This document provides an overview and comparison of different operating systems. It begins by defining what an operating system is and its main components - the kernel and shell. It then describes the two most popular kernel types - monolithic and microkernels. The document also outlines common operating system functions and types. It lists some of the most used operating systems like Windows, MacOS, Linux, iOS, and Android. Finally, it provides more details on the Microsoft Windows and Mac OS operating systems, including their key features, pros, and cons.

1. Comparative Analysis of
Operating Systems

2. What is an Operating System?
An operating system (OS) is a type of software interface between the
user and the device hardware.
This software allows users to communicate with the device and perform
the desired functions.
Most operating systems come pre-installed on the device. However,
users can change their OS or upgrade to a newer version of the
operating system for better device performance.
Operating systems use two components to manage computer programs
and applications:
1. Kernel
2. Shell

3. Kernel
The kernel is the core inner component that processes data at the hardware level.
It handles input-output management, memory and process management.
Types of Kernel
There are many types of kernels that exists, but among them, the two most popular kernels are:
1. Monolithic
1. A monolithic kernel is a single code or block of the program. It provides all the required services offered by the operating
system.
2. It is a simplistic design which creates a distinct communication layer between the hardware and software.
2. Microkernels
1. Microkernel manages all system resources. In this type of kernel, services are implemented in different address space.
2. The user services are stored in user address space, and kernel services are stored under kernel address space.
3. So, it helps to reduce the size of both the kernel and operating system.

4. Shell
The shell is the outer layer that manages the interaction between the
user and the OS.
 The shell communicates with the operating system by either taking the
input from the user or a shell script.
A shell script is a sequence of system commands that are stored in a file.

5. Operating System Functions
Basic functions of an operating system include:
Booting: An operating system manages the startup of a device.
Memory management: An operating system coordinates computer
applications and allocates space to different programs installed in the
computer.
Data security: An operating system protects your data from cyberattacks.
Loading and execution: An operating system starts and executes a program.

6. Operating System Functions(Contd..)
•Drive/disk management: An operating system manages computer drives
and divides disks.
•Device control: An operating system enables you to allow or block access
to devices.
•User interface: This part of an operating system, also known as UI, allows
users to enter and receive information.
•Process management: The operating system allocates space to enable
computer processes, such as storing and sharing information.

7. Types of Operating System
Here are the different types of operating systems you need to know:
1. Batch OS
2. Time-sharing or multitasking OS
3. Distributed OS
4. Network OS
5. Real-time OS
6. Mobile OS

8. Common Operating Systems
1. Microsoft Windows
2. Apple MacOS
3. Linux
4. Apple iOS
5. Google Android

9. Market Share of Operating Systems

10. Market Share of Operating Systems
(Contd..)

11. Microsoft Windows OS
1. Windows is a group of various proprietary graphical operating systems which
is provided by Microsoft Incorporation. It is also known as Microsoft
Windows.
2. It currently includes Windows NT and Windows IoT as members of its family.
3. Earlier it included Windows 9x, Windows Mobile and Windows Phone which
are no longer in use.
4. It is the most used operating system in personal computers. The first version
of Windows was launched by Microsoft in 1985. The most recent version of
Windows for personal computers is Windows 11.

12. Microsoft Windