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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Computer is the most powerful tool man has ever created. Computers have made a
great impact on our everyday life. Their presence is felt at almost every working place like
home, colleges, offices, industries, hospital, banks, retail, researches and design
organizations and so on. Computers, large and small, are used now a days by all kinds of
people for a variety of takes in a modern and industrial society.
1.1 COMPUTER SYSTEM
Computers are extremely versatile. In fact, they are universal information processing
machines. Computers take numerous physical forms. A computer is basically a
programmable computing machine. Earlier computer were used for complex computations
and used only by the scientists and engineers.
A computer system is a synthesis of hardware and software. A typical computer
system employs a computer that uses programmable devices to store, retrieve and process
data. A computer is a machine for manipulating data according to a list of instructions known
as a program.
FIGURE (a) Computer system

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1.1.1 HARDWARE
The physical components of a computer are called hardware (H/w). A physical
component be electronic, electrical, magnetic or optical etc.
For example, Microprocessor, hard disks, floppy disks, printers, scanners, desktop
etc.
1.1.2 SOFTWARE
A sequence of instructions given to a computer to perform a particular task is called
a Program. A set of programs written for a computer is called Software (S/w). It is the non-
tangible component of computers. Computer software contrasts with computer hardware,
which is the physical component of computers. Computer hardware and software require
each other and neither can be realistically used without the other.
Computer software includes all computer programs regardless of their architecture. For
example, executable files, libraries and scripts are computer software. Software is stored in
computer memory and cannot be touched. Software consists of clearly-defined instructions
that upon execution, instructs hardware to perform the tasks for which it is designed.
Based on the goal, Computer Software can be divided into two categories -
1. Application software uses the computer system to perform useful work or provide
entertainment functions beyond the basic operation of the computer itself.
2. System software is designed to operate the computer hardware, to provide basic
functionality and to provide a platform for running application software.

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OPERATING SYSTEM
An Operating system (OS) is a system software that manages the hardware and
software resources of a computer. The Operating System provides a set of functions needed
and used by most applications and provide the necessary linkages to control a computer's
hardware.
Without an Operating System, the most powerful computer in the world would be a
useless monster. The functions of an operating system are given here.
1. Memory management: Allocating memory to the running programs and deal
memory location when they are terminated
2. Processor management: Processing the jobs, deciding on the job scheduling
techniques and how a job is to be processed, releasing the processor when the jobs are
terminated.
3. Device management: Allocating the input and output devices to the running process
and de-allocating them when they are terminated.
4. File management: Managing the file system in terms of where the files are stored
and memory locations

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1.3 EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
1. DOS: This is an acronym for Disk Operating System. It is a single user operating
system. It was developed by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1980 for IBM PCs.
2. UNIX: This is a multiuser operating system. It was developed by Bell Laboratories.
3. WINDOWS: This is a GUI (Graphical User Interface) based operating system. It is
developed by Microsoft.
4. LINUX: Linux is a free Unix-type operating system originally created by Linus Torvalds
with the assistance of developers around the world. The source code of Linux is
freely available to everyone. It is a multitasking operating system. It is developed at
Helsinki.
5. WINDOWS NT: This is a Client/Server (Distributed) Operating System. It is developed
by Microsoft.

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CHAPTER 2
WINDOWS
2.1 DEFINIG THE WINDOWS
A computer needs an operating system to carry out the required task for the user. A
computer system without an operating system is like a car without dashboard. Windows is
also an Operating System.
Microsoft Windows is a series of graphical interface operating systems developed,
marketed and sold by Microsoft. Microsoft introduced an operating environment named
Windows on November 20, 1985 as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in
response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).
2.2 FEATURES OF WINDOWS
1. Windows easy transfer: You can transfer almost everything from your old computer to
the new one. User accounts, Files and Folders, Program Settings, Internet Settings and
Favourites, E-mail settings, Contacts and Messages.
2. Windows anytime upgrade: This feature of Windows Operating System allows you to
upgrade to any higher windows version available for your system, so you can take full
advantage of enhanced digital entertainment and other features. Windows anytime
upgrade helps you compare features in each Windows edition and walks you through the
upgrade process.
3. Multilingual: Some users want Windows menus and messages to display in their own
language, i.e. they want to be able to switch from an English Windows environment to
another language. Multilingual User Interface (MUI) is the name of a Microsoft technology
for Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Office and other applications that allows for the
installation of multiple interface languages on a single system. On a system with MUI, each

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user would be able to select their own preferred display language. MUI technology was
introduced with Windows 2000 and has been used in every release since (up to Windows
8). It is available in 137 languages.
4. Multithreading: Windows supports concurrency among processes because threads in
different processes may execute concurrently. Moreover, multiple threads within the same
process may be allocated to separate processors and execute simultaneously.
5. Single-User Multitasking: Windows (from Windows 2000 onward) is a significant
example of what has become the new wave in microcomputer operating systems. One of
the most significant features of these new operating systems is that, although they are still
intended for support of a single interactive user, they are multitasking operating systems.
2.3 WINDOWS VERSION HISTORY
FIG :( D) WINDOWS VESION HISTORY

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Microsoft Windows (or simply Windows) is a meta family of graphical operating systems
developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of several families of operating
systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry. Active Windows
families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows Phone; these may
encompass subfamilies, e.g. Windows Embedded Compact (Windows CE) or Windows
Server.
2.3.1 Windows 1.0
The history of Windows dates back to September 1981, when Chase Bishop, a computer
scientist, designed the first model of an electronic device and project Interface Manager was
started. It was announced in November 1983 (after the Apple Lisa, but before the
Macintosh) under the name "Windows", but Windows 1.0 was not released until November
1985.Windows 1.0 was to compete with Apple's operating system, but achieved little
popularity. Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. The
shell of Windows 1.0 is a program known as the MS-DOS Executive. Components included
Calculator, Calendar, Cardfile, Clipboard viewer, Clock, Control Panel, Notepad, Paint,
Reversi, Terminal and Write. Windows 1.0 does not allow overlapping windows. Instead all
windows are tiled. Only modal dialog boxes may appear over other windows.
2.3.2 Windows 2.0 was released in December 1987 and was more popular than its
predecessor. It features several improvements to the user interface and memory
management. Windows 2.03 changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows.
The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging
infringement on Apple's copyrights. Windows 2.0 also introduced more sophisticated
keyboard shortcuts and could make use of expanded memory. In addition to full Windows-
packages, there were runtime-only versions that shipped with early Windows software from
third parties and made it possible to run their Windows software on MS-DOS and without
the full Windows feature set.
The early versions of Windows are often thought of as graphical shells, mostly
because they ran on top of MS-DOS and use it for file system services. However, even the

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earliest Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions;
notably, having their own executable file format and providing their own device drivers
(timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound). Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed
users to execute multiple graphical applications at the same time, through cooperative
multitasking. Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual
memory scheme, which allows it to run applications larger than available memory: code
segments and resources are swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce;
data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor
control.
2.3.3 Windows 3.x
Windows 3.0, released in 1990, improved the design, mostly because of virtual
memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) that allow Windows to share arbitrary
devices between multi-tasked DOS applications.Windows 3.0 applications can run in
protected mode, which gives them access to several megabytes of memory without the
obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They run inside the same
address space, where the segmented memory provides a degree of protection. Windows
3.0 also featured improvements to the user interface. Microsoft rewrote critical operations
from C into assembly. Windows 3.0 is the first Microsoft Windows version to achieve
broad commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months.
Windows 3.1, made generally available on March 1, 1992, featured a facelift. In
August 1993, Windows for Workgroups, a special version with integrated peer-to-peer
networking features and a version number of 3.11, was released. It was sold along
Windows 3.1. Support for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31, 2001.
Windows 3.2, released 1994, is an updated version of the Chinese version of
Windows 3.1. The update was limited to this language version, as it fixed only issues related
to the complex writing system of the Chinese language. Windows 3.2 was generally sold by
computer manufacturers with a ten-disk version of MS-DOS that also had Simplified Chinese
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2.3.4 Windows 9x
The next major consumer-oriented release of Windows, Windows 95, was released
on August 24, 1995. While still remaining MS-DOS-based, Windows 95 introduced support
for native 32-bit applications, plug and play hardware, preemptive multitasking, long file
names of up to 255 characters, and provided increased stability over its predecessors.
Windows 95 also introduced a redesigned, object oriented user interface, replacing the
previous Program Manager with the Start menu, taskbar, and Windows Explorer shell.
Windows 95 was a major commercial success for Microsoft; Ina Fried of CNET remarked that
"by the time Windows 95 was finally ushered off the market in 2001, it had become a fixture
on computer desktops around the world." Microsoft published four OEM Service Releases
(OSR) of Windows 95, each of which was roughly equivalent to a service pack. The first OSR
of Windows 95 was also the first version of Windows to be bundled with Microsoft's web
browser, Internet Explorer. Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31,
2000 and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.
Windows 95 was followed up with the release of Windows 98 on June 25, 1998,
which introduced the Windows Driver Model, support for USB composite devices, support
for ACPI, hibernation, and support for multi-monitor configurations. Windows 98 also
included integration with Internet Explorer 4 through Active Desktop and other aspects of
the Windows Desktop Update (a series of enhancements to the Explorer shell which were
also made available for Windows 95). In May 1999, Microsoft released Windows 98 Second
Edition, an updated version of Windows 98. Windows 98 SE added Internet Explorer 5.0 and
Windows Media Player 6.2 amongst other upgrades. Mainstream support for Windows 98
ended on June 30, 2002 and extended support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.
On September 14, 2000, Microsoft released Windows ME (Millennium Edition), the
last DOS-based version of Windows. Windows ME incorporated visual interface
enhancements from its Windows NT-based counterpart Windows 2000, had faster boot
times than previous versions (which however, required the removal of the ability to access
a real mode DOS environment, removing compatibility with some older programs),
expanded multimedia functionality (including Windows Media Player 7, Windows Movie

