The document discusses the close relationship between religion and warfare in late antiquity and the early middle ages. It examines primary sources that show how military victory was often attributed to divine favor. The session aims to explore conceptions of "holy war" in both the Eastern and Western worlds, as well as in Christian and early Islamic contexts. Differences and similarities between these conceptions will be analyzed over time, from the Roman imperial army to developments in the Byzantine Empire, Western Europe, and the early Islamic caliphate.
The document summarizes religion and its role in the Roman army from the early empire through late antiquity in 3 parts:
1. Religion was initially important for military victory and imperial legitimacy. Soldiers worshipped gods of war and victory. Some Christians served but were seen as a threat.
2. Later, Christianity rose in prominence. The Christian God was believed to grant victory to Roman armies. Religious practices in the army shifted to support Christianity.
3. By late antiquity, military defeats were sometimes interpreted as divine punishment for religious errors or sins. God was seen to use foreign armies to discipline Romans. The army remained a highly religious institution even as Christianity became dominant.
The documentary examines the Crusades between Christians and Muslims from the 11th to 13th centuries over control of holy sites in Jerusalem. It explores both the religious motivations for the bloody conflicts as well as the political and economic factors, as both sides sought to defend their faiths and control important trade routes. While the Crusades ended militarily in the 13th century, their legacy lives on in the charged language used today to describe religiously-motivated conflicts.
Over the first few centuries CE, Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire and local Christian communities developed their own traditions and leadership structures. This led to diversity and theological disagreements. A series of ecumenical councils were held to address heresies and establish orthodox Christian doctrine, such as the divinity of Christ. Key events that helped form the universal Catholic Church included Constantine's legalization of Christianity in 313 CE and the councils of Nicea in 325 CE and Chalcedon in 451 CE which defined core Christological doctrines. By the end of the 4th century, the biblical canon was largely fixed and the Nicene Creed provided a common foundation of belief for dispersed Christian communities to unite as one church.
Constantine the Great played a pivotal role in the legalization and spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire. Some key events and accomplishments included:
1) Constantine's vision of the Chi-Rho before the Battle of Milvian Bridge in 312 AD, after which he adopted the sign to mark his soldiers' shields and helmets and emerged victorious, establishing the Chi-Rho as a Christian symbol.
2) The Edict of Milan in 313 AD which granted religious freedom and restitution of confiscated Christian properties throughout the Empire.
3) The construction of important Christian sites including the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem and the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
4)
Pope Julius II was known as a warrior pope who led troops into battle dressed in armor. He had a preference for warfare over religion. Pope Leo X, who succeeded him, was dedicated to luxury and sought money eagerly, expanding the selling of indulgences which Martin Luther opposed and helped spark the Protestant Reformation. Both popes prioritized worldly desires over religious piety.
The document provides an overview of a lecture on religious developments in the later Roman Empire, focusing on the age of Constantine. It discusses the political context of Constantine's decision to convert to Christianity and analyzes primary sources on his conversion. The lecture aims to show how Constantine's conversion was influenced by the broader trends of monotheism and the relationship between religion and imperial power in the 3rd century Roman Empire.
Christianity emerged as an official religion of the Roman Empire over several centuries, evolving from a small Judaic sect to a major pillar of medieval Christendom. No one could have anticipated this remarkable transformation, which was difficult to fully explain even in hindsight. Constantine's conversion in 312 AD and the Edict of Milan legalizing Christianity set the stage for its rapid growth. Theodosius established Christianity as the empire's sole official religion in 391 AD, banning Roman paganism.
The document summarizes religion and its role in the Roman army from the early empire through late antiquity in 3 parts:
1. Religion was initially important for military victory and imperial legitimacy. Soldiers worshipped gods of war and victory. Some Christians served but were seen as a threat.
2. Later, Christianity rose in prominence. The Christian God was believed to grant victory to Roman armies. Religious practices in the army shifted to support Christianity.
3. By late antiquity, military defeats were sometimes interpreted as divine punishment for religious errors or sins. God was seen to use foreign armies to discipline Romans. The army remained a highly religious institution even as Christianity became dominant.
The documentary examines the Crusades between Christians and Muslims from the 11th to 13th centuries over control of holy sites in Jerusalem. It explores both the religious motivations for the bloody conflicts as well as the political and economic factors, as both sides sought to defend their faiths and control important trade routes. While the Crusades ended militarily in the 13th century, their legacy lives on in the charged language used today to describe religiously-motivated conflicts.
Over the first few centuries CE, Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire and local Christian communities developed their own traditions and leadership structures. This led to diversity and theological disagreements. A series of ecumenical councils were held to address heresies and establish orthodox Christian doctrine, such as the divinity of Christ. Key events that helped form the universal Catholic Church included Constantine's legalization of Christianity in 313 CE and the councils of Nicea in 325 CE and Chalcedon in 451 CE which defined core Christological doctrines. By the end of the 4th century, the biblical canon was largely fixed and the Nicene Creed provided a common foundation of belief for dispersed Christian communities to unite as one church.
Constantine the Great played a pivotal role in the legalization and spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire. Some key events and accomplishments included:
1) Constantine's vision of the Chi-Rho before the Battle of Milvian Bridge in 312 AD, after which he adopted the sign to mark his soldiers' shields and helmets and emerged victorious, establishing the Chi-Rho as a Christian symbol.
2) The Edict of Milan in 313 AD which granted religious freedom and restitution of confiscated Christian properties throughout the Empire.
3) The construction of important Christian sites including the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem and the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
4)
Pope Julius II was known as a warrior pope who led troops into battle dressed in armor. He had a preference for warfare over religion. Pope Leo X, who succeeded him, was dedicated to luxury and sought money eagerly, expanding the selling of indulgences which Martin Luther opposed and helped spark the Protestant Reformation. Both popes prioritized worldly desires over religious piety.
The document provides an overview of a lecture on religious developments in the later Roman Empire, focusing on the age of Constantine. It discusses the political context of Constantine's decision to convert to Christianity and analyzes primary sources on his conversion. The lecture aims to show how Constantine's conversion was influenced by the broader trends of monotheism and the relationship between religion and imperial power in the 3rd century Roman Empire.
Christianity emerged as an official religion of the Roman Empire over several centuries, evolving from a small Judaic sect to a major pillar of medieval Christendom. No one could have anticipated this remarkable transformation, which was difficult to fully explain even in hindsight. Constantine's conversion in 312 AD and the Edict of Milan legalizing Christianity set the stage for its rapid growth. Theodosius established Christianity as the empire's sole official religion in 391 AD, banning Roman paganism.
Condensed SECTION of Daniel and the Revelation by Uriah Smith. This rewrite with modern language, condensed work covers Daniel 11:20-45 and Rev 8 and 9.
The key verses that are in great dispute in the Adventist Church. This document is entirely in harmony with Uriah Smiths original book, no changes from his original view.
Seventh-day Adventist, Daniel, Revelation, Uriah Smith, Daniel 11
See our NEW Website at: www.returntodar.com for more information on prophecy
The document summarizes the rise and spread of Christianity from the fall of the Roman Empire to the Late Middle Ages. During this period, Christianity grew from a small persecuted sect to the dominant religion of Europe. It established a church hierarchy with the Pope at its head and adopted core beliefs and sacraments. The Crusades were a series of military expeditions called by the Pope in the 11th-13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from Muslim rule, though they ultimately failed in their goal.
A Step Back In Time: The Capture Of Jerusalem - Prophecy In The News Magazin...miscott57
The capture of Jerusalem in 1917 by British forces was viewed as the fulfillment of biblical prophecy by many Christian leaders and ministers at the time. It marked the beginning of the decline of Turkish rule over the Holy City and the weakening of Islamic dominance in the region. Many saw the British liberation of Jerusalem as a pivotal moment signaling that the prophecies regarding the end times were unfolding.
This is the basis for a daylong Lenten retreat, originally given to Parish Catechetical Leaders in the Catholic Archdiocese of Oklahoma City in March, 2010.
The document summarizes key events in the history of the Christian church, including the Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholic churches in 1054, and the Crusades between the 11th-13th centuries. It discusses how theological and political differences grew over time between Eastern and Western Christianity. The Great Schism formally split the church after representatives from each excommunicated one another. The Crusades were a series of military expeditions called by the Pope to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim rule, though many ended in failure or unintended consequences like sacking the Christian city of Constantinople.
St. Ambrose was a highly influential bishop of Milan in the 4th century. He was a staunch defender of the Church's independence from secular rule and converted St. Augustine. As bishop of Milan from 374 to 397, he was a leading opponent of Arianism and encouraged monasticism. He is renowned for publicly rebuking the Roman Emperor Theodosius I for a massacre and forcing him to publicly do penance, establishing the independence of the Church from imperial authority. Ambrose wrote extensively on theology and was an important figure in developing hymns in the liturgy.
The document discusses the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire between the 1st and 4th centuries AD by various Roman emperors and governors. It describes some of the severe punishments inflicted on Christians such as being burned alive, fed to lions, and stoned to death. It also lists several early Christian martyrs who were persecuted, and discusses some of the reasons for the persecutions, including that Christians were seen as a threat to Roman rule and their beliefs conflicted with Roman pagan religion.
The document discusses the history of the Crusades between the 11th and 13th centuries. It began when Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade in 1095 to retake Jerusalem from Seljuk Turks and protect Christian pilgrims. This led to the establishment of Crusader states in the Holy Land. Subsequent crusades aimed to defend or retake lands but faced challenges from Saladin and failed to achieve lasting control over Jerusalem and the region. The Crusades had lasting religious, political, and economic impacts on relations between Christianity and Islam.
The document provides information on the evolution of church architecture from early Christian to Byzantine and Romanesque styles. It discusses key architectural features of important churches like St. Peter's Basilica, Hagia Sophia, and characteristics of Romanesque architecture. The early Christian churches adopted the basilica model of Roman buildings. Byzantine architecture was influenced by Roman styles but featured Greek crosses, domes, and decorative mosaics. St. Peter's Basilica and Hagia Sophia are given as prominent examples of these styles with details on their exteriors and interiors. Romanesque architecture used semi-circular arches and spanned from the 6th to 11th centuries in medieval Europe.
The Roman Empire reached its peak during the Pax Romana period when Jesus was born. The first emperor, Augustus, brought stability and prosperity by regulating taxation and encouraging farming and trade. However, moral decline and the costs of maintaining a large empire contributed to the collapse of Rome. Barbarian invasions and the sacking of Rome in 410 AD marked the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.
This document summarizes Christian martyrdom from the days of the Apostles to 1000 AD. It describes how early Christians faced intense persecution from the beginning, as many Apostles such as Stephen, James the Great, and Philip were martyred for their faith. It provides brief accounts of the martyrdom of each Apostle, including being stoned, crucified, burned, or beaten to death. The document establishes that despite facing persecution from the Roman Empire and others throughout the first thousand years, the Christian church endured and grew.
The document discusses the events surrounding the fall of Western Rome in 476 AD and the rise of the Papacy in its place, including Odoacer becoming the first barbarian king of Italy, the conversion of Clovis the Frank to Catholicism which supported the Papacy, and the removal of three Arian kingdoms (Vandals, Heruli, Ostrogoths) to pave the way for the Papacy's rise to power.
The document discusses the campaigns of Genseric and the Vandals from 419-456 AD and Attila and the Huns from 432-453 AD in relation to Bible prophecy and the seven trumpets. It summarizes how Genseric conquered North Africa and then sacked Rome in 455 AD, destroying much of the Western Roman Empire through naval battles. It also discusses how Attila ravaged parts of Europe from the Danube to the Baltic and was known as "the Scourge of God" for bringing destruction. The document shows how these events increased the political influence of the Papacy, as Pope Leo was able to negotiate with both Genseric and Attila to spare Rome from complete destruction.
The Hagia Sophia was originally built in the 6th century AD in Constantinople as an Orthodox Christian church. It was commissioned by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I to serve as the patriarchal cathedral. The original building was later destroyed and a new church was constructed, featuring an innovative central dome supported by semi-domes. Over the centuries, the Hagia Sophia took on political, religious, and cultural significance as it was converted to a mosque and now serves as a museum. It remains one of the most famous examples of Byzantine architecture.
Why did the Medieval crusades happen? What influenced knights and peasants to cross a continent to battle for access rights and territory in the Holy Land? Was it personal self-aggrandizement or profound religious belief? What did their battle-cry - "Deus Volt" (God wills it) - really mean?
This document provides background information on Constantinople and the Ottoman Empire leading up to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. It summarizes the political instability in Constantinople under the new emperor Constantine XI, including his rivalry with his brother Demetrios. It also describes the rise of Mehmet II as the new leader of the Ottoman Empire who was destined to lead the attack on Constantinople. The document outlines plans for a TV series telling the story from both the Byzantine and Ottoman perspectives leading up to and including the final battle in 1453.
The document summarizes the views of Protestant Reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Jonathan Edwards on Islam and the Muslim Ottoman Empire. It discusses how they interpreted various biblical passages as referring to Islam or the Turks, viewed Muhammad as a false prophet, and saw the Ottoman Empire as aligned with antichrist and the enemy of Christianity that needed to be resisted through preaching and prayer. The Reformers warned Western Europe about the threat from the Muslim East and drew comparisons between Islam and antichrist in their teachings and writings.
The Christian Empire (Late Roman and "Byzantine")Tom Richey
http://www.tomrichey.net
This PowerPoint slide show was created to accompany a lecture on the Christianization of the Roman (and later "Byzantine") Empire from Diocletian's "Great Persecution" to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.
This is a study of Jesus being the truth. He made the claim and made it clear that those on his side are on the side of truth. He said to Pilate that he came to bear witness to the truth.
Jesus cleansed the temple by driving out money changers and animal sellers. He was angered that the temple had been turned into a marketplace, violating its sacred purpose as a house of prayer. His actions fulfilled prophecies and established his authority. They also symbolized his mission to purify religion and society of worldly influences that distract from worshipping God.
The document discusses the history of African American music from the colonial era. It describes how music was used for religious, work, and recreational purposes. During the colonial period, white settlers brought European instruments and songs, while enslaved Africans brought their own rich musical traditions. Music played an important role in the colonial religious experience, with blacks and whites sometimes singing together in congregations or special sections for black worshippers. Over time, religious music evolved from scriptural psalms to new hymns and the introduction of instruments became more common or restricted depending on the denomination. Efforts were made by various religious groups to provide religious education and convert slaves to Christianity through music and psalm singing in both the north and south.
Slaves brought cooking styles and gospel singing from Africa, adapting Christianity with their own religious traditions. They lived in small family groups, either in shacks or quarters, maintaining traditions and family ties through church, stories, and songs that celebrated their culture while hoping for freedom. Religious worship and old African traditions provided sources of happiness and hope in the face of limitations imposed on slaves' lives and activities in the American South.
Condensed SECTION of Daniel and the Revelation by Uriah Smith. This rewrite with modern language, condensed work covers Daniel 11:20-45 and Rev 8 and 9.
The key verses that are in great dispute in the Adventist Church. This document is entirely in harmony with Uriah Smiths original book, no changes from his original view.
Seventh-day Adventist, Daniel, Revelation, Uriah Smith, Daniel 11
See our NEW Website at: www.returntodar.com for more information on prophecy
The document summarizes the rise and spread of Christianity from the fall of the Roman Empire to the Late Middle Ages. During this period, Christianity grew from a small persecuted sect to the dominant religion of Europe. It established a church hierarchy with the Pope at its head and adopted core beliefs and sacraments. The Crusades were a series of military expeditions called by the Pope in the 11th-13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from Muslim rule, though they ultimately failed in their goal.
A Step Back In Time: The Capture Of Jerusalem - Prophecy In The News Magazin...miscott57
The capture of Jerusalem in 1917 by British forces was viewed as the fulfillment of biblical prophecy by many Christian leaders and ministers at the time. It marked the beginning of the decline of Turkish rule over the Holy City and the weakening of Islamic dominance in the region. Many saw the British liberation of Jerusalem as a pivotal moment signaling that the prophecies regarding the end times were unfolding.
This is the basis for a daylong Lenten retreat, originally given to Parish Catechetical Leaders in the Catholic Archdiocese of Oklahoma City in March, 2010.
The document summarizes key events in the history of the Christian church, including the Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholic churches in 1054, and the Crusades between the 11th-13th centuries. It discusses how theological and political differences grew over time between Eastern and Western Christianity. The Great Schism formally split the church after representatives from each excommunicated one another. The Crusades were a series of military expeditions called by the Pope to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim rule, though many ended in failure or unintended consequences like sacking the Christian city of Constantinople.
St. Ambrose was a highly influential bishop of Milan in the 4th century. He was a staunch defender of the Church's independence from secular rule and converted St. Augustine. As bishop of Milan from 374 to 397, he was a leading opponent of Arianism and encouraged monasticism. He is renowned for publicly rebuking the Roman Emperor Theodosius I for a massacre and forcing him to publicly do penance, establishing the independence of the Church from imperial authority. Ambrose wrote extensively on theology and was an important figure in developing hymns in the liturgy.
The document discusses the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire between the 1st and 4th centuries AD by various Roman emperors and governors. It describes some of the severe punishments inflicted on Christians such as being burned alive, fed to lions, and stoned to death. It also lists several early Christian martyrs who were persecuted, and discusses some of the reasons for the persecutions, including that Christians were seen as a threat to Roman rule and their beliefs conflicted with Roman pagan religion.
The document discusses the history of the Crusades between the 11th and 13th centuries. It began when Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade in 1095 to retake Jerusalem from Seljuk Turks and protect Christian pilgrims. This led to the establishment of Crusader states in the Holy Land. Subsequent crusades aimed to defend or retake lands but faced challenges from Saladin and failed to achieve lasting control over Jerusalem and the region. The Crusades had lasting religious, political, and economic impacts on relations between Christianity and Islam.
The document provides information on the evolution of church architecture from early Christian to Byzantine and Romanesque styles. It discusses key architectural features of important churches like St. Peter's Basilica, Hagia Sophia, and characteristics of Romanesque architecture. The early Christian churches adopted the basilica model of Roman buildings. Byzantine architecture was influenced by Roman styles but featured Greek crosses, domes, and decorative mosaics. St. Peter's Basilica and Hagia Sophia are given as prominent examples of these styles with details on their exteriors and interiors. Romanesque architecture used semi-circular arches and spanned from the 6th to 11th centuries in medieval Europe.
The Roman Empire reached its peak during the Pax Romana period when Jesus was born. The first emperor, Augustus, brought stability and prosperity by regulating taxation and encouraging farming and trade. However, moral decline and the costs of maintaining a large empire contributed to the collapse of Rome. Barbarian invasions and the sacking of Rome in 410 AD marked the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.
This document summarizes Christian martyrdom from the days of the Apostles to 1000 AD. It describes how early Christians faced intense persecution from the beginning, as many Apostles such as Stephen, James the Great, and Philip were martyred for their faith. It provides brief accounts of the martyrdom of each Apostle, including being stoned, crucified, burned, or beaten to death. The document establishes that despite facing persecution from the Roman Empire and others throughout the first thousand years, the Christian church endured and grew.
The document discusses the events surrounding the fall of Western Rome in 476 AD and the rise of the Papacy in its place, including Odoacer becoming the first barbarian king of Italy, the conversion of Clovis the Frank to Catholicism which supported the Papacy, and the removal of three Arian kingdoms (Vandals, Heruli, Ostrogoths) to pave the way for the Papacy's rise to power.
The document discusses the campaigns of Genseric and the Vandals from 419-456 AD and Attila and the Huns from 432-453 AD in relation to Bible prophecy and the seven trumpets. It summarizes how Genseric conquered North Africa and then sacked Rome in 455 AD, destroying much of the Western Roman Empire through naval battles. It also discusses how Attila ravaged parts of Europe from the Danube to the Baltic and was known as "the Scourge of God" for bringing destruction. The document shows how these events increased the political influence of the Papacy, as Pope Leo was able to negotiate with both Genseric and Attila to spare Rome from complete destruction.
The Hagia Sophia was originally built in the 6th century AD in Constantinople as an Orthodox Christian church. It was commissioned by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I to serve as the patriarchal cathedral. The original building was later destroyed and a new church was constructed, featuring an innovative central dome supported by semi-domes. Over the centuries, the Hagia Sophia took on political, religious, and cultural significance as it was converted to a mosque and now serves as a museum. It remains one of the most famous examples of Byzantine architecture.
Why did the Medieval crusades happen? What influenced knights and peasants to cross a continent to battle for access rights and territory in the Holy Land? Was it personal self-aggrandizement or profound religious belief? What did their battle-cry - "Deus Volt" (God wills it) - really mean?
This document provides background information on Constantinople and the Ottoman Empire leading up to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. It summarizes the political instability in Constantinople under the new emperor Constantine XI, including his rivalry with his brother Demetrios. It also describes the rise of Mehmet II as the new leader of the Ottoman Empire who was destined to lead the attack on Constantinople. The document outlines plans for a TV series telling the story from both the Byzantine and Ottoman perspectives leading up to and including the final battle in 1453.
The document summarizes the views of Protestant Reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Jonathan Edwards on Islam and the Muslim Ottoman Empire. It discusses how they interpreted various biblical passages as referring to Islam or the Turks, viewed Muhammad as a false prophet, and saw the Ottoman Empire as aligned with antichrist and the enemy of Christianity that needed to be resisted through preaching and prayer. The Reformers warned Western Europe about the threat from the Muslim East and drew comparisons between Islam and antichrist in their teachings and writings.
The Christian Empire (Late Roman and "Byzantine")Tom Richey
http://www.tomrichey.net
This PowerPoint slide show was created to accompany a lecture on the Christianization of the Roman (and later "Byzantine") Empire from Diocletian's "Great Persecution" to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.
This is a study of Jesus being the truth. He made the claim and made it clear that those on his side are on the side of truth. He said to Pilate that he came to bear witness to the truth.
Jesus cleansed the temple by driving out money changers and animal sellers. He was angered that the temple had been turned into a marketplace, violating its sacred purpose as a house of prayer. His actions fulfilled prophecies and established his authority. They also symbolized his mission to purify religion and society of worldly influences that distract from worshipping God.
The document discusses the history of African American music from the colonial era. It describes how music was used for religious, work, and recreational purposes. During the colonial period, white settlers brought European instruments and songs, while enslaved Africans brought their own rich musical traditions. Music played an important role in the colonial religious experience, with blacks and whites sometimes singing together in congregations or special sections for black worshippers. Over time, religious music evolved from scriptural psalms to new hymns and the introduction of instruments became more common or restricted depending on the denomination. Efforts were made by various religious groups to provide religious education and convert slaves to Christianity through music and psalm singing in both the north and south.
Slaves brought cooking styles and gospel singing from Africa, adapting Christianity with their own religious traditions. They lived in small family groups, either in shacks or quarters, maintaining traditions and family ties through church, stories, and songs that celebrated their culture while hoping for freedom. Religious worship and old African traditions provided sources of happiness and hope in the face of limitations imposed on slaves' lives and activities in the American South.
Following the abolition of slavery, African Americans established wholly black churches as the center of their new communities. The churches provided a place for African Americans to further their call for equality and strengthen their identity as free people. Through the black church, African Americans sought autonomy, economic independence, and a separate spiritual community distinct from white congregations during Reconstruction. The churches became politically and socially important institutions within the African American community.
Institute of Interfaith Dialog - Prison Conversion to Islam - Christianityrigsbyml
In prison many inmates turn to religion for a novel world-view fostering belonging, identity, and management of life. Religious conversion may reinforce anti-social, radical identity or it may encourage pro-social conformity. This study focuses on the role of conversion in prisoner rehabilitation and the potential for the radicalization of prisoners in context of religious conversion. Given the relative dearth of research on either of the above subjects, this study examines conversion in prison and the potential tendencies for, the inclusivist, or the exclusivist, the incorporationist, or the rejectionist trajectories of conversion.
The striking conclusion of this research is that religious conversion is a much nuanced pathway for both Islam and Christianity. In each religion no definitive process of radicalization emerged to prove radicalization. What is found in both religions were many forks in the road during the conversion process and transforming of identities. These forks were evidenced in both the inclusivist and exclusivist religious community identity and in the incorporationist and rejectionist world-view identity. The narratives provided evidence that religion is just one alternative for gaining knowledge of self and belonging. The narratives defined other alternatives for gaining knowledge of self that included education, counseling, and gangs. What emerged from the analysis is that not all who experience religious conversion and exhibit exclusivist identity also become rejectionist. Conversely most became become incorporationist. In the analysis of this data only two participants, one Muslim and one Christian, coded both exclusivist and rejectionist. Of the exclusivists that are rejectionist, some may be nonviolent isolationists while others may be violent. It is these that may have the greatest tendency toward terrorism. In supporting the call of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (2008) for sound academic study of radicalization in America’s prisons this research supports a major policy issue. It supports the finding that isolating one religion as a radicalization source may unduly burden the free practice of religion while failing to recognize that other religions may have the same tendencies to lead to radicalization and even terrorism.
Rigsby, Malcolm L. 2012. "Religious Conversion in Prison and its Directions: Community Identity, Religious Dogma, and Exclusivist Or Inclusivist Religiosity in American Prisons." Texas Woman's University, United States -- Texas.
The document summarizes key statistics and facts about the growth of slavery in the United States between 1780-1865. It shows that the slave population grew from around 700,000 in 1790 to nearly 4 million by 1860, and was concentrated in the Southern states. Most slaves lived and worked on plantations of 10-49 slaves, and by the 1850s about a quarter of Southerners owned slaves, though the vast majority of slaves were owned by just 3% of slaveholders. The document also outlines events that impacted slavery such as the Missouri Compromise, domestic slave trade, forms of slave resistance, and key court cases like the Dred Scott decision.
The document discusses the relationship between Christianity and slavery in America from the 17th to 19th centuries. It describes how some churches allowed or prohibited enslaved people from joining and how slave owners wanted slaves to be Christians who accepted slavery, while enslaved people wanted to be redeemed and freed, either on earth or in heaven. It also discusses how Christianity was used both to support and oppose the institution of slavery.
The original goal of the Fourth Crusade was to conquer Jerusalem by invading Egypt, but it failed to achieve this objective. Due to a lack of funds, the Crusaders and Venetians instead attacked and sacked Constantinople in 1204 at the urging of Byzantine claimant Prince Alexius Angelos, despite objections from some Crusaders. This weakened the Byzantine Empire significantly and led to its decline, while strengthening relations between Western Europe and Venice. The sacking of Constantinople also created lasting divisions between Western Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
This document discusses transformations in Roman Europe during Late Antiquity. It covers several key points:
1) By the 2nd century AD, the Roman Empire had become a stable melting pot with many emperors coming from provincial backgrounds. However, problems arose in the 3rd-4th centuries including increasing civil wars, pressure from outside groups like the Huns, and a growing rift between the Eastern and Western halves of the empire.
2) The 3rd century crisis saw the breakdown of the dynastic system, the rising power of the army and Praetorian Guard, and increasing pressure from barbarian groups. Intellectual challenges emerged as to what it meant to be "Roman" hundreds of
Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity and legalize the religion in the Roman Empire. He established a new capital in Constantinople and helped spread Christianity. Charlemagne became king of the Franks in 768 and expanded their territory, being crowned emperor by the pope in 800, which unified much of Western Europe under his rule and launched a cultural revival.
The document discusses reforms to the Catholic Church between 900-1200 CE and the launch of the Crusades. A spiritual revival in the 900s led the Church to restructure and build new places of worship. In 1093, the Byzantine emperor requested Western European assistance in regaining control of the Holy Land, launching the First Crusade. Over the next 300 years, multiple Crusades were initiated to retake lands under Muslim control. The Crusades both reflected and contributed to changes within the Church and its relationship with the Muslim world.
Constantine had a vision of a cross before a pivotal battle where he saw "Conquer by this". He went on to defeat his rival Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge in 312. Constantine then had the Chi Rho symbol, the first two letters of Christ in Greek, put on his soldiers' shields. This symbol would later be used widely in Christian art. The 313 Edict of Milan, signed by Constantine and Licinius, granted religious freedom to Christians. Constantine's legalization and favor of Christianity had both positive and negative impacts that historians still debate.
The document discusses the origins and early development of Christianity and Christian art in the Roman Empire. It describes how Christianity began as an underground movement as Romans persecuted Christians. As the religion grew, early Christian art borrowed symbols from Roman art but had a simpler, more symbolic style focused on religious meaning over realism. The religion gained acceptance after Emperor Constantine converted and legalized Christianity in 313 CE, shifting the empire from pagan polytheism to monotheism and establishing Christianity as the dominant faith.
The document provides an overview of reforms in the Catholic Church in the 11th-12th centuries and the Crusades. It summarizes that the Church faced issues like married priests and corruption, which led to reforms spearheaded by the monastic orders of Cluny and Cistercians. Pope Gregory VII introduced reforms addressing these issues. The Crusades were launched by Pope Urban II in 1095 in response to a call for aid from the Byzantine Empire against Muslim expansion, with the goal of retaking the Holy Land. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099 but resulted in massacres of Muslims and Jews.
St. Gregory the Great proved himself a brilliant and loving shepherd as Pope. During the Lombard invasion of Italy in the 6th century, he organized both charitable relief for the people and military resistance. Among his greatest successes were the conversion of Barbarians like the Lombards to Christianity and the reformation of Church rituals and liturgy through regulations that still influence practices today.
1 History of the First Crusade Era Hist. 6543, Hi.docxmercysuttle
1
History of the First Crusade Era
Hist. 6543, History of the Crusades
Danny Kopp
September 26, 2011
The decline and eventual fall of Rome in 476 shattered the secular government in the
West, but the Eastern Roman Empire remained under the control of Constantinople. During the
11
th
century, the Roman Emperors maintained control of their ever shrinking realm due to
foreign incursions. Nomads, Muslims and Latin Christians remained adversaries of the Empire,
but in the late 11
th
century the situation finally caused a mass migration of pilgrims from the
West through the Byzantine Empire on their way to Jerusalem that upset the balance of power in
the Levant. Viewed as mercenaries by Byzantines, marauders in the Balkans and barbarian
invaders by the Muslims, the waves of armed pilgrims trekked on their mission for Christ.
The reasons for the Crusades have been misinterpreted, but certainly not more than they
were misconstrued by the contemporary groups of people who were involved. The confusion
among leaders, crusaders and civilians alike, were rooted in the cultural heritage of the respective
groups. To adequately understand the era of the First Crusade, one must consider the
background of the Western Europeans, Byzantines, and Muslim participants because all of these
groups met, argued and fought across Southern Europe, the Levant and Anatolia. To appreciate
the thoughts of the crusaders one must ask why any person would sell out and trudge three
thousand miles over hellish terrain, devastate the lives and lands of everyone along the path and
finally battle to win a city in the heart of enemy territory? The answer is often debated, but
significant study of the forming society in Western Europe yields only one answer, religion.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire due to the infiltration of the barbarian tribes,
the only significant remainder of government was the Latin Christian Church.
1
Tribal warlords
near former Roman cities, for the most part, sought Roman civilization and although holding on
to much of their culture became relatively sedentary.
2
In the late 6
th
Century, Pope Gregory I
2
began a massive campaign to convert the barbarian tribes to Christianity.
3
Many missionaries
such as St. Boniface became successful at conversion with the understanding that the head of
Christianity was Christ’s representative, the successor of St. Peter in Rome.
4
Although these
missionaries were successful at converting heathens, they gradually instructed the converts to the
fine points of Latin Christianity by teaching women and children over generations.
5
Christianity prevailed, but a feudal system developed around tribal enclaves. Serfs
gathered to the feudal lords for protection and sustenance.
6
The nobles continued their tribal
warfare although they were taught killing was a sin. Western Europe became an armed camp of
woefully ignoran ...
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This document provides an overview and summary of a university lecture on the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It discusses early successes and troubles in the 450s, attempts to recover in the late 450s, the roles of figures like Ricimer and the final emperors, and scholarly interpretations of the fall. It also lists over 200 potential reasons for Rome's decline that have been proposed by historians.
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The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
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to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
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providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
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Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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occur natural.
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2. Aims of today’s session
To examine some primary sources on religion and
warfare in late antiquity and the early middle ages
To appreciate the close relationship that was
understood to exist between military victory and
divine favour in the late- and post-Roman world
To explore possible differences and similarities
between
Eastern and western conceptions of ‘holy war’
Christian and Islamic conceptions of ‘holy war’
To think about how the divine favour = victory
association developed over time
3. Structure of today’s
session the gods of victory in the Roman
Religion and
army
Primary source work
Christianity and the later Roman military
‘Holy war’ in the early middle ages
Western Europe
Byzantium
Islam and jihad
Religion in Byzantine military responses to
Islam
Further developments in the West
4. Religion and the Roman
imperial army
Read the calendar on the final page of your
handout and think about the following questions:
What events are the soldiers celebrating in this
calendar?
What seems to be the focus of these celebrations?
What sorts of offerings are made?
Although this calendar is incomplete, how are the
celebrations organised or distributed throughout the
year?
What do you think would have been the effects of
these celebrations on the troops?
5. Gold solidus
of
Constantine
VICTORIA II (337-340)
with Victoria
on reverse
‘To the victory of our Emperors and of Legion I
Adiutrix Loyal and Faithful Antoniniana, Publius
Marcius Sextianus, son of Publius, from Ephesus,
[set up this] at public expense through the decree
of the town council, dedicated by Egnatius Victor,
legate of the Emperors with propraetorian power,
and Claudius Piso, legate of the fifth legion, on 13
June, in the consulship of Aper and Maximus.’
○ CIL 3. 11082, inscription, Arrabona (Györ), Upper
Pannonia, 207 CE:
6. FORTUNA
Column of the Goths in
Constantinople; possibly
originally constructed in
3rd C;
Inscription:
‘To Fortuna, who returns
by reason of victory over
the Goths’
7. DOLICHENUS
Doliche: originates from Commagene in s.
