The document provides an overview of religion in the later Roman Empire, especially how it related to urban life. It discusses how Christianity became the dominant religion through Constantine's conversion, and the evolving relationship between church and state. It also examines Christians' relationships with pagans, Jews, and the rise of powerful bishops. The seminar section introduces themes around city life, including living arrangements, food supply, and social hierarchy.
I have made this pp form my class of history of the religion and the presentation was good so i decided to upload it it speaks about Catholicism Protestantism Anglicanism Orthodoxy Pentecostalism
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I have made this pp form my class of history of the religion and the presentation was good so i decided to upload it it speaks about Catholicism Protestantism Anglicanism Orthodoxy Pentecostalism
Turning Point 5: The Coronation of Charlemagne (800)sandiferb
The coronation of Charlemagne markes on the decisive turning points in Church History as a symbol of the beginning of Christendom, a complex society that prevailed in medieval Europe for almost 800 years.
Turning Points, chapter 13, Rise & Spread of Pentecostalismsandiferb
The Rise and Spread of Pentecostalism and the Charismatic Movement (1906, 1960) is a major turning point in Church History according to Mark Noll, author of "Turning Points".
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
1. Religion & City Life in the Later
Roman Empire
CLAH266 – lecture 6/ seminar 3
2nd November 2012
Dr Jamie Wood
2. Aims
• To help you to start preparing
essay over reading week
• To provide you with an overview
of religion in the later Roman
Empire, especially in relation to
social and political history
• To introduce you to some key
themes and sources related to
urban life in the later Roman
Empire City
3. Structure
• Essay writing workshop
• Religion in the later Roman Empire
▫ Religion to Constantine’s conversion
▫ Impact of the conversion
Christian triumph: church and state or a state
church
Christians and pagans/ polytheists
Christians and Jews
Rise of the bishop
• Seminar on city life in the later Roman Empire
4. Essay-writing workshop
• For homework, you should have chosen an
essay question and done some thinking
about it
▫ (see handout for questions and ideas for
breaking them down)
• Task:
▫ If you have not done the above, spend some
time on your own thinking about the
questions
▫ If you have thought about a question, find
someone who has done a different question
and…
Explain your thoughts to one another, offering
feedback and suggestions
Take notes and think about their suggestions
▫ Then - repeat
5.
6. Last week: Rise of monotheism and
henotheism in 2nd and 3rd Cs
• Increasing congruence between Christian beliefs
and practices and Roman elite
▫ Theology – philosophy – monotheism (Neo-
Platonism and ‘the One’)
▫ Religion – politics – henotheism (political
implications, esp. for emperors)
• Emperors start to promote one dominant god
within the pantheon
▫ Elagabalus (Sol Invictus); Diocletian (Jupiter)
• Punishment of deviance from traditional cult
▫ Use of bureaucracy (e.g. Decian ‘Persecution’)
7. Conversion of Constantine
• Christian God as a successful
god of war
▫ Proves his (sorry girls)
superiority on the battlefield
• Problems with our sources
▫ Eusebius may have put a
theological ‘spin’ on his
account(s) of Constantine’s
conversion (see Price)
▫ He also presents earlier
attempts to enforce conformity
as targeted persecutions of
Christians when they may not
have been
8. Church-state relations after Constantine
• Note: both ‘church’ and ‘state’
anachronistic terms in this period
• But: religion does continue to be
a state matter from Constantine
onwards (seminar last week)
▫ Investment of resources into the
Christian communities
▫ Local conflicts within cities over
who is bishop
▫ Theological disputes
Patronage of cult and resolution of
disputes are both part of
traditional role of Roman emperors
9. Defining the relationship
• Patronage from emperor to a new cult = Christianity
(among others)
▫ But C continues to connect himself to other cults (e.g. coins)
• Caesaropapism?
▫ Not yet – this is very early stages
▫ State does not control the church (or vice versa)
Some Christians are not keen on increasingly close connection to
the emperor
Donatists in Africa – hardliners who don’t want to compromise;
schism with those who have done so
Others think that to engage with the ‘world’ too much undermines
the purity of the church (imperial government is essence of worldly
affairs)
• Still trying to figure out how the relationship works
10. Heretics as emperors
• 4th century: an Arian century?
▫ Arian emperors after Constantine
(Arian?)
Constantius II (337-361)
Valens (364-378)
• Not until end of 4th century do we
see triumph of ‘orthodoxy’ with
Theodosius I (week 9)
▫ Creation of a back story by later
‘orthodox’ historians Missorium of Kerch depicting
Constantius II on horseback with a
▫ Various theological disagreements spear. He is preceded by victory
and accompanied by a
in East and between East and West guardsman. Notice also the Chi-
Rho symbol.
lead to questioning of ‘orthodoxy’ of
nearly every emperor
11. Powerful pagans
• Julian, emperor 361-363 (week 8)
▫ Attempted revival of paganism (termed Hellenism), but along
highly ‘Christian’ lines
• Eugenius, usurper in West 394-396
▫ Christian, but had pagan supporters and offered renewed
patronage to traditional cults (e.g. Altar of Victory restored to
Senate House)
▫ Divine intervention at Battle of Fridigus leads to his defeat by
Theodosius I
• Aristocracy
▫ Pleas for tolerance, e.g. Symmachus vs. Ambrose on Altar of
Victory
▫ Bloch, H. (1963), ‘The Pagan Revival in the West at the End of the Fourth
Century’, in: A. Momigliano, ed., The Conflict Between Paganism and
Christianity in the Fourth Century (Oxford), pp. 193–218.
• Army
▫ Possibly more conservative in religious terms than other groups
▫ Esp. important to them that god(s) bring victory
12. Imperial attitudes to pagans
• Overall: dwindling support during 4th C
• Reign of Julian a turning point
▫ Christians recognise how precarious
their position was/ their dependence on
imperial patronage
• Theodosian Dynasty (from late 4th C):
triumph of Christian orthodoxy
▫ Imperial support for militant monks Juliam, depicted on bronze
coin from Antioch, minted
(Hypatia: week 10) 360-363; note the
philosopher’s pose
▫ Destruction of pagan temples and
shrines
▫ Legal actions
13. ‘Superstition shall cease’
(Codex Theodosianus, 16.10.2)
• “Superstition shall cease; the madness of
sacrifices shall be abolished. For if any man in
violation of the law of the sainted Emperor, Our
father, and in violation of this command of Our
Clemency, should dare to perform sacrifices, he
shall suffer the infliction of a suitable
punishment and the effect of an immediate
sentence.”
▫ (date of law is 341; but the code was promulgated
under Theodosius II in 438)
14. Christians and Jews
• Tension during the age of ‘persecutions’
▫ Jewish crowds often cited as instigating
persecution of Christians by Roman
authorities
• Tension continued
▫ Mob violence in cities
E.g. Alexandria; the synagogue at
Callinicum
▫ Imperial matter
Jews as another deviant group that needed
to be policed
Keeping peace in the cities (Codex
Theodosianus 16.8.1, 9)
▫ Theology and polemic
Jews as murderers of Jesus
Converting the Jews and the Second
Coming
The Jews and Christian history
15. The rise of the
bishop
• A sought after office
▫ Conduit for imperial investment in the local church/ city
▫ Legal roles as judges (see week 4)
▫ Represent and protect cities to outside authorities
E.g. Pope Leo I (440-61) and Attila the Hun in 452
▫ Bishops together in council bring forth Holy Spirit)
• Attracts highly trained individuals away from
traditional career paths
▫ E.g. Ambrose of Milan (week 4) and Augustine of Hippo
16. Christianity and the Fall of the Roman
Empire
• Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the
Roman Empire:
▫ Movement of elite males into
monasteries and office as
bishop is a primary reason for
the fall of the Roman Empire in
the West
▫ Formerly they would have
joined (or led) the legions
▫ Decline of Roman masculinity
and take-over by German
barbarians
17. Conclusion on Religion
• Religion and politics still inextricably linked
▫ Christian God as a god of war and the god of the
emperors
▫ Fear about subversives/ non-conforming groups now
focussed on non-Christians
• Relations between emperor and church in many ways
traditional
▫ Sponsorship and resolving disputes; policing deviance
• Relations between Church and Empire being worked
out during 4th century
▫ ‘Victory of orthodoxy’ a projection backwards, like
‘victory of Christianity’
18. So, what happened?
• Revolution?
• Evolution?
• A change in management?
• A change in name?
• Gradual christianisation of imperial household,
aristocracy and religious leadership
• But basic functioning of society-politics and role
of religion within them remains the same
20. Homework: more on the essay
• Prepare 2-sides of A4 plan for your essay, including:
1. An outline of the structure of your essay
2. Details of 1 relevant primary source, with some
relevant quotations picked out
3. Details of 1 relevant journal article or book chapter,
with some relevant points picked out
4. An idea for an argument [= a direct answer to the
question set, key point(s), no fence sitting]
If you send this to me by 5pm on Wednesday of week 8 (14th
November), then I will read through and provide you with
feedback
If you print this off and bring it to the class on 16th
November, I will bring it back the following week