coats and trademark check pattern. It targets young professionals interested in British fashion. Nordstrom was founded in 1901 and targets suburban mothers interested in luxury shopping. It sells a variety of women's, men's and children's clothing and accessories. The document outlines buying and merchandising plans for Burberry jackets and scarves for Nordstrom stores, including allocating more jackets in October and more scarves in December to match seasonal demand.
Burberry is a luxury British fashion house established in 1856 known for its trench coats and distinctive check pattern. While Burberry struggled with negative associations in the 1970s, recent leadership has helped reinvent the brand through selective distribution, celebrity partnerships, and viral marketing that emphasize the brand's luxury quality and exclusivity.
A case study on the strategic change of Arvind Mills- one of the biggest players in the Textile Industry around the globe.
Arvind Mills managed to stay afloat even during the recession of 1980s. Arvind is a tough competitor for players like Aditya Birla Grasim, Welspun, Alok Industries, S.Kumar's, Reliance Industries, and many more.
At FashionTT's Fashion UPGRADE! Workshop, Violet Davis-Maurice provided great insight into creating garments that meet local and international standards.
This document provides an overview of sports textiles. It was submitted by four students to their professor and outlines the introduction, technical aspects, properties required, raw materials, manufacturing techniques, heat and moisture mechanisms, trade names, manufacturers, and applications of sportswear fabrics. The presentation covers the important functions and requirements of fabrics for different sports and how various synthetic and natural fibers are used in sportswear manufacturing.
Burberry went from failing in 1997 to a successful international luxury brand by reinventing its business model. It focused on brand image through marketing, product design, and controlled distribution. Celebrities helped improve its image after being associated with hooliganism. Its success is due to defined brand values, maximum market coverage through retail and wholesale, product extensions, flexible foreign market management, and exceptional media relations.
Describe Burberry business Model with the brand management highlights based on the paper "The Burberry business model: creating an international luxury fashion brand by:Christopher M. Moore and Grete Birtwistle"
Burberry was established in 1856 in Britain and is known for its trench coats and trademark check pattern. It targets young professionals interested in British fashion. Nordstrom was founded in 1901 and targets suburban mothers interested in luxury shopping. It sells a variety of women's, men's and children's clothing and accessories. The document outlines buying and merchandising plans for Burberry jackets and scarves for Nordstrom stores, including allocating more jackets in October and more scarves in December to match seasonal demand.
Burberry is a luxury British fashion house established in 1856 known for its trench coats and distinctive check pattern. While Burberry struggled with negative associations in the 1970s, recent leadership has helped reinvent the brand through selective distribution, celebrity partnerships, and viral marketing that emphasize the brand's luxury quality and exclusivity.
A case study on the strategic change of Arvind Mills- one of the biggest players in the Textile Industry around the globe.
Arvind Mills managed to stay afloat even during the recession of 1980s. Arvind is a tough competitor for players like Aditya Birla Grasim, Welspun, Alok Industries, S.Kumar's, Reliance Industries, and many more.
At FashionTT's Fashion UPGRADE! Workshop, Violet Davis-Maurice provided great insight into creating garments that meet local and international standards.
This document provides an overview of sports textiles. It was submitted by four students to their professor and outlines the introduction, technical aspects, properties required, raw materials, manufacturing techniques, heat and moisture mechanisms, trade names, manufacturers, and applications of sportswear fabrics. The presentation covers the important functions and requirements of fabrics for different sports and how various synthetic and natural fibers are used in sportswear manufacturing.
Burberry went from failing in 1997 to a successful international luxury brand by reinventing its business model. It focused on brand image through marketing, product design, and controlled distribution. Celebrities helped improve its image after being associated with hooliganism. Its success is due to defined brand values, maximum market coverage through retail and wholesale, product extensions, flexible foreign market management, and exceptional media relations.
Burberry is a global luxury brand known for its British heritage and iconic trench coats. The company designs and markets apparel and accessories through retail, digital commerce, wholesale, and licensing channels worldwide. While Burberry has faced challenges maintaining a consistent brand image and countering counterfeiting, under new leadership in the 1990s it repositioned itself and saw success. It continues working to manage popularity and growth in a sustainable way.
Rohit Bal is an Indian fashion designer known for his use of rich fabrics like velvet and brocade in his elaborate designs inspired by Indian grandeur. He was born in Jammu and Kashmir and graduated from St. Stephens College. Bal started his career in 1986 and won Designer of the Year in 2006.
Ritu Kumar is an Indian fashion designer born in Amritsar. She studied in the US and began her fashion business in Kolkata in the 1960s focusing on traditional fabrics and techniques. Kumar designs mainly traditional sari styles and was awarded the Padma Shri in 2013.
Jean Paul Gaultier is a French haute couture designer known for promoting the use of
Presentation1 History Evaluation Textile and CostumeSourav Parvez
The document provides information about fashion during the French Revolution period from 1789-1799. It discusses children's, women's, and men's fashion as well as working class clothing. For women, it describes gowns, jackets, underwear, footwear, hairstyles, and accessories. For men, it mentions coats, shirts, breeches, shoes, and stockings. It also provides brief summaries of fashion trends from 1900-1913 called "Undulation and Exotica" and from 1914-1924 focusing on the "New Simplicity" movement after World War 1.
The document summarizes a study on the Burberry brand. It provides background on Burberry's founding in 1856 and expansion. It discusses Burberry's marketing using the 4 P's framework and analyzes their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The document also reviews Burberry's competitors and includes a field visit report. It identifies counterfeit products as a problem and research problem. The methodology section outlines an exploratory research design to study consumer preferences towards luxury brand counterfeits in India. Key findings are that age and gender influence product attributes consumers seek in authentic versus counterfeit luxury products.
Mango is a Spanish fast fashion brand founded in 1984 that designs, manufactures, and markets women's, men's, and children's clothing. It has over 2,700 points of sales in 108 countries worldwide. While Mango has experienced success with its fast fashion model and international expansion, its summary identifies opportunities to improve brand image, social media presence, and supply chain management to better compete in the challenging retail environment.
This document provides information about fashion brands, products, and magazines. It discusses how brands like Nike have expanded from focusing only on athletic performance to also incorporating fashion elements in their designs. Nike's iconic Air Jordan shoes helped turn athletic shoes into a fashion statement. The document also notes how cell phones have become a fashion accessory, with early Nokia phones offering customizable covers and cases. Fashion magazines are discussed as being highly influential sources of the latest trends and providing celebrity editorials.
The ancient Romans adopted their early clothing styles from the Greeks, wearing tunics that reached the knee for men and ankle for women. Materials included wool, linen and leather from local farms, later importing luxurious fabrics like silk, cotton and fine linen. Clothing indicated social status, with married women wearing a stola overdress and men a toga on formal occasions. Cosmetics and hairstyles also varied over time. Roman art included mosaics, frescoes, sculpture and architecture displayed in homes and public buildings.
The clothing industry has undergone major global shifts since the phase out of the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) in 2005. Large apparel firms and retailers have moved production to regions with lower labor costs, especially Asia. China is now the world's largest clothing exporter, employing over 10 million workers, while Bangladesh exports over $25 billion annually, largely to Europe and North America. Regional trade blocs like NAFTA have integrated textile and apparel production networks within regions. Labor conditions and environmental sustainability remain ongoing issues as the industry continues to regionalize globally.
The document discusses the textile, textile product, and apparel manufacturing industries. It describes how textile mills transform natural and synthetic fibers into yarn and fabric. Textile product mills then convert raw textiles into finished goods like carpets and towels. The apparel industry uses these materials to produce clothing and accessories, though most apparel manufacturing has moved overseas for cheaper labor and remaining U.S. production must be highly automated.
Thomas Burberry founded the Burberry brand in 1856 in Britain. In 1900, Burberry launched its famous check pattern trademark. Burberry Brit, a fragrance line, features packaging in the trademark check and uses natural ingredients to create an elegant scent appealing to a youthful British lifestyle. Sales grew significantly from 1997 to 1999 as the brand expanded globally.
Brand study on luxury fashion house Burberry, including history of the brand, signature style, research on store layout, facade & design of interiors, and uniqueness & quintessence of the brand.
Three wallpapers, a window display with a theme accompanied by a comprehensive design process, and one store prop concept designed by the poster is also included.
The document summarizes the key processes and departments involved in garment production, including the sawing, sewing, and quality assurance departments. It then provides details on various garment production systems such as the make through system, conventional bundle system, and progressive bundle system. Finally, it discusses different types of seams and stitches used in garment production, classifying them based on the number of threads involved. The sawing department is where cut fabrics are assembled into garments using various seams and stitches. Quality assurance ensures production meets standards.
This document provides information about a case study for an e-commerce website project for the Indian jeans brand Mufti. The primary goals of the project were to incorporate social media content and showcase Mufti's products on a website to enable online sales. The development process took 3 months using agile methodology. Key challenges included designing for compatibility across devices and integrating social media and payment gateways. The project team included developers, a UX architect, project lead and manager. Both the lead developer and designer noted it was a learning experience.
The Indian textile industry is a major contributor to the Indian economy, generating $18.73 billion in exports and employing over 35 million people. It encompasses various sectors such as cotton, man-made fibers, wool, silk, handlooms and handicrafts. While India has strengths like low costs and a large skilled workforce, the industry is fragmented and faces threats from competition abroad and within India. To capitalize on new opportunities, industry players must invest in product development, technology, and integrated manufacturing capabilities.
Burberry is a British luxury fashion house known for its trench coats and trademark plaid patterns. It was established in 1856 and is now a public company listed on the London Stock Exchange. Burberry saw profits fall in the first half of 2021 due to the pandemic's impact on luxury spending. It is taking steps like expanding product lines and investing in digital marketing to appeal to younger customers and drive future growth in an uncertain economic environment.
It is a crisp details about the critical review of high active sports wear. This ppt contains more pictorial examples for the theory mentioned in the review paper. This ppt also gives an overall idea from fibre to garments.
This document contains a range plan and assortment for a women's spring/summer collection with the theme of "Dandalion Day". It includes details on the colors, styles, fabrics, costs, prices, and marketing plan for various items like dresses, tops, trousers, bags, and shoes. Costing details are provided for sample items, showing fabric and production costs, profit margins, and selling prices. The target market is women ages 16-35 in India, and the products will be sold in a multibrand store with promotional activities like visual merchandising, print media, and social media.
This document discusses different women's fashion silhouettes throughout history. It begins by outlining three basic silhouettes - the bell, straight, and bustle back - that form the basis for clothing. In the 1930s, bias-cut evening gowns that skimmed the body's curves became popular. In the 1960s, the Mod and Hippie styles influenced fashion trends by embracing comfort and non-Western styles. The document then defines different specific silhouettes like the A-line, princess, sheath, and mermaid shapes. It notes designers emphasize the importance of silhouettes in conveying a fashion concept.
This document discusses the requirements for fabric spreading in garment manufacturing. It begins by introducing the author and their background. The document then covers 10 key requirements for proper fabric spreading: 1) the fabric must be flat, 2) have correct ply tension, 3) ply alignment, 4) correct ply direction and stability, 5) elimination of static electricity, 6) elimination of fabric flaws, 7) easy separation of cut layers, 8) avoidance of ply fusion during cutting, 9) avoidance of spread distortion, and 10) matching of checks and stripes. It also briefly discusses pattern making, marker making, and cutting methods. The author provides links to related textile technology Facebook pages and their blog.
International business final project on Burberry Farah Sadiq Khan
An international brand/business analysis of Burberry.Burberry is one of the leading British luxurious clothing brand, having a great iconic history of about 200 years.
This document provides details about a trip to the Czech Republic for a history course from March 9-15, 2013. It includes information about departure and arrival flights, mandatory lectures and field trips in the Czech Republic, and a brief overview of the history of the region, including the Premyslid Dynasty, the Hussite Wars, and the Thirty Years' War.
Burberry is a global luxury brand known for its British heritage and iconic trench coats. The company designs and markets apparel and accessories through retail, digital commerce, wholesale, and licensing channels worldwide. While Burberry has faced challenges maintaining a consistent brand image and countering counterfeiting, under new leadership in the 1990s it repositioned itself and saw success. It continues working to manage popularity and growth in a sustainable way.
Rohit Bal is an Indian fashion designer known for his use of rich fabrics like velvet and brocade in his elaborate designs inspired by Indian grandeur. He was born in Jammu and Kashmir and graduated from St. Stephens College. Bal started his career in 1986 and won Designer of the Year in 2006.