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Maker, and the Windows Image Acquisition framework for retrieving images from scanners
and digital cameras), additional system utilities such as System File Protection and System
Restore, and updated home networking tools. However, Windows ME was faced with
criticism for its speed and instability, along with hardware compatibility issues and its
removal of real mode DOS support. PC World considered Windows ME to be one of the
worst operating systems Microsoft had ever released, and the 4th worst tech product of all
time.
2.3.5 Windows NT
Early versions
In November 1988, a new development team within Microsoft (which included
former Digital Equipment Corporation developers Dave Cutler and Mark Lucovsky) began
work on a revamped version of IBM and Microsoft's OS/2 operating system known as "NT
OS/2". NT OS/2 was intended to be a secure, multi-user operating system with POSIX
compatibility and a modular, portable kernel with preemptive multitasking and support for
multiple processor architectures. However, following the successful release of Windows 3.0,
the NT development team decided to rework the project to use an extended 32-bit port of
the Windows API known as Win32 instead of those of OS/2. Win32 maintained a similar
structure to the Windows APIs (allowing existing Windows applications to easily be ported
to the platform), but also supported the capabilities of the existing NT kernel. Following its
approval by Microsoft's staff, development continued on what was now Windows NT, the
first 32-bit version of Windows. However, IBM objected to the changes, and ultimately
continued OS/2 development on its own.
The first release of the resulting operating system, Windows NT 3.1 (named to
associate it with Windows 3.1) was released in July 1993 with versions for desktop
workstations and servers. Windows NT 3.5 was released in September 1994, focusing on
performance improvements and support for Novell's NetWare, and was followed up by
Windows NT 3.51 in May 1995, which included additional improvements and support for
the PowerPC architecture. Windows NT 4.0 was released in June 1996, introducing the
redesigned interface of Windows 95 to the NT series. On February 17, 2000, Microsoft

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released Windows 2000, a successor to NT 4.0. The Windows NT name was dropped at this
point in order to put a greater focus on the Windows brand.
2.3.6 Windows XP
The next major version of Windows, Windows XP, was released on October 25, 2001.
The introduction of Windows XP aimed to unify the consumer-oriented Windows 9x series
with the architecture introduced by Windows NT, a change which Microsoft promised would
provide better performance over its DOS-based predecessors. Windows XP would also
introduce a redesigned user interface (including an updated Start menu and a "task-
oriented" Windows Explorer), streamlined multimedia and networking features, Internet
Explorer 6, integration with Microsoft's .NET Passport services, modes to help provide
compatibility with software designed for previous versions of Windows, and Remote
Assistance functionality.
At retail, Windows XP was now marketed in two main editions: the "Home" edition
was targeted towards consumers, while the "Professional" edition was targeted towards
business environments and power users, and included additional security and networking
features. Home and Professional were later accompanied by the "Media Center" edition
(designed for home theater PCs, with an emphasis on support for DVD playback, TV tuner
cards, DVR functionality, and remote controls), and the "Tablet PC" edition (designed for
mobile devices meeting its specifications for a tablet computer, with support for stylus pen
input and additional pen-enabled applications). Mainstream support for Windows XP ended
on April 14, 2009. Extended support ended on April 8, 2014.
After Windows 2000, Microsoft also changed its release schedules for server
operating systems; the server counterpart of Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, was
released in April 2003.[25] It was followed in December 2005 by Windows Server 2003 R2.
2.3.7 Windows Vista and later
After a lengthy development process, Windows Vista was released on November 30,
2006 for volume licensing and January 30, 2007 for consumers. It contained a number of
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with a particular focus on security features. It was available in a number of different editions,
and has been subject to some criticism. Vista's server counterpart, Windows Server 2008
was released in early 2008.
2.3.8 Windows 7
On July 22, 2009, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 were released as RTM
(release to manufacturing) while the former was released to the public 3 months later on
October 22, 2009. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which introduced a large number
of new features, Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to
the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware with
which Windows Vista was already compatible. Windows 7 has multi-touch support, a
redesigned Windows shell with an updated taskbar, a home networking system called Home
Group, and performance improvements.
2.3.9 Windows 8
Windows 8, the successor to Windows 7, was released generally on October 26,
2012. A number of significant changes were made on Windows 8, including the introduction
of a user interface based around Microsoft's Metro design language with optimizations for
touch-based devices such as tablets and all-in-one PCs. These changes include the Start
screen, which uses large tiles that are more convenient for touch interactions and allow for
the display of continually updated information, and a new class of apps which are designed
primarily for use on touch-based devices. Other changes include increased integration with
cloud services and other online platforms (such as social networks and Microsoft's own
SkyDrive and Xbox Live services), the Windows Store service for software distribution, and
a new variant known as Windows RT for use on devices that utilize the ARM architecture.
An update to Windows 8, called Windows 8.1, was released on October 17, 2013, and
includes features such as new live tile sizes, deeper SkyDrive integration, and many other
revisions.

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CHAPTER 3
WINDOWS 10
On September 30, 2014, Microsoft announced Windows 10 as the successor to
Windows 8.1. It will be released in late 2015 and addresses shortcomings in the user
interface first introduced with Windows 8. Changes include the return of the Start Menu, a
virtual desktop system, and the ability to run Windows Store apps within windows on the
desktop rather than in full-screen mode and many more.
Windows 10 (codenamed Threshold) is an upcoming operating system developed
by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. First presented in
April 2014 at the Build Conference, it is scheduled to be released in mid-2015, and is
currently in public beta testing through the Windows Insider program. During its first year
of availability, upgrades to Windows 10 will legally be offered at no charge for licensed
consumer users of Windows 7 and Windows 8.1. At Microsoft’s Ignite conference
Microsoft’s developer employee, Jerry Nixon announced that Windows 10 is to be the final
release of Windows, as Microsoft have decided to provide support for Windows as a
service, with release updates and improvements to the operating system over time.
The goal of Windows 10 is to unify the Windows PC, Windows Phone, Windows
Embedded and Xbox One product families, as well as new product categories such as the
Surface Hub and HoloLens, around a common internal core. These products will share a
common, "universal" application architecture and Windows Store ecosystem that expands
upon the Windows Runtime platform introduced by Windows 8. Windows 10 provides
further integration with Microsoft services and platforms, such as the addition of Cortana
(an intelligent personal assistant), a notification system that can be synchronized between
devices, and new Xbox Live features. Windows 10 will also introduce a new bundled web
browser, Microsoft Edge, to replace Internet Explorer.

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Windows 10's user interface is an evolution of Windows 8's, with a focus on
transitioning between behaviors suitable for the type of device and the available input
methods. To improve the experience for keyboard and mouse users, Windows 10 adds a
revision of the desktop start menu and a virtual desktop system, and allows Windows Store
apps to run within windows on the desktop as well as in full-screen mode. The operating
system will introduce new technologies and system components, including DirectX 12 and
new frameworks for biometric authentication.
3.1 Announcement
Threshold was officially unveiled during a media event on September 30, 2014,
under the name Windows 10; Myerson said that Windows 10 would be Microsoft's "most
comprehensive platform ever," providing a single, unified platform for desktop computers,
laptops, tablets, smartphones, and all-in-one devices. He emphasized that Windows 10
would take steps towards restoring user interface mechanics from Windows 7 to improve
the experience for users on non-touch devices, noting criticism of Windows 8's touch-
oriented interface by keyboard and mouse users. Despite these concessions, Myerson noted
that the touch-oriented interface would "evolve" as well on 10. In describing the changes,
Joe Belfiore likened the two operating systems to electric cars, comparing Windows 7 to a
first-generation Toyota Prius hybrid, and Windows 10 to an all-electric Tesla—considering
the latter to be an extension of the technology first introduced in the former. Regarding the
operating system's name, Terry Myerson refused to elaborate on why Microsoft skipped
directly from Windows 8 to 10, stating only that "based on the product that's coming, and
just how different our approach will be overall, it wouldn't be right to call it Windows 9". He
also joked that they couldn't call it "Windows One" (alluding to several recent Microsoft
products with a similar brand, such as One Note, Xbox One and OneDrive) because they had
already made a Windows1.

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3.2 Unique Features of Microsoft Windows 10
 The comeback of Start menu(resizable)
 Windowed Desktop Metro Apps
 Coninuum
 Windows Universal Apps
 Action center notifications
 Cortana
 Xbox App
 virtual desktops
 DirectX 12
 Spartan –The Browser
 Command Prompt
 Desktop interface overhaul
 Advanced File Explorer
 Pin the Recycle Bin to the Start Menu and Taskbar

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3.2.1 The comes back of Start menu (Resizable)
FIG (E): Start menu
The Start menu returns. After a few years of claiming that the Metro-style Start
screen was just as good for mouse-and-keyboard use as touchscreen use, Microsoft has
finally backed down. Windows 10 will have a Start menu on the Desktop; the left side will
look a lot like the standard Windows 7 Start menu, but the right side will have the option
of being populated with Metro-style live tiles. The left side of the menu will adopt a new
Metro-like look, too — though you may be able to configure it to look like the good ol’
Windows 7 Start Menu. We can resize the start menu window ourself. That is one of the
best feature of windows 10.

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3.2.2 Windowed Desktop Metro Apps
FIG (F): Desktop Metro Apps
In the previous version of Microsoft Windows 8.1 spring update user can utilize
mouse friendly features not by leveraging Modern apps in desktop windows . However,in
the latest version windows 10,Microsoft has added Metro app on your PC opens in a desktop
window, rather than dumping user into a full screen app.To make a vast improvement over
windows 8,a mouse friendly toolbar of options across the top user is included so a user can
alter their interface to best fit in the size of the window they want.

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3.2.3 Coninuum
FIG (G): Continuum
Touchscreen, or mouse and keyboard? Now Windows won't have to decide because
it can switch back and forth seamlessly. The new feature Continuum that debuts in Windows
10 helps the operating system work better with devices that support both a mouse and
keyboard and touch input, like Microsoft's Surface Tablet or Lenovo's Yoga laptops.
For convertible devices, there are two modes, tablet and desktop. When you want
to use only the touchscreen, tablet mode changes the layout of the operating system so it's
more touch-friendly. That means any open apps go full-screen and you can use gestures to
move through the OS.
Once you connect a mouse and keyboard, or flip your laptop around, Windows will
go into desktop mode. Apps turn back into desktop windows that are easier to move around
with a mouse and you'll see your desktop again.

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3.2.4 Windows Universal Apps
FIG (H):Universal apps
“Whether it’s building a game, or a line of business application, there’ll be one way
to write a universal application that targets the entire product family,” A universal app has
multiple targets, each with its own code. There is also a shared code area. When you build
the app, Visual Studio combines the shared code with the target-specific code, creating an
executable for each target. The debut of universal apps is a monumental next step for
Microsoft because, as devices know, the time and effort required to develop the same app
on multiple platforms or devices leads developers to pick a subset more likely to be
profitable. In the Windows world, that has hindered the development of tablet and
smartphone apps.
At the Windows 10 unveil, Microsoft made it very clear that it’s working on a single
platform that will span every device type and screen size — from 4 inches to 80 inches.
Microsoft is all-in on the “universal app” idea, where you find, buy, and update all of your
apps from a single location. Because of the common platform, developers will be able to
write apps that run on all Windows 10 devices.

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3.2.5 Action center notifications
FIG (I): Notifications
Notifications are one of the fresh features of Windows 10 with popups remembers
all sorts of useful information a user wants. Windows 10 has built with nearly 7,000
improvements and fixes; one novel feature is a Notification like Action center. The action
center was introduced in windows Phone 8.1; it stores all notifications for later review,
based on the user decision to be notified about any app. A user can easily locate the action
center in windows 10 Built 9860 by clicking on the Mail icon on the start task bar. One can
also modify the settings and choose the apps to get notifications in the Action Center
window by clicking on Settings –Change PC Settings –Search and apps-Notifications.

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3.2.6 Cortana
FIG (j): Cortana
Microsoft Cortana is an intelligent personal assistant developed by Microsoft for
Windows Phone 8.1[, Microsoft Band, and Windows 10. The Cortana digital assistant is
making the jump from Windows Phone. Cortana, Microsoft’s answer to Siri, will reportedly
be coming to Windows 10. She will probably be accessible from both the Desktop and
Metro, but presumably her ability to understand natural language will be more useful for
people on the move, or without a keyboard. If Cortana is capable of understanding (and
executing) complex filters, she could be a very useful addition to Windows 10. (Imagine
being able to say “Cortana, show me all of my photos from my 2011 trip to Mexico.”)
Microsoft's new Windows 10 OS has a new search button on the taskbar, and
Cortana currently appears at the top of that search functionality once it's triggered. Just like
Windows Phone, you can type to Cortana to ask it to remind you to do things, or to search
for content locally in apps or on the web. Microsoft isn't creating a separate app for Cortana
on the desktop, it will essentially replace and complement the existing search experience

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that's available in Windows 8. I have seen a very early version of Cortana in Windows 10,
and the mocked up screenshot (above) gives you an idea of how Cortana currently works in
Windows 10. Cortana, along with a number of other features, is still in an early form that's
not ready for everyone to test.
3.2.7 Xbox app on Windows 10 and Gaming
FIG (K): Xbox Gaming app
Windows 10 will provide heavier integration with the Xbox ecosystem.Xbox on
Windows 10 lets gamers access the best of the expansive Xbox Live gaming network on both
Windows 10 PCs and Xbox One.Windows 10 will also allow users to control and play games
from an Xbox One console over a local network. There is a new Xbox app. It appears to act
as a gateway to the entire Xbox ecosystem, including access to achievements, friends lists,
activity feeds, and the Store. The app also lets you to record, edit and share your activities
in the game.You’ll also be able to join your friends and see your friends’ activity via Xbox

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3.2.8 Virtual desktops
FIG (L): Virtual Desktop
To add flexibility Linux and Mac operating systems Virtual desktops were finally
added as a built in feature in Windows 10.This feature is useful to handle many programs at
once and keep them organized. A new Multiple Desktops feature lets you run another set
of windows as if on another screen. Windows 10 will offer virtual desktops through a system
known as "Task View “New desktops can be added by either pressing Windows Tab or
clicking the new Task View button. Instead of having multiple windows open on top of each
other on one desktop, you can set up a whole other virtual desktop for those programs to
reside in.

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3.2.9 DirectX 12
FIG (M): DirectX 12
DirectX 12 is already baked into the operating system. DirectX 12 is one of the key
features Microsoft hopes will woo PC gamers—a stronghold of the PC ecosystem, but one
largely encamped in Windows 7—towards Windows 10. Microsoft says DirectX 12 will sport
a vastly better threading model than the five-year-old DirectX 11, giving developers more
console-like “closer to the metal” access to graphics processors. In a nutshell, DirectX 12 can
offer much improved performance and (Microsoft claims) up to 50 percent power savings
under proper conditions.

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3.2.10 Spartan –The Browser
FIG (N):Spartan Browser
Microsoft is planning to radically overhaul its web browser in Windows 10. Sources
familiar with the company’s Windows plans tell The Verge that the new
browser, codenamed Spartan, will include a host of new features not found in rival
browsers. Chief among the plans for Spartan is new inking support that allows Windows 10
users to annotate a web page with a stylus and send the notes and annotations to a friend
or colleague. The web note service will be powered by Microsoft’s OneDrive cloud storage,
meaning notes will be stored on a copy of a web page that can be accessed by any browser
across multiple platforms. As annotations are shared, multiple users can doodle on a web
page and share edits and annotations between groups. Cortana is coming to your browser.
A second major feature for Spartan will be the integration of Microsoft’s Cortana
digital assistant. Microsoft is planning to use Cortana to surface information on flights, hotel
bookings, package tracking, and other data within the traditional address bar. If you use
Cortana to track a particular flight and start to search for "American Airlines" in the browser
address bar, it will automatically display tracked flights and allow Spartan users to view the
status of the flight directly. It’s a subtle addition, but you’ll also be able to access Cortana
search directly from the new tab interface in Spartan. Cortana integration in the Spartan

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browser is planned to replace every instance of the existing Bing methods in Internet
Explorer.
Other features include a new way to group tabs together to declutter the
occasionally messy interface of multiple browser tabs. Spartan will allow users to group tabs
however they want, making it easier, for example, to split up personal tabs from work ones.
Microsoft also originally planned to allow Spartan to support custom themes, but we
understand the company has dropped this for the final new browser in Windows 10. Such
support may arrive in future updates. Spartan will be a Windows Store app for regular
updates.
Spartan is designed to be a single browser across PCs, tablets, and phones. We’re
told that Microsoft will make Spartan a Windows Store app, enabling the company to quickly
and easily update the browser in future. ZDNet previously reported that Microsoft will
continue to include Internet Explorer in Windows 10, and we understand this will be
primarily for legacy compatibility reasons. Spartan is the main browser in Windows 10, and
most users will be accessing the web using it. While Spartan will be a Windows Store app,
we understand Microsoft isn’t planning to make it a universal app initially. One version of
Spartan will be available in the Store as a desktop app, and another as a modern app for
tablets and phones. Both will be updated regularly with identical features.
Microsoft is planning to keep the look and feel of Spartan very similar across phones,
tablets, and PCs. The desktop version looks like a simplified version of Chrome, with a tabbed
interface above the address bar, alongside options to go back, forward, and refresh a page.
It’s all designed to look lightweight, without the bloat typically associated with older
versions of Internet Explorer. While the Spartan name is a codename, it’s not clear if
Microsoft plans to continue the Internet Explorer branding with its new browser. That
naming and other features of Spartan could play a part in Microsoft’s Windows 10 event on
January 21st. Microsoft is planning to detail the consumer features of Windows 10 at its
press event later this month, including its phone and tablet features.

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3.2.11 Command Prompt
FIG (O): All new Command Prompt
Copy and Paste and Ctrl/Shift cursor based character selection now available. The
most obvious benefit of this is that you can copy and paste complicated command
instructions from the web straight into the prompt.

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3.2.12 Desktop interface overhaul
FIG (P): Windows 10 Desktop, showing a new, very flat Explorer (note the new icon too)
It’s not entirely clear yet, but it seems the Windows 10 Desktop will receive a
graphical overhaul, to make it even flatter. The Windows 10 Technical Preview shows some
flatter icons and thinner window borders — and I suspect we’ll see some further UI changes
in later preview builds. (If you recall, the first Windows 8 Developer Preview still looked a
lot like Windows 7, and became more flat and less opaque as the development process went
on.) Curiously, there does appear to be a drop shadow behind the Explorer window in the
Windows 10 screenshot above — Windows 8 got rid of a lot of shadows, so it would be
interesting if they made a return.

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3.3 Windows 10: Other general updates, tweaks, and rumors
In addition to forward-facing UI changes to the Desktop and Metro, Windows
10 will of course have lots of under-the-hood changes. The most notable so far seems to
be one-click upgrading: With Windows 10, upgrading to the next version (Windows 10.1,
Windows 11) should be a simple matter of clicking one button.
3.3.1 Microsoft Says Windows 10 Will Be the Last OS Upgrade You'll Ever
Need…
NEWS ANALYSIS: Once the next version of Windows is installed, Microsoft plans to begin a
process of continuous updates that will eliminate the concept of next versions. There's no
question that Microsoft has learned from the pain of getting customers to upgrade from
Windows XP and later from Windows 7 to 8. From now on, it never wants to be in the
position of having to convince people to buy the next version of Windows.
While Microsoft Vice President for Operating Systems Terry Myerson didn't exactly
say that when he kicked off the Jan. 21 presentation of the company's plans for Windows
10, that message was still clear. The first indication of Microsoft's resolution was that
Windows 10 will be a free upgrade for most users of Windows 7 and Windows 8 or 8.1. But
it was what Myerson said next that really gave things away.
That's when Myerson started talking about "Windows as a Service." The plans for
Windows 10include a continuous series of upgrades performed automatically. The idea
goes far beyond the Windows Updates that are in place today. Windows as a Service will
include new features, new capabilities and new Windows apps, all created for the
universal Windows platform, which will encompass everything from phones to desktop
computers. Myerson said that the questions about what version of Windows you're
running will become meaningless because everyone will have the same version as
universal upgrades progress.Or at least that's the idea. Myerson did not address the
question of what happens when a user isn't connected to the Internet constantly, which

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can occur under a variety of circumstances, such as in enterprises where the IT
department wants to tightly control the upgrade cycle.
But assuming that all the connections are running smoothly, Microsoft will no longer
have to worry about decades-old operating systems floating around in the cyber-world
causing trouble. Ultimately, it will probably save Microsoft a lot of money by minimizing
support costs.
To make all of its plans come to fruition, Myerson said in his blog entry that in addition to
making the upgrade from Windows 7 or 8 to Windows 10 free, the ongoing upgrade process
will also be free. Ultimately, this means Microsoft will eventually be free of the necessity to
maintain vast numbers of staffers that have the responsibility of updating old operating
systems and can instead focus on the very real need to continue adding new features so
that Windows can stay relevant for as long as possible in the face of unprecedented
competition in the operating system world.
This is particularly important because Microsoft has big plans for Windows, including
making it into a common platform with a single app store for any machine. While there will
be differences between the Windows 10 intended for phones and the version intended for
desktop and laptop computers, Myerson said that it was more a matter of tailoring those
differences to work well with differing screen sizes and uses. Clearly, you'd want a different
user interface for a small device, such as a phone, versus a larger computer, but deep down
inside, they'd all be pretty much the same. In addition, Microsoft is clearly going deeper into
the hardware business and is now introducing new devices that go far beyond the Surface
tablet.
In fact, the next stage of the Surface and Windows 10 is something called the Surface
Hub, which is an all-in-one PC with an 84-inch 4K display that's optimized for brainstorming
and other collaborative activities. This wall-sized display will include a version of OneNote
that can emulate a smart whiteboard.
3.3.2 Will Windows 10 be free?
There is a persistent rumor that Windows 10 will a free upgrade for Windows 8 and
8.1 users. Most recently, the head of Microsoft in Indonesia reportedly confirmed this with
a website called Detik. There is also a rumor that Microsoft will offer some kind of carrot to

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get Windows XP users to upgrade from their 13-year-old operating system. In both cases, I
think it’s wishful thinking that Windows 10 will be free — Microsoft derives a lot of its money
from Windows licensing — but it might be heavily discounted in some special cases.
3.3.3 Free at last: After Windows 10, consumers won't pay for updates or
upgrades
Microsoft will have no choice but to give consumers free Windows upgrades once it
launches Windows 10 and kicks off its fast-fast-fast tempo, an analyst asserted.
"If Microsoft wants consumers to update and keep up to date, it really means that
Microsoft is going to have to give those consumers those updates for free. There's really no
other way to do it," said Michael Silver of Gartner at the research firm's annual technology
conference. "A consumer isn't going to give Microsoft a credit card and say, 'Charge me for
a new release whenever one comes out,'" Silver added. "It's very likely that consumer
releases will be free."
That will affect Microsoft's bottom line: With Windows 10 expected to be the
nameplate for the OS for years longer than the usual three-year cycle between major
upgrades -- from Windows 7 to Windows 8, say -- free means that consumers will never
again have to pay to upgrade their PC's OS. A constant trickle of free updates and upgrades
will also put computer makers in a bind, as historically they have relied on new editions to
spark sales, particularly to consumers.
Silver's argument that Windows 10, if not free itself, must offer free updates to
consumers, came during a 45-min. presentation where he and a colleague, Stephen
Kleynhans, discussed the future of Office and Windows before a standing-room-only crowd
at Gartner Symposium/ITxpo 2014. The research firm lets anyone view up to three on-
demand video recordings of conference sessions free of charge, including the one with Silver
and Kleynhans.
The two put Microsoft's Windows 10 and Microsoft's promise of a steady stream of
updates in context for businesses, which have shied away from Windows 8 and are being

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coaxed back into the fold with promises that Windows 10 will be all that its predecessor
wasn't.
"A lot of enterprises were expressing concern that they couldn't keep up with that
faster cadence [of Windows 8 to Windows 8.1 to Windows 8.1 Update]," said Kleynhans.
"So, Microsoft decided to change things about the cadence. They've come up with a new,
new cadence. Because you couldn't keep up with annual updates, they're going to go to
monthly updates."
Microsoft has, however, made allowances for corporations. Rather than adopt what Silver
and Kleynhans called "consumer speed" updating -- a tempo that could be as frequent as
monthly -- businesses will be able to delay deployment with a pair of alternate tracks.
"They're going to introduce the concept of a long-term serving update," said Kleynhans.
"They'll take all of those [consumer speed updates] and roll them into a single release and
that will be a stake in the ground. That stake in the ground will stay there for 10 years or so,
we expect. And you'll be able to stay on that stake in the ground, that long-term servicing
update, for as long as you need to. It will continue to get security updates, but features are
going to be pretty much locked down and not change."
According to Silver and others, that slowest temp will also impact how Microsoft
profits from its venerable OS: Corporate customers will have to pay for it.
"We expect that organizations that want the longest-term support, the one with no
changes, are going to have to pay for that by buying a Windows Enterprise Upgrade license,"
said Silver in an interview last week. "They going to have to pay more."
Wes Miller, of Directions on Microsoft, wasn't as certain as Silver about Microsoft
charging for an unchanging Windows. "I'm curious about that, but I think it's definitely
possible," Miller said in a recent interview. "We saw that with XP, support isn't free."

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3.4 Editions of Windows 10
While no official date has yet been announced by Microsoft for the official launch of
Windows 10, Microsoft has officially revealed all of the different editions of Windows 10
that would be made available. This is a regular practice for Microsoft, the company has
always launched ‘Home’, ‘Pro’ and ‘Enterprise’ editions of its operating systems for years
and Windows 10 won’t be an exception.
Windows 10 will power an incredibly wide variety of devices – ranging from PCs,
tablets, phones, Xbox One, Microsoft HoloLens and Surface Hub. In other words, customers
will have three versions of Windows 10, which is Windows 10 Home, Windows 10 Mobile
and Windows 10 Pro. Also, there are different versions for the Enterprise.
Windows 10 Home is the “consumer-focused desktop edition” of the OS, which will
ship on most pre-built PCs and laptops. It offers a known and personal experience for PCs,
tablets and 2-in-1s. It will include all the main features of Windows 10 like the new Windows
Hello face-recognition, Microsoft Edge browser, Cortana, iris and fingerprint login, right out
of the box, Continuum tablet mode for touch-capable devices and built-in universal apps.
Microsoft also has a Windows 10 Pro edition to complete the home desktop version. This
will have similar functions like Windows 8 Pro, with the ability for businesses to have more
control over their devices and apps. Users will also get access to Windows Update for
Business, apart from being more compatible with cloud technologies.
Microsoft is also renaming Windows Phone to Windows 10 Mobile with the release
of Windows 10 across PCs, phones, tablets, and the Xbox One. It is designed to deliver the
best user experience on smaller, mobile, touch-centric devices like smartphones and small
tablets. All Microsoft smartphones will technically be running Windows 10. It will also take
advantage of optimized versions of touch oriented apps and support for the new Continuum
for Phone feature. It will support phones and tablets less than 8-inch displays with the
familiar Windows Phone interface.
Microsoft is also offering a Windows 10 Mobile Enterprise edition, designed for best
customer experience and for big businesses to license the operating system on smartphones

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and small tablets. It will be available to Volume Licensing customers. Like Windows 10
Mobile, it gives great productivity, security and mobile device management capabilities. It
also adds flexible ways for businesses to manage updates. In addition, it will include the
latest innovation and security features once they are available.
Windows 10 Enterprise builds on Windows 10 Pro, adding advanced features created
to meet the requirements of medium and big sized organizations. It provides advanced
capabilities to help protect against the ever-growing range of modern security threats
targeted at devices, identities, applications and sensitive company information. Windows
10 Enterprise also supports the broadest range of options for operating system deployment
and comprehensive device and app management. They will able to take advantage of the
new Windows Update for Business and Long Term Servicing Branch.
Further, Windows 10 Pro, another offering from Microsoft is a desktop edition for
PCs, tablets and 2-in-1s. Built on the familiar and innovative features of Windows 10 Home,
it has many additional features to handle the various needs of small businesses. Windows
10 Pro helps to efficiently and effectively handle their devices and apps, preserve their
sensitive business data, support remote and mobile productivity scenarios and take benefit
of cloud technologies and new Windows Update for Business.
Windows 10 Education builds on Windows 10 Enterprise, and is created to meet the
requirements of schools – students, teachers, staff and administrators.
Tony Prophet of Microsoft says “We are making strong progress with Windows 10,
and we are on track to make it available this summer. And because we have built Windows
10 to be delivered as a service, this milestone is just the beginning of the new generation of
Windows. Starting this fall, customers can expect ongoing innovation and security updates
for their Windows 10 devices, including more advanced security and management
capabilities for businesses.”

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3.5 Windows 10: Security and Identity Protection for the Modern World
With Windows 10 Microsoft actively addressing modern security threats with
advancements to strengthen identity protection and access control, information protection,
and threat resistance. With this release we will have nearly everything in place to move the
world away from the use of single factor authentication options, like passwords. We are
delivering robust data loss prevention right into the platform itself, and when it comes to
online threats, such as malware, we’ll have a range of options to help enterprises protect
against common causes of malware infection on PC’s.
Windows 10 will incorporate multi-factor authentication technology based upon
standards developed by the FIDO Alliance. The operating system includes improved support
for biometric authentication through the "Windows Hello" and "Passport" platforms;
devices with supported cameras (requiring infrared illumination) will allow users to login
with face or iris recognition, similarly to Kinect. Fingerprint recognition login is also available
on devices with supported readers. Credentials are stored locally and protected using
asymmetric encryption. The "Passport" platform will allow networks, software and websites
to authenticate users using either a PIN or biometric login to verify their identity, without
sending a password. On the enterprise version of Windows 10, administrators can set up
policies for the automatic encryption of sensitive data, selectively block applications from
accessing encrypted data, or even outright require all software to be signed with a Microsoft
key.
To reduce the storage footprint of the operating system, Windows 10 will
automatically compress system files. The system can reduce the storage footprint of
Windows by approximately 1.5 GB for 32-bit systems and 2.6 GB for 64-bit systems. The
level of compression used will be dependent on a performance assessment performed
during installations or by OEMs, which will test how much compression can be used without
harming operating system performance. Furthermore, the Refresh and Reset functions will
use runtime system files instead, making a separate recovery partition redundant, allowing
patches and updates to remain installed following the operation, and further reducing the
amount of space required for Windows 10 by up to 12 GB. These functions replace the "

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WIM Boot " mode introduced on Windows 8.1 Update, which allowed OEMs to configure
low-capacity devices with flash-based storage to use Windows system files out of the
compressed WIM image typically used for installation and recovery. Windows 10 also
includes a related function in its Settings app known as "Storage Sense", which allows users
to view a breakdown of how their device's storage capacity is being used by different types
of files, and determine whether certain types of files are saved to internal storage or an SD
card by default.
3.6 System requirements
FIG (Q): System Requirements

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CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION
Microsoft Windows is one of the most popular and best operating systems that
available today. Windows 10 will their next Operating system and a big step to the feature,
because by providing Windows 10 operating system totally free for their customers as a
service, Microsoft is actually coming to the open source community.
As far as widespread adoption of operating systems go, Windows 8 was a bit of a
misstep for the software giant. The removal of the Start menu, introduction of full screen
“Metro” apps, and a redesigned interface caught users off guard, to say the least. Either in
an effort to distance itself from the situation, or due to a slip of the finger when typing the
name the first time, the newest version of Windows skips right over 9, opting for the much
rounder 10. Whatever the reason for the name, it’s clear that Microsoft has heard user
feedback, and is setting about designing an operating system that people actually want to
use again. The Windows Insider program allows anyone to download Windows 10 right
away, and then give feedback on concerns and everyday processes that directly affect the
development of the new OS. That means frequent updates, changes, and additional
functionality at every turn, but it can be a lot to process. We’ve got all the news, bugs, and
update info in one convenient place so you know exactly what you’re getting into.
Overlying goal of Windows 10 is to unify the Windows PC, Windows Phone, Windows
Embedded and Xbox One product families, as well as new product categories such as the
Surface Hub and Holo Lens. Windows 10 adds a new revision of the desktop Start menu and
a virtual desktop system, and it allows modern apps to run within windows on the desktop
as well as in full-screen mode, Cortana, project Spartan etc.
We get the feeling there’s a lot more for Microsoft to share about Windows 10, and
we won’t get to see it until they release it on July.

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CHAPTER 5
REFERENCES
 en.Wikipedia.org
 Microsoft-news.com
 www.microsoftstore.com
 Google images
 usabilitygeek.com
 techworm.com
 extremeTech.com

Windows 10

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