Women Empowerment – Conceptual Framework, மகளிர் அதிகாரமளித்தல் – கருத்தியல் கட்டமைப்பு, Sex and Gender Meaning and Role of Gender Gender Staratification in Historical Perspective Gender Socialiszation Gender Inequality and Gender injustice. பாலினம்

1. Women Empowerment –
Conceptual Framework
மகளிர் அதிகாரமளித்தல் – கருத்தியல் கட்டமைம்பு
Dr. M.Madhavan
Assistant Professor of Economics
Arignar Anna Government Arts College
Namakkal – 637 002
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2. III BA ECONOMICS
SUBJECT
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
மகளிர் அதிகாரமளித்தல்
UNIT - II
Women Empowerment –
Conceptual Framework
மகளிர் அதிகாரமளித்தல் – கருத்தியல்
கட்டமைம்பு

3. Topics Covered
தைை்புகள்
•Sex and Gender
•Meaning and Role of Gender
•Gender Staratification in Historical
Perspective
•Gender Socialiszation
•Gender Inequality and Gender injustice.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

4. Sex and
Gender
பாலினம்
• Sex is based on Biological
Characteristics:
• Primary (reproductive organs) and
Secondary Sexual Characteristics (muscle
mass, fat composition, body hair, width of
hips, pitch of voice, etc)
• Divided into Male or Female categories
• Gender is based on Social
Characteristics:
• Appropriate Behaviors based on cultural
gender roles
• Divided into Men or Women,
• Masculinity or Femininity

5. Meaning
பபாருள்
• Gender is a socially constructed
definition of women and men. It is not
the same as sex (biological
characteristics of women and men) and
it is not the same as women. Gender is
determined by the conception of tasks,
functions and roles attributed to women
and men in society and in public and
private life.

6. The Gender approach
பாலின அணுகுமுைை
• The Gender approach s distinct in that it focuses on women and men and not on women in
isolation. It highlights:
• the differences between women’s and men’s interest even within the same household and how
these interact and are expressed.
• the conventions and hierarchies which determine women’s and men’s position in the family,
community and society at large, whereby women are usually dominated by men
• the differences among women and among men, based on age, wealth, ethnic background and
other factors
• the way gender roles and relations change, often quite rapidly, as a result of social, economic
and technological trends

7. Role of
Gender
பாலினத்தின்
பங்கு
• Gender roles are cultural and personal.
They determine how males and females
should think, speak, dress, and interact
within the context of society.
• Learning plays a role in this process of
shaping gender roles.
• These gender schemas are deeply
embedded cognitive frameworks regarding
what defines masculine and feminine. While
various socializing agents—parents,
teachers, peers, movies, television, music,
books, and religion—teach and reinforce
gender roles throughout the lifespan,
parents probably exert the greatest
influence, especially on their very young
offspring.

8. Gender Stratification – Introduction
பாலின அடுக்கு - அறிமுகம்
• Gender stratification refers to the social ranking, where men typically inhabit higher statuses
than women.
• Often the terms gender inequality and gender stratification are used interchangeably.
• There are a variety of approaches to the study of gender stratification. Most of the research in
this area focuses on differences between men’s and women’s life circumstances, broadly
defined.
• Scholarly debates focus on which dimensions of inequalities are most relevant and the level at
which inequalities are generated and maintained (i.e., individual, couple, family, group, or
societal level).
• Gender stratification can be examined at the level of individual outcomes and interactions or
with a macro perspective that compares indexes of gender inequalities across countries.

9. Gender Stratification in Historical Perspective
வரலாற்று பார்வவயில் பாலின நிவலப்படுத்துதல்
• Social attitudes toward women and their role in society show remarkable differences
across countries, including those with similar institutions or economic development.
• Standard economic variables such as the level of development, women’s education,
fertility and marriage/divorce prospects, and the expansion of the service sector
have been widely studied.
• How the technology played vital role in gender stratification? (such as the invention
of baby formula)
• How this large variation could be the result of differences in cultural beliefs about
the appropriate role of women in society?

10. Gender Socialiszation
பாலின சமூகமயமாக்கல்
• Gender socialization is the process by which individuals are taught how to socially behave in
accordance with their assigned gender, which is assigned at birth based on
their sex phenotype.
• Today it is largely believed that most gender expression differences are attributed to differences
in socialization, rather than genetic and biological factors.
• Gender stereotypes can be a result of gender socialization: girls and boys are expected to act
in certain ways that are socialized from birth. Children and adults who do not conform to
gender stereotypes are often ostracized by peers for being different.
• While individuals are typically socialized into viewing gender as a masculine-feminine binary,
there are individuals whose gender identity does not align with their assigned gender, which
indicates that the gender binary is not universally applicable.

11. Gender
Inequality and
Gender Injustice
பாலின சமத்துவமின்வம
மற்றும் பாலின அநீதி
• 1. Legal Rights
• 2. Labor force participation
• 3. Occupational Structure and earnings
• 4. Power
• 5. Transformation in family structure
• 6. Domestic division of labor within the family
• 7. Sexuality

12. manimadhavan@gmail.com mmadhavan@aagacnkl.edu.in +91-9865210146
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