Ritu Kumar is an Indian fashion designer born in Amritsar. She studied in the US and began her fashion business in Kolkata in the 1960s focusing on traditional fabrics and techniques. Kumar designs mainly traditional sari styles and was awarded the Padma Shri in 2013.
Jean Paul Gaultier is a French haute couture designer known for promoting the use of
Presentation1 History Evaluation Textile and CostumeSourav Parvez
The document provides information about fashion during the French Revolution period from 1789-1799. It discusses children's, women's, and men's fashion as well as working class clothing. For women, it describes gowns, jackets, underwear, footwear, hairstyles, and accessories. For men, it mentions coats, shirts, breeches, shoes, and stockings. It also provides brief summaries of fashion trends from 1900-1913 called "Undulation and Exotica" and from 1914-1924 focusing on the "New Simplicity" movement after World War 1.
The document summarizes a study on the Burberry brand. It provides background on Burberry's founding in 1856 and expansion. It discusses Burberry's marketing using the 4 P's framework and analyzes their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The document also reviews Burberry's competitors and includes a field visit report. It identifies counterfeit products as a problem and research problem. The methodology section outlines an exploratory research design to study consumer preferences towards luxury brand counterfeits in India. Key findings are that age and gender influence product attributes consumers seek in authentic versus counterfeit luxury products.
Mango is a Spanish fast fashion brand founded in 1984 that designs, manufactures, and markets women's, men's, and children's clothing. It has over 2,700 points of sales in 108 countries worldwide. While Mango has experienced success with its fast fashion model and international expansion, its summary identifies opportunities to improve brand image, social media presence, and supply chain management to better compete in the challenging retail environment.
This document provides information about fashion brands, products, and magazines. It discusses how brands like Nike have expanded from focusing only on athletic performance to also incorporating fashion elements in their designs. Nike's iconic Air Jordan shoes helped turn athletic shoes into a fashion statement. The document also notes how cell phones have become a fashion accessory, with early Nokia phones offering customizable covers and cases. Fashion magazines are discussed as being highly influential sources of the latest trends and providing celebrity editorials.
The ancient Romans adopted their early clothing styles from the Greeks, wearing tunics that reached the knee for men and ankle for women. Materials included wool, linen and leather from local farms, later importing luxurious fabrics like silk, cotton and fine linen. Clothing indicated social status, with married women wearing a stola overdress and men a toga on formal occasions. Cosmetics and hairstyles also varied over time. Roman art included mosaics, frescoes, sculpture and architecture displayed in homes and public buildings.
The clothing industry has undergone major global shifts since the phase out of the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) in 2005. Large apparel firms and retailers have moved production to regions with lower labor costs, especially Asia. China is now the world's largest clothing exporter, employing over 10 million workers, while Bangladesh exports over $25 billion annually, largely to Europe and North America. Regional trade blocs like NAFTA have integrated textile and apparel production networks within regions. Labor conditions and environmental sustainability remain ongoing issues as the industry continues to regionalize globally.
The document discusses the textile, textile product, and apparel manufacturing industries. It describes how textile mills transform natural and synthetic fibers into yarn and fabric. Textile product mills then convert raw textiles into finished goods like carpets and towels. The apparel industry uses these materials to produce clothing and accessories, though most apparel manufacturing has moved overseas for cheaper labor and remaining U.S. production must be highly automated.
Thomas Burberry founded the Burberry brand in 1856 in Britain. In 1900, Burberry launched its famous check pattern trademark. Burberry Brit, a fragrance line, features packaging in the trademark check and uses natural ingredients to create an elegant scent appealing to a youthful British lifestyle. Sales grew significantly from 1997 to 1999 as the brand expanded globally.
Brand study on luxury fashion house Burberry, including history of the brand, signature style, research on store layout, facade & design of interiors, and uniqueness & quintessence of the brand.
Three wallpapers, a window display with a theme accompanied by a comprehensive design process, and one store prop concept designed by the poster is also included.
The document summarizes the key processes and departments involved in garment production, including the sawing, sewing, and quality assurance departments. It then provides details on various garment production systems such as the make through system, conventional bundle system, and progressive bundle system. Finally, it discusses different types of seams and stitches used in garment production, classifying them based on the number of threads involved. The sawing department is where cut fabrics are assembled into garments using various seams and stitches. Quality assurance ensures production meets standards.
This document provides information about a case study for an e-commerce website project for the Indian jeans brand Mufti. The primary goals of the project were to incorporate social media content and showcase Mufti's products on a website to enable online sales. The development process took 3 months using agile methodology. Key challenges included designing for compatibility across devices and integrating social media and payment gateways. The project team included developers, a UX architect, project lead and manager. Both the lead developer and designer noted it was a learning experience.
The Indian textile industry is a major contributor to the Indian economy, generating $18.73 billion in exports and employing over 35 million people. It encompasses various sectors such as cotton, man-made fibers, wool, silk, handlooms and handicrafts. While India has strengths like low costs and a large skilled workforce, the industry is fragmented and faces threats from competition abroad and within India. To capitalize on new opportunities, industry players must invest in product development, technology, and integrated manufacturing capabilities.
Burberry is a British luxury fashion house known for its trench coats and trademark plaid patterns. It was established in 1856 and is now a public company listed on the London Stock Exchange. Burberry saw profits fall in the first half of 2021 due to the pandemic's impact on luxury spending. It is taking steps like expanding product lines and investing in digital marketing to appeal to younger customers and drive future growth in an uncertain economic environment.
It is a crisp details about the critical review of high active sports wear. This ppt contains more pictorial examples for the theory mentioned in the review paper. This ppt also gives an overall idea from fibre to garments.
This document contains a range plan and assortment for a women's spring/summer collection with the theme of "Dandalion Day". It includes details on the colors, styles, fabrics, costs, prices, and marketing plan for various items like dresses, tops, trousers, bags, and shoes. Costing details are provided for sample items, showing fabric and production costs, profit margins, and selling prices. The target market is women ages 16-35 in India, and the products will be sold in a multibrand store with promotional activities like visual merchandising, print media, and social media.
This document discusses different women's fashion silhouettes throughout history. It begins by outlining three basic silhouettes - the bell, straight, and bustle back - that form the basis for clothing. In the 1930s, bias-cut evening gowns that skimmed the body's curves became popular. In the 1960s, the Mod and Hippie styles influenced fashion trends by embracing comfort and non-Western styles. The document then defines different specific silhouettes like the A-line, princess, sheath, and mermaid shapes. It notes designers emphasize the importance of silhouettes in conveying a fashion concept.
This document discusses the requirements for fabric spreading in garment manufacturing. It begins by introducing the author and their background. The document then covers 10 key requirements for proper fabric spreading: 1) the fabric must be flat, 2) have correct ply tension, 3) ply alignment, 4) correct ply direction and stability, 5) elimination of static electricity, 6) elimination of fabric flaws, 7) easy separation of cut layers, 8) avoidance of ply fusion during cutting, 9) avoidance of spread distortion, and 10) matching of checks and stripes. It also briefly discusses pattern making, marker making, and cutting methods. The author provides links to related textile technology Facebook pages and their blog.
International business final project on Burberry Farah Sadiq Khan
An international brand/business analysis of Burberry.Burberry is one of the leading British luxurious clothing brand, having a great iconic history of about 200 years.
This document provides details about a trip to the Czech Republic for a history course from March 9-15, 2013. It includes information about departure and arrival flights, mandatory lectures and field trips in the Czech Republic, and a brief overview of the history of the region, including the Premyslid Dynasty, the Hussite Wars, and the Thirty Years' War.
The document provides details about a trip to the Czech Republic from March 9-15, 2013 to visit important historical sites. It also summarizes some key events in Czech history, including early settlement by Celts and Slavs, the establishment of the Premyslid dynasty in the 9th century, the rule of Charles IV in the 14th century which marked the height of Czech power, the Hussite Wars in the 15th century following religious reforms of Jan Hus, and the defeat of Czech Protestants by Catholic Hapsburgs at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620 during the Thirty Years' War. The document uses the trip itinerary and historical summaries to provide context for a university course on the history of the Czech
The document provides an overview of Romania's geography, history, and culture. It discusses how the Carpathian Mountains divide the country and notes that Romanian is the official language. It then summarizes Romania's history from ancient times to becoming part of the European Union, including being influenced by neighboring empires and gaining independence in the late 19th century. It also briefly mentions some of Romania's major cities, landmarks, and cultural traditions.
The document summarizes the relationships between the Roman Empire and neighboring groups including the Celts, Thracians, and Germanic tribes. It provides details on the territories and kingdoms of the Celts and Thracians. It also describes how over time, Germanic tribes migrated south and east, settling along the Roman Empire's borders. Additionally, it discusses the Roman province of Thrace and the legionary headquarters at Novae located in modern-day Bulgaria.
1) Charlemagne united many of the Germanic kingdoms that had succeeded the Western Roman Empire under his empire in the late 8th and early 9th centuries.
2) Charlemagne helped spread Christianity and Christian civilization throughout Northern Europe, which had a permanent cultural impact.
3) Charlemagne's large empire did not last after his death, as his successors divided it and lost central authority, leading to the decline of the Carolingian Empire.
The document discusses the Barbarian invasions of Europe between 300-700 CE. It outlines several goals related to evaluating the invasions and their impact. It then provides details on various invading tribes, including the Goths, Huns, Lombards, Franks, Angles/Saxons, Vikings, and Magyars. It discusses the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE and the political developments that followed, including the Merovingian and Carolingian Empires led by figures like Clovis, Charles Martel, and Charlemagne.
The document summarizes the fragmentation of the ancient world following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE. It describes how Germanic tribes invaded and established kingdoms across Europe as the empire dissolved. One such kingdom was the Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania. Meanwhile, the Eastern Roman Empire, centered in Constantinople, managed to survive as the Byzantine Empire for another 1000 years by repelling invaders. It also covers the emergence of Islam in the 7th century and the expansion of Muslim rule across former Roman territories in North Africa and the Middle East.
This document provides a timeline of major events in European history from 400 BC to 2007 AD. It outlines the rise and fall of civilizations like Greece, Rome, and the Byzantine Empire. It then discusses the Middle Ages and events like the Crusades, Renaissance, Reformation, and Industrial Revolution. Major power shifts are noted, such as the rise of Prussia/Germany and decline of empires like the Ottoman Empire. Both World Wars and the Cold War period profoundly impacted Europe and led to increased nationalism and the development of the European Union.
The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 settled religious differences in Germany by allowing each prince to determine the religion of their subjects, but only permitted Catholicism or Lutheranism. Growing tensions between Catholic and Protestant states led to the formation of the Protestant Union in 1608 and the Catholic League in 1609. In 1618, Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II cracked down on Protestants, sparking the Thirty Years War between Catholic and Protestant states that devastated Germany and killed millions over 30 years until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. This settlement recognized Calvinism, altered borders, and established a new system of independent states in Europe.
264 CHAPTER 9 Medieval Empires and Borderlands The Latin West.docxeugeniadean34240
264 CHAPTER 9 Medieval Empires and Borderlands: The Latin West
was followed by a period of anarchy as Europe faced
further incursions of hostile invaders. During the
eleventh century, however, the Latin West recov-
ered in dramatic fashion. By the end of the century
the Latin kingdoms were strong enough to engage
in a massive counterassault against Islam, in part in
defense of fellow Christians in Byzantium. These
campaigns against Islam, known as the Crusades,
produced a series of wars in the Middle East and
North Africa that continued throughout the Middle
Ages. But the ideals of the crusaders lasted well into
modern times, long after the active fighting ceased.
The transformations in this period raised this ques-
tion: How did Latin Christianity help strengthen
the new kingdoms of the Latin West so that they
were eventually able to deal effectively with both
barbarian invaders and Muslim rivals?
THE BIRTH OF LATIN
CHRISTENDOM
• H o w d i d L a t i n C h r i s t e n d o m — t h e new
k i n g d o m s of western E u r o p e — b u i l d o n
Rome's legal and governmental legacies
and h o w d i d C h r i s t i a n i t y spread i n these
new kingdoms ?
By the time the Roman Empire collapsed in the
West during the f i f t h century, numerous Germanic
tribes had settled in the lands of the former
empire. These tribes became the nucleus for the
new Latin Christian kingdoms that emerged by
750 (see M a p 9.1).
Germanic Kingdoms on Roman
Foundations
The new Germanic kingdoms of L a t i n Christen-
dom created a new kind of society. They bor-
rowed f r o m Roman law while establishing
government institutions, but they also relied on
their o w n traditional methods of rule. Three ele-
ments helped unify these kingdoms. First, i n the
Germanic kingdoms personal loyalty rather than
legal rights unified society. Kinship obligations to
a particular clan of blood relatives rather than
citizenship, as in the Roman Empire, defined a
person's place in society and his or her relation-
ship to rulers. Second, Christianity became the
dominant religion i n the kingdoms. The common
faith hnked rulers w i t h their subjects. A n d
t h i r d , L a t i n served as the language of worship,
learning, and diplomacy in these kingdoms.
German kingdoms based on Roman foundations
appeared in Anglo-Saxon England, Prankish
Gaul, Visigothic Spain, and Lombard Italy.
A N G I O - S A X O M ENGLAisSD Roman civilization
collapsed more completely i n Britain during the
f i f t h century than it did on the European conti-
nent, largely because of Britain's long distance
f r o m Rome and the small number of Romans
who had settled there. A b o u t 400, the Roman
economic and administrative infrastructure of
Britain fell apart, and the last Roman legions left
the island to fight on the continent. Raiders f r o m
the coast of the N o r t h Sea called Angles and
Saxons (historians referred to them as Anglo-
Saxons) took advantag.
The document summarizes key aspects of medieval Europe from the 9th to 11th centuries. It describes the Byzantine Empire, which continued Roman imperial rule but lost territory to attacks and split from the Catholic church. Society became more aristocratic and families gained power. It also covers early medieval Europe, describing a time of insecurity after Rome fell, the rise of self-sufficient manors and serfdom, and the growing prominence of knights and the system of lords and vassals with monarchs having little power.
History of art, Art from Medieval time periodrabeebhatti
The document provides an overview of the Medieval era in Europe, commonly referred to as the Middle Ages. It discusses several key points:
- The Medieval era spanned approximately 1000 years from the fall of the Western Roman Empire until the beginning of the Renaissance.
- During this time, society was largely rural and agricultural with a feudal system dominated by nobles and peasants. The Catholic Church was also very influential.
- The era saw the rise of Islam and the Islamic Caliphates, as well as the Crusades launched by European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
- Overall, the document characterizes the Medieval period as transformative for Europe, laying the
The document provides an introduction to the Middle Ages. It describes the Middle Ages as the period between ancient and modern times in Western history, beginning around 400 AD after the fall of the Roman Empire and ending around 1450. During this time, Western Europe transitioned from being part of the Roman Empire to including territories like the Holy Roman Empire, France, and Germany. Life was influenced by groups like the Merovingians, Franks, and the Byzantine Empire.
- The history of Europe covers prehistoric civilizations like the Minoans and Mycenaeans through the classical era of Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire.
- The Middle Ages saw the rise and fall of powers like the Franks and Byzantines. The Viking Age and Crusades had major impacts.
- The Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, and Age of Discovery transformed Europe. Major wars included the Hundred Years' War and Thirty Years' War.
- Modern European history includes the rise of nation-states, colonialism, world wars, and the postwar division between Western capitalist states and Eastern communist states within the Soviet sphere of influence. The European Union now faces challenges including financial crises and immigration
The document discusses the Barbarian invasions of Europe during the fall of the Roman Empire and the early Middle Ages. Major invasions came from Germanic tribes from northern Europe like the Goths, Huns, Lombards, and Franks, as well as the Huns and Magyars from Asia. These invaders settled across Europe and established new political entities, with varying levels of adoption of Roman culture. Significant leaders that arose included Clovis who established the Frankish kingdom and Charlemagne who founded the Carolingian Empire. Vikings also raided much of Europe in this period. Feudalism developed as a political and economic system in response to these invasions and the need for protection.
The document discusses the political landscape of Germany and Europe in the 18th century. It describes how Germany was divided into over 360 states after the Thirty Years' War and how Prussia and Austria emerged as the dominant powers. It provides biographies of several important German rulers from this period like Frederick the Great of Prussia and Maria Theresa of Austria who vied for control over the German states.
Poland has a population of around 39 million people, most of whom are ethnic Poles. However, there are some minority groups like Germans, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Roma, and Jews. The official language is Polish, which belongs to the Slavic language family. Poland has a diverse landscape and borders several countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Culturally, Poland has been influenced by neighboring Germanic and Slavic cultures over the centuries.
The document summarizes the 2014 Indonesian presidential election. It notes that the election will take place on July 9, 2014 and the two main candidates are Prabowo Subianto and Hatta Rajasa versus Joko Widodo and Jusuf Kalla. No single party gained enough seats to nominate a candidate alone, leading to the formation of two coalitions - one supporting each candidate. The election will follow the 2008 law requiring party support of 20% of seats or 25% of the popular vote for nomination.
The Grammar Translation Method is an older language teaching method that focuses on learning grammar rules and vocabulary to enable students to read literature in the target language. It emphasizes translation, reading, and writing, with little focus on speaking and listening. The teacher is the primary authority in the classroom, interacting directly with students and correcting their errors without discussion. Student-student interaction is limited. Evaluation is typically done through written translation tests.
There are two primary branches of Japanese dialects - Eastern and Western. Regional variations have existed since Old Japanese. The dialects diverged further during the Edo period when internal movement was restricted. Currently, standard Japanese is widespread due to education and media, but regional dialects still exist and are valued as part of local identity. Dialects are classified based on differences in grammar, vocabulary and accent across regions such as the use of imperfective verb forms, question particles, and pitch accent patterns.
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Beginning in May 1989, thousands of East Germans fled to West Germany through Hungary after it dismantled its border with Austria. By October 1989, East Germany had closed its borders with neighboring countries, leaving only Czechoslovakia. Large protests grew in East Germany, with over 70,000 protesters in Leipzig in early October despite threats of violence from authorities. Facing widespread unrest, East Germany's government opened the border with Czechoslovakia in November, allowing East Germans to flee to West Germany directly and precipitating the fall of the Berlin Wall later that month. East Germany held its first free elections in March 1990 and was reunified with West Germany in October 1990.
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This document defines a gerund as a verbal ending in "-ing" that functions as a noun. Gerunds can serve as subjects, direct objects, subject complements, and objects of prepositions in sentences. Examples are provided that show gerunds functioning in each of these roles. The document also defines a gerund phrase as a group of words including a gerund and any modifiers, objects, or complements. Gerund phrases can serve as subjects, direct objects, and objects of prepositions.
This document discusses the difference between the present simple and present continuous tenses. The present simple is used to describe habitual or routine actions, while the present continuous describes temporary actions happening now. Examples are given of sentences using each tense, such as "I play tennis" for habitual action and "I am playing tennis" for a current temporary action. Frequency adverbs like "always" and "never" are used with the present simple, while time expressions like "now" and "at the moment" are used with the present continuous.
The document discusses government shutdowns in the United States. It provides details on several shutdowns between 1976-2013, including the causes such as disagreements over funding abortion and budget cuts. Shutdowns result when Congress and the President cannot agree on appropriations bills to fund government operations. During a shutdown, non-essential government services are suspended. The longest shutdowns lasted 18 days under President Carter in 1978 due to disagreements over Medicaid funding for abortions.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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2. BOHEMIA
Bohemia is a historical country of Central Europe, occupying
the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech lands. It is
located in the contemporary Czech Republic with its capital in
Prague. In a broader meaning, it often refers to the entire
Czech territory, including Moravia and Czech Silesia, especially
in historical contexts, such as the Kingdom of Bohemia.
Bohemia was a kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire and
subsequently a province in the Habsburgs’ Austrian Empire. It
was bounded on the south by Upper and Lower Austria, on the
west by Bavaria, on the north by Saxony and Lusatia, on the
northeast by Silesia, and on the east by Moravia. From 1918
to 1939 and from 1945 to 1992 it was part of
Czechoslovakia, and since 1993 it has formed much of the
Czech Republic.
3. BOHEMIA
Bohemia has an area of 52,065 km2 (20,102 sq mi) and
today is home to approximately 6 million of the Czech
Republic's 10.3 million inhabitants. It is bordered by Germany
to the west, Poland to the northeast, the historical region
of Moravia to the east, and Austria to the south.
Bohemia's borders are marked with mountain ranges such as
the Bohemian Forest, the Ore Mountains, and
the Krkonoše (Giant Mountains), the highest within
the Sudeten mountain range.
4. BOHEMIA
Etymology
In the 2nd century BC, the Romans were competing for dominance in northern
Italy, with various peoples including the Boii. The Romans defeated the Boii at
the Battle of Placentia (194 BC) and the Battle of Mutina (193 BC). After this, many
of the Boii retreated north across the Alps.
Roman authors refer to the area they invaded as Boiohaemum, the earliest
mention being in Tacitus' Germania 28 (written at the end of the 1st century AD).
The name appears to include the tribal name Boi- plus the Germanic element
*haimaz "home" (whence Gothic haims, GermanHeim, English home). This
Boiohaemum included parts of southern Bohemia as well as parts
of Bavaria (whose name also seems to derive from the tribal name Boii) and
Austria. The Czech name "Čechy" is derived from the name of the Slavic tribe of
Czechs who settled in the area during the 6th or 7th century AD.
5. BOHEMIA
Ancient Bohemia
Bohemia, like neighbouring Bavaria, is named after the Boii tribe, who were a large
Celtic nation known to the Romans for their invasion and settlement in northern
Italy. Another part of the nation moved west with the Helvetii into southern France,
which was one of the events leading to the interventions of Julius Caesar's Gaulish
campaign of 58 BC. The emigration of the Helvetii and Boii left southern Germany
and the Czech Republic a lightly inhabited "desert" into which Suebic peoples
arrived, speaking Germanic languages, and became dominant over remaining
Celtic groups.
Both Tacitus and Strabo refer to an area as Boiohaemum named after the Boii. The
second component of this name is a Germanic word, related to modern
German heim, and English "home", so the term means "Boii-home". To the south,
over the Danube, the Romans extended their empire, and to the southeast in
Hungarian, the people living in Boiohaemum bordered upon Sarmatian peoples.
6. BOHEMIA
In the area of modern Bohemia the Marcomanni and other Suebic groups were led by their
king Marobodus, after suffering defeat to Roman forces in Germany. He took advantage of the
natural defenses provided by its mountains and forests. They were able to maintain a strong
alliance with neighbouring tribes including (at different times)
the Lugii, Quadi, Hermunduri, Semnones, and Buri, which was sometimes partly controlled by
the Roman empire, and sometimes in conflict with it, for example in the second century when
they fought Marcus Aurelius.
In late classical times and the early Middle Ages, two new Suebic groupings appeared to the
west of Bohemia in southern Germany, the Alemanni (in the Helvetian desert), and the
Bavarians (Baiuvarii), the latter being derived from the ancient name of the Boii. Many Suebic
tribes from the Bohemian region took part in such movements westwards, even settling as far
away as Spain and Portugal. With them were also tribes who had pushed from the east, such
as the Vandals, and Alans. Other groups pushed southwards towards Pannonia. (The last
known mention of the kingdom of the Marcomanni, concerning a queen named Fritigil is in
the 4th century, and she was thought to have lived in or near Pannonia. And the
Suebian Langobardi, who moved over many generations from the Baltic sea, via the Elbe and
Pannonia to Italy, recorded in a tribal history a time spent in "Bainaib".)
7. BOHEMIA
After this migration period, Bohemia was partially repopulated around the 6th century, and
eventually Slavic tribes arrived from the east, and their language began to replace the older
Germanic, Celtic and Sarmatian ones. These are precursors of today's Czechs, though the
exact amount of Slavic immigration is a subject of debate. The Slavic influx was divided into
two or three waves. The first wave came from the southeast and east, when the
Germanic Lombards left Bohemia (c. 568 AD). Soon after, from the 630s to 660s, the territory
was taken by Samo's tribal confederation. His death marked the end of the old "Slavonic"
confederation, the second attempt to establish such a Slavonic union
after Carantania in Carinthia.
Other sources (Descriptio civitatum et regionum ad septentrionalem plagam
Danubii, Bavaria, 800–850) divide the population of Bohemia at this time into the
Merehani, Marharaii, Beheimare (Bohemani) and Fraganeo. (The suffix -ani or -ni means
"people of-"). The great tribes of Dudleb, Lemuz andCharvat are missing from this list, which
shows a linguistic and cultural shift from Sarmatian in favor of Slavonic dialects, a common
occurrence in nomadic immigrations. Christianity first appeared in the early 9th century, but
only became dominant much later, in the 10th or 11th century.
8. BOHEMIA
The 9th century was crucial for the future of
Bohemia. The manorial system sharply declined, as it
did in Bavaria. The influence of the central FraganeoCzechs grew, as a result of the important cultic
centre in their territory. They were Slavic-speaking
and thus contributed to the transformation of diverse
neighbouring populations into a new nation named
and led by them with a unitedslavic ethnic
consciousness.
9. BOHEMIA
Přemysl dynasty
Bohemia was made a part of the early Slavic state of Great Moravia, under the rule
of Svatopluk I (r. 870–894). After Svatopluk's death Great Moravia was weakened
by years of internal conflict and constant warfare, ultimately collapsing and
fragmenting due to the continual incursions of the invading nomadic Magyars.
However, Bohemia's initial incorporation into the Moravian Empire resulted in the
extensive Christianization of the population. A native monarchy arose to the throne,
and Bohemia came under the rule of the Přemyslid dynasty, which would rule the
Czech lands for the next several hundred years.
The Přemyslids secured their frontiers from the remnant Asian interlocurs, after the
collapse of the Moravian state, by entering into a state of semi-vassalage to the
Frankish rulers. This alliance was facilitated by Bohemia's conversion to
Christianity, in the 9th century. Continuing close relations were developed with the
East Frankish kingdom, which devolved from the Carolingian Empire, into East
Francia, eventually becoming the Holy Roman Empire.
10. BOHEMIA
After a decisive victory of the Holy Roman Empire and Bohemia over invading Magyars in the
955 Battle of Lechfeld, Boleslaus I of Bohemia was granted the March of Moravia by German
emperor Otto the Great. Bohemia would remain a largely autonomous state under the Holy
Roman Empire for several decades. The jurisdiction of the Holy Roman Empire was
definitively reasserted when Jaromír of Bohemia was granted fief of the Kingdom of Bohemia
by Emperor King Henry II of the Holy Roman Empire, with the promise that he hold it as a
vassal once he re-occupied Prague with a German army in 1004, ending the rule of Boleslaw I
of Poland.
The first to use the title of "King of Bohemia" were the Přemyslid dukes Vratislav II (1085)
and Vladislav II (1158), but their heirs would return to the title of duke. The title of king
became hereditary under Ottokar I (1198). His grandson Ottokar II (king from 1253–1278)
conquered a short-lived empire which contained modern Austria and Slovenia. The mid-13th
century saw the beginning of substantial German immigration as the court sought to replace
losses from the brief Mongol invasion of Europe in 1241. Germans settled primarily along the
northern, western, and southern borders of Bohemia, although many lived in towns
throughout the kingdom.
11. BOHEMIA
Luxembourg dynasty
The House of Luxembourg accepted the invitation to the Bohemian
throne with the marriage to the Premyslid heiress, Elizabeth and the
crowning subsequent of John I of Bohemia in 1310. His son, Charles
IV became King of Bohemia in 1346. He founded Charles University
in Prague, central Europe's first university, two years later. His reign
brought Bohemia to its peak both politically and in total
area, resulting in his being the first King of Bohemia to also be
elected as Holy Roman Emperor.
Under his rule the Bohemian crown controlled such diverse lands
as Moravia, Silesia,Upper Lusatia and Lower
Lusatia, Brandenburg, an area around Nuremberg called New
Bohemia, Luxembourg, and several small towns scattered around
Germany.
12. BOHEMIA
Hussite Bohemia
During the ecumenical Council of Constance in 1415, Jan Hus,
the rector of Charles University and a prominent reformer and religious
thinker, was sentenced to be burnt at the stake as a heretic. The verdict
was passed despite the fact that Hus was granted formal protection by
Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg prior to the journey. Hus was invited
to attend the council to defend himself and the Czech positions in the
religious court, but with the emperor's approval, he was executed on 6
July 1415. The execution of Hus, as well as five consecutive
papal crusades against followers of Hus, forced the Bohemians to
defend themselves. Their defense and rebellion against Roman
Catholics became known as the Hussite Wars.
The uprising against imperial forces was led by a former mercenary, Jan
Žižka of Trocnov. As the leader of the Hussite armies, he used
innovative tactics and weapons, such as howitzers, pistols, and fortified
wagons, which were revolutionary for the time, and established Žižka as
a great general who never lost a battle.
13. BOHEMIA
After Žižka's death, Prokop the Great took over the command for the army, and under his lead
the Hussites were victorious for another ten years, to the sheer terror of Europe. The Hussite
cause gradually splintered into two main factions, the moderate Utraquists and the more
fanatic Taborites. TheUtraquists began to lay the groundwork for an agreement with the
Catholic Church and found the more radical views of the Taborites distasteful. Additionally,
with general war weariness and yearning for order, the Utraquists were able to eventually
defeat the Taborites in the Battle of Lipany in 1434. Sigismund said after the battle that "only
the Bohemians could defeat the Bohemians."
Despite an apparent victory for the Catholics, the Bohemian Utraquists were still strong
enough to negotiate freedom of religion in 1436. This happened in the so-called Basel
Compacts, declaring peace and freedom between Catholics and Utraquists. It would only last
for a short period of time, as Pope Pius II declared the Basel Compacts to be invalid in 1462.
In 1458, George of Podebrady was elected to ascend to the Bohemian throne. He is
remembered for his attempt to set up a pan-European "Christian League", which would form
all the states of Europe into a community based on religion. In the process of negotiating, he
appointed Leo of Rozmital to tour the European courts and to conduct the talks. However, the
negotiations were not completed, because George's position was substantially damaged over
time by his deteriorating relationship with the Pope.
14. BOHEMIA
Habsburg Monarchy
After the death of King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia in
the Battle of Mohács in
1526, Archduke Ferdinand of Austria became the new King of
Bohemia and the country became a constituent state of
the Habsburg Monarchy.
Bohemia enjoyed religious freedom between 1436 and
1620, and became one of the most liberal countries of the
Christian world during that period. In 1609, Holy Roman
Emperor Rudolph II who made Prague again the capital of
the Empire at the time, himself a Roman Catholic, was moved
by the Bohemian nobility to publish Maiestas
Rudolphina, which confirmed the older Confessio Bohemica of
1575.
15. BOHEMIA
After Emperor Ferdinand II began oppressing the rights of Protestants in
Bohemia, the resulting Bohemian Revolt led to outbreak of the Thirty Years' War in
1618. Elector Frederick V of the Electorate of the Palatinate, a Protestant, was
elected by the Bohemian nobility to replace Ferdinand on the Bohemian
throne, and was known as the Winter King. Frederick's wife, the popular Elizabeth
Stuart and subsequently Elizabeth of Bohemia, known as the Winter Queen or
Queen of Hearts, was the daughter of King James I of England. However, after
Frederick's defeat in the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, 27 Bohemian estates
leaders together with Jan Jesenius, rector of the Charles University of Prague were
executed on the Prague's Old Town Square on 21 June 1621 and the rest were
exiled from the country; their lands were then given to Catholic loyalists (mostly of
Bavarian and Saxon origin), this ended the pro-reformation movement in Bohemia
and also ended the role of Prague as ruling city of the Holy Roman Empire.
Until the so-called "renewed constitution" of 1627, the German language was
established as a second official language in the Czech lands. The Czech language
remained the first language in the kingdom. Both German and Latin were widely
spoken among the ruling classes, although German became increasingly
dominant, while Czech was spoken in much of the countryside.
16. BOHEMIA
The formal independence of Bohemia was further jeopardized when the
Bohemian Diet approved administrative reform in 1749. It included the
indivisibility of the Habsburg Empire and the centralization of rule; this
essentially meant the merging of the Royal Bohemian Chancellery with the
Austrian Chancellery.
At the end of the 18th century, the Czech National Revival movement, in
cooperation with part of the Bohemian aristocracy, started a campaign for
restoration of the kingdom's historic rights, whereby the Czech language
was to replace German as the language of administration. The enlightened
absolutism of Joseph II and Leopold II, who introduced minor language
concessions, showed promise for the Czech movement, but many of these
reforms were later rescinded. During theRevolution of 1848, many Czech
nationalists called for autonomy for Bohemia from Habsburg Austria, but
the revolutionaries were defeated. The old Bohemian Diet, one of the last
remnants of the independence, was dissolved, although the Czech
language experienced a rebirth as romantic nationalism developed among
the Czechs.
17. BOHEMIA
In 1861, a new elected Bohemian Diet was established. The
renewal of the old Bohemian Crown (Kingdom of Bohemia,
Margraviate of Moravia, and Duchy of Silesia) became the official
political program of both Czech liberal politicians and the majority
of Bohemian aristocracy ("state rights program"), while parties
representing the German minority and small part of the aristocracy
proclaimed their loyalty to the centralistic Constitution (so-called
"Verfassungstreue").
After the defeat of Austria in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866,
Hungarian politicians achieved the Austro-Hungarian Compromise
of 1867, ostensibly creating equality between the Austrian and
Hungarian halves of the empire. An attempt by the Czechs to create
a tripartite monarchy (Austria-Hungary-Bohemia) failed in 1871.
However, the "state rights program" remained the official platform
of all Czech political parties (except for social democrats) until
1918.
18. BOHEMIA
Twentieth century
After World War I, Bohemia (as the biggest and most
populated land) became the core of the newly formed
country of Czechoslovakia, which combined
Bohemia, Moravia, Austrian Silesia, Upper
Hungary (present-day Slovakia) and Carpathian
Ruthenia into one state. Under its first
president, Tomáš Masaryk, Czechoslovakia became a
liberal democratic republic but serious issues emerged
regarding the Czech majority's relationship with the
native German and Hungarian minorities.
19. BOHEMIA
From 1939 to 1945 Bohemia, (without the Sudetenland), together with Moravia
formed the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (Reichsprotektorat
Böhmen und Mähren). Any open opposition to German occupation was brutally
suppressed by the Nazi authorities and many Czech patriots were executed as a
result. After World War II ended in 1945, the vast majority of remaining Germans
were expelled by force by the order of the re-established Czechoslovak central
government, based on the Potsdam Agreement, and their property was confiscated
by the Czech authorities. This severely depopulated the area and from this moment
on locales were only referred to in their Czech equivalents regardless of their
previous demographic makeup. In 1946, per thePotsdam Agreement, and under
the stipulation that it be placed "under Polish administration" the post war
Communist Party backed by the Soviet Union re-established Czechoslovakia. The
Party won the most votes in free elections but not a simple majority. Klement
Gottwald, the communist leader, became Prime Minister of a coalition government.
In February 1948 the non-communist members of the government resigned in
protest against arbitrary measures by the communists and their Soviet protectors
in many of the state's institutions. Gottwald and the communists responded with a
coup d'état and installed a pro-Soviet authoritarian state.
20. BOHEMIA
Beginning in 1949, Bohemia ceased to be an administrative unit of
Czechoslovakia, as the country was divided into administrative regions. Between
1949 and 1989 Czechoslovakia (from 1960 officially called Czechoslovak
Socialistic Republic) became a Soviet satellite even though there was not a Soviet
army present until 1968 (interestingly enough, surrounding countries including
Eastern Austria were occupied by the Red Army) when Czechoslovak Communist
Party started to reform and democratize itself. This "Prague Spring" process was
stopped abruptly by an invasion of 'brotherly' armies of Warsaw Pact in August
1968. "Temporary stationing" of Soviet army following the invasion ended in 1991.
In 1989, Agnes of Bohemia became the first saint from a Central European country
to be canonized by Pope John Paul II before the "Velvet Revolution" later that year.
After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 (the "Velvet Divorce"), the territory
of Bohemia became part of the new Czech Republic.
The Czech constitution from 1992 refers to the "citizens of the Czech Republic in
Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia" and proclaims continuity with the statehood of
the Bohemian Crown. Bohemia is not currently an administrative unit of the Czech
Republic. Instead, it is divided into the Prague, Central Bohemia, Plzeň, Karlovy
Vary, Ústí nad Labem, Liberec, and Hradec Králové Regions, as well as parts of
the Pardubice, Vysočina, South Bohemian and South Moravian Regions.