Anatolia; tradition of Baal worship; associated with
other deities (e.g. Jupiter); popular in army,
possibly due to link with iron; decline in late 3rd
century (after Commagene taken by Sassanids)
‘To Jupiter Best and Greatest, of Doliche, and the spirits
of the Emperors, for the welfare of Emperor Caesar
Titus Aelius Hadrian Antoninus Augustus Pius, father of
the fatherland, and of Legion II Augusta, Marcus
Liburnius Fronto, centurion of the same legion, willingly
and deservedly fulfilled his vow.’
○ CIL 7. 506 = RIB 1330, inscription, Condercum (Benwell),
Britain, 2nd century CE
8. Ancient Iranian spirit of light;
MITHRAS attributes include that of a
successful warrior;
increasingly popular with
troops from late 2nd C CE
‘To the invincible Sun-god
Mithras, Everlasting Lord,
Publicius Proculinus, centurion,
on behalf of himself and his son
Proculus, willingly and
deservedly fulfilled his vow, in
the consulship of our lords
Gallus and Volusianus.’
Mithras altar from frontier fort at CIL 7. 646 = RIB 1600, inscription,
Osterburken in Germany Vercovicium (Housesteads), Britain,
252 CE
9. Third century crisis
Military play an increasingly prominent political
role:
Militarisation of society = militarisation of religion?
E.g. growing importance of cult of Sol Invictus in late 3rd
C; possible fusing of different elements of military
religion (Mithras, Jupiter) into a more monotheistic
system; supported by Diocletian and Constantine
(imperial warlords)
‘Crisis’ suggests to some that the gods have
abandoned Rome
Leads to attempts to re-establish divine favour?
○ E.g. empire-wide religious uniformity: Decian (mid 3rd C)
and Great Persecutions (early 4th C)
10. Primary source work
ow is the relationship between military success
and religion presented in these sources?
re there any differences between the eastern
and western sources?
hat can these sources tell us about social,
political and religious thinking in late antiquity?
11. Constantine’s conversion
Source 1: on Milvian Bridge in
the Life of Constantine
Constantine looking for a god to
aid his military campaign against
Maxentius
Divine patronage by the Christian
God enables him to defeat
Maxentius, who relies on sorcery
Problem – this is not the only
version of events:
What about the vision on the eve
of the battle? What message
does that convey?
12. Military martyrs
Idea developed in Christian discourse of 2nd and
3rd Cs that martyrs are soldiers of Christ (miles
Christi)
Army as place where persecution began because
of need to sacrifice (e.g. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical
History, 7.15.1-5 on Marinus)
Tertullian, On the military crown: Christian divine
oath is in tension with military oath so Christians
shouldn’t really be in the army
Martyrdom in general – and military martyrdom in
particular – contribute to idea that victory can be
gained by dying for the faith
13. Christians in the 2 nd C
army:
‘It is reported thundering legion about to
The that Marcus Aurelius Caesar […], being
engage in battle with the Germans and Sarmatians, was in great
trouble on account of his army suffering from thirst. But the
soldiers of the so-called Melitene legion, through the faith which
has given strength from that time to the present, when they were
drawn up before the enemy, kneeled on the ground, as is our
custom in prayer, and engaged in supplications to God. […] The
lightning drove the enemy to flight and destruction, but a shower
refreshed the army of those who had called on God, all of whom
had been on the point of perishing with thirst. […] Among these is
Apolinarius, who says that from that time the legion through
whose prayers the wonder took place received from the emperor
a title appropriate to the event, being called in the language of the
Romans the Thundering Legion.’
Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 5.5
14. Christianity in the later
Roman army
Assumption that Christianisation of the army
proceeded more slowly than of rest of society
in 4th C due to strong influence of traditional
military cults
Yet by end of 4th C increasing Christian
presence in the army
Source 3: Vegetius on inducting new troops into the
army
○ Oath sworn to God, Christ, Holy Spirit and Emperor
○ Soldiers serve God and the Roman state
○ Signals used in battle include ‘God with us’
15. Violent barbarians
Increasing barbarisation of
the Roman army in late
antiquity
Conversion of the
barbarians brings its own
problems for imperial
power:
Source 2: Conversion of the
Goths to Arianism
○ The Goths are so violent that
Ulfila chose not to translate
the Book of Kings into Gothic
(contains too much war)
16. Divine punishment
Victories of barbarian heretics over imperial
armies interpreted as divine punishment
E.g. death of Valens at Adrianople (378): ‘his
punishment should bear even greater witness to, and
provide an even more terrible example of, Divine Wrath
for future generations, he did not even have a common
grave.’ (Paulus Orosius, Histories)
Similarly, the sack of Rome by the Visigoths (410)
Some pagans argue that it is punishment for the
abandonment of traditional cults in favour of Christianity
Refutation of these opinions is one of reasons for
Augustine writing City of God
17. Theodosian
Triumphalism
Altar of victory controversy
Between Symmachus and Ambrose of Milan over
removal/ replacement of the altar of victory in the
senate house in Rome
One of S’s arguments is that altar has protected
Rome from barbarians in the past and enabled it to
prosper
Theodosius
Becomes a strong proponent of Nicene orthodoxy:
banning of paganism
Victory over (pagan) usurpers and (heretical)
barbarians proves righteousness of his religious
policies
18. Early medieval west:
Developing Constantine’s
model? of barbarian peoples from ‘paganism’ (e.g. Franks)
Conversion
or Arianism (e.g. everyone else) to Nicene orthodoxy
Enables deals with Nicene bishops and ‘Roman’ nobles
Church can offer bureaucratic support
Churchmen write histories of ‘convert kings’ (Higham, 2007)
○ E.g. source 4: Gregory of Tours on Clovis: a battlefield
conversion
○ Source 10: Bede on Anglo-Saxon kings:
heretical Britons receive God’s punishment from pagan Anglo-Saxons
Christian Anglo-Saxon kings impose Christianity on defeated pagan
enemies (Christianity as a tool of empire)
(not in source pack) King Edwin’s standard (= Constantine’s
labarum?)
19. Visigothic Spain
Conversion from Arianism to Nicene
Christianity in 587/9 leads to increasing
cooperation with bishops:
Campaign to end heresy and strong anti-Judaism
Prayers for the king while on campaign (Council of
Mérida, 666)
Clerics in the Visigothic army for protection of the
kingdom (source 8)
Religious and political triumphal ideology:
Leander of Seville (589): Homily on the triumph of
the Church for the conversion of the Goths
Isidore of Seville (625): In praise of the Goths
20. 6 th- 7 th C East
Justinian
Reconquest of the West
(against heresy)
Eradication of heresy at home
Maurice Tremissis of Justinian; reverse shows victory
advancing with wreath and globe
Generals should ensure God is
on side and troops should
demonstrate their Christianity
in battle (source 6)
God protects Edessa against
the Persians (source 5)
Heraclius
Anti-Jewish measures Half follis of Justinian; obverse shows him wielding a
cross
George of Pisidia, court poet,
emphasises repeatedly the
divine nature of H’s campaign
against Persia
21. Rise of Islam and Jihad
Based on your independent research and the
Sizgorich reading from last week, think about
the following questions:
How many different conceptions of jihad can you
identify?
What does jihad have to do with holy war?
Is there a difference between medieval and modern
conceptions of jihad?
22. Jihad
Root (classical definition):
‘exerting one’s utmost power, efforts, endeavours, or
ability in contending with an object of disapprobation’
Often categorised as deriving from 1 of 3 sources:
a visible enemy; the devil; aspects of one’s own self
Most kinds of jihad have nothing to do with war
Can include defending Islam / propagating the faith
(though not necessarily by war)
References to war often focus on war between Muslims
(rather than against other faiths)
So, meaning is much broader than ‘holy war’
See Rueven Firestone, Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam
(Oxford: 1999), pp. 16-18
23. Byzantine response: God’s
anger sources
Last week’s
Arab-Muslim
expansion as God’s
divine punishment for
the emperor and/or his
people (see source 9,
inscription 1)
As a sign of the end of
days: apocalyptic
interpretations of Arab-
Muslim expansion
24. Byzantine responses: Let’s
get God on our side
Source 11: prayers and communion before
battle, appeals to Christ and Mary during
battle (cf. source 6)
Source 9: 2nd inscription at St. Sergius – the
cross acts as a conduit of divine power for
the Christian armies against Muslims (see
previous sources on labarum/ icons)
25. Byzantine responses:
God’s on our side!
Divine forces fight on the side of the Byzantine
instead of punishing them
E.g. Persian-Avar siege of Constantinople in 626: Mary
repeatedly intervenes against the attackers
○ ‘But the All-Powerful Virgin, after having made known to
him her own power by experience, revealed to him the
presages of the fall which quickly awaits the sinner.
Because she attracted a great number of soldiers of the
Khagan into a trap before of one of her churches, being in
front of the wall of the city.’ (Theodore the Syncellus,
Homily on the siege of Constantinople, 19)
26. Arab-Muslim sieges of
Constantinople
First siege (674-8)
Theodosian Walls, Byzantine
naval supremacy and use of
Greek Fire
Second siege (717-8)
Same factors
In addition, Byzantines call on
support of Bulgars
Historical significance – seen
as eastern counterpart to
battle of Poitiers in west;
halting Arab-Muslim
expansion into Europe
27. Way out west: Charlemagne’s
‘holy wars’
Christmas Day 800: Frankish King Charlemagne
crowned Roman Emperor by Pope
Connection between empire and holy war?
Not really:
Close relationship with papacy (but before C’s time)
Campaigns of expansion in the east, esp. against
Saxons are justified in religious terms – as against
pagans (but before deal with papacy)
Also, C does deals with Muslim powers against
Christian political enemies, e.g. in Spain
Religion and empire connected, but holy war only
when it suits C
28. Way out west: the reconquista in
Spain
Original conquest seen as
punishment for sins of Christians
and disunity of Visigothic
leadership
Source 7: Isidore of Seville – Huns &
Persians as divine punishment
Used to explain the conquests
Covadonga: god saves Pelayo &
his followers (source 12)
Religion as justification for
conquest (or reconquest)
Santiago Matamoros and Battle of
Clavijo (844)
29. Conclusion and
questions
Very close relationship between divine favour and military
victory/ political success
Reciprocal: divine support leads to military victory, but military victory is
proof of divine support...
Similar to relationship that was believed to exist between military defeat
and divine displeasure
Christianisation of ideas already present in Roman thinking
about warfare
Development: direct intervention of God’s agents in battle
Next step: those who are fighting = God’s agents
Questions:
Does religious violence within communities lead to aggression
outwards?
Is there a connection between empire-building and monotheistic violence
(inward and outward)?
Are jihad, reconquista (& crusade) related to Roman/ late antique holy
30. For the week after Easter (23rd April)
The fall of the Roman Empire on film
R Read your assigned article, from the list below:
○ Monica Cyrino, ‘Gladiator and Contemporary American
Society’ in Gladiator: Film and History, ed. Martin M. Winkler
(Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), pp. 124-149
○ Martin M. Winkler, ‘Cinema and the Fall of Rome’,
Transactions of the American Philological Association 125
(1995), pp. 135-154
○ Martin M. Winkler, ‘The Roman Empire in American Cinema
after 1945’, The Classical Journal 93.2 (1997-1998), pp.
167-196
) Find and watch a clip relating to the reading or to the ‘fall
of Rome’ on YouTube (or similar)
u Send the link to the clip and a brief (100-200 word)
discussion of your reason for choosing it to
jamie.wood@manchester.ac.uk by Tuesday 17th April