The document discusses the evaluation of teaching and learning, emphasizing the importance of student and teacher perspectives. It focuses on 'threshold concepts' which are critical ideas that transform understanding and are essential for mastering a subject. The document also highlights how these concepts are often difficult to grasp but crucial for students to engage effectively with their disciplines.

1. Workshop 6: Conclusions
Jamie Wood
Tuesday 10th June 2014
https://coachingmainz.wikispaces.com/Homepage

2. 1 practice, 1 theory
1. Evaluating learning
2. Threshold concepts

3. 1. Evaluating teaching and learning
What?

4. Why?

5. When?
• At the end?
• Mid-point?
• Continuously?
– (after each
session; but
not
necessarily
with the
students)

6. Who?

7. Who knows best?
– Students
• Students experience more teaching of different types (=
breadth), including in school
• Some are trainee teachers (in Germany)
– Teachers
• Have depth of knowledge and experience
• Have expert disciplinary knowledge and skills
• Have a better understanding of what the overall aim of
T&L is within the discipline
– You…

8. But…
• “Difficult” topics are often the most
important/ significant (often with hindsight)
– A course that students do not seem to like is not
necessarily a ‘bad’ course

9. 2. Threshold concepts
• UK research project
• Characteristics of
successful teaching
environments
• Certain concepts held by
academic teachers and
experienced by students
as central to the mastery
of their subject

10. Threshold concepts (i)
• Conceptual gateways/ ‘portals’/
‘bottlenecks’
• Must be passed through (often with
difficultly) to arrive at new understandings
• Involve knowledge, understanding, skills,
practices, dispositions (so, not just
‘concepts’)
• Key to progress within discipline
• Hard to unlearn

11. • ‘The important feature of a threshold concept
is that it alters the way in which you think
about a subject. So it is not necessarily the
same as a "key", "core", "central" or even
"very important" idea or fact. [...] Nor is it an
instant insight […] they often have to be
worked at very hard.’
(www.doceo.co.uk/tools/threshold_3.htm)

12. Threshold Concepts (ii)
• Transformative: change the way
the student views the discipline.
• Troublesome: can be alien,
incoherent or counter−intuitive.
• Irreversible: difficult to unlearn.
• Integrative: draw together
previously unrelated aspects of
subject.
• Discursive: involve enhanced and
extended use of language.

13. • ‘Easy or difficult, obvious or counter to common
sense, neutral or threatening, threshold concepts
are what you need to grasp to join a
community—the community of people who
understand a particular subject. And if we as
teachers want to get others to join this
community, then helping them to understand
(and even to commit themselves to) is the crucial
and critical task.’
(www.bedspce.org.uk/threshold_4.htm)

14. • Bounded: serve as boundary markers for the
discipline.
• Liminal: likened to a ‘rite of passage’ within
the discipline.

16. Example 1: Opportunity Cost in
Economics
• issue of comparing choices fundamental to
Economics: how individuals, groups, and societies
make choices, esp. when faced with the reality that
resources and alternatives are limited; no-one can
have everything, and in most cases the ‘constraints’
faced by chooser are quite severe and binding
• opportunity cost
– expresses basic relationship between scarcity and choice
– captures idea that choices can be compared; that every
choice (including not choosing) means rejecting
alternatives
– value placed on the rejected option by the chooser = the
obstacle to choice; what must be considered, evaluated
and ultimately rejected before the preferred option is
chosen

17. Opportunity cost
• Student who grasps this concept has
– moved a long way toward breaking out
of a framework of thinking that sees
choices as predetermined or
unchangeable
– moved toward seeing ‘two sides’ of
every choice and looking beyond
immediate consequences, and even
just monetary ‘costs’ towards a more
abstract way of thinking
– if ‘accepted’ by the individual student
as a valid way of interpreting the
world, it fundamentally changes their
way of thinking about their own
choices, as well as serving as a tool to
interpret the choices made by others

18. What might threshold concepts be in
Theology?
• For (limited) literature see:
http://www.ee.ucl.ac.uk/~mflanaga/thresholds.html#relig

19. • ‘tacit constructs that often sit behind explicit
domain [= subject] knowledge, and may
therefore operate as unrecognised, or at least
unacknowledged, assumptions in a tutor’s
teaching. Critically, […] it is these threshold
concepts that are the real drivers for the core
concepts and discourses within a discipline, and
things that must be made explicit to students if
they are to think effectively in the ways of that
discipline.’
(www.ukcle.ac.uk/resources/directions/previous/
issue17/threshold/)

20. How might we enable students to
better grasp these concepts?

21. 3 final points
• I learnt: Identity: an under-appreciated
element of T&L
• I observed: Feedback: a small ‘genau’ goes a
long way in class
• I think: Alignment: is key

22. Your final points

23. Final feedback forms

24. References
• Comprehensive online bibliography on threshold concepts (general
and subject-specific advice):
– Threshold Concepts: Undergraduate Teaching, Postgraduate Training and
Professional Development: A short introduction and bibliography (UCL
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering):
http://www.ee.ucl.ac.uk/~mflanaga/thresholds.html
• Some specific works:
– Land, Ray, Jan H. F. Meyer and Jan Smith, eds. (2008), Threshold Concepts
within the Disciplines (Rotterdam).
– Meyer, Jan H. F., Ray Land and Caroline Baillie, eds. (2010), Threshold
Concepts and Transformational Learning (Rotterdam).
– Meyer, Jan H. F. and Ray Land, eds. (2006), Overcoming Barriers to
Student Understanding: threshold concepts and troublesome knowledge
(London and New York).
– Wuetherick B. and E. Loeffler (2013), Threshold Concepts and Decoding
the Humanities: A Case Study of a Threshold Concept in Art
History, Threshold Concepts: From Personal Practice to Communities of
Practice (Dublin), pp. 118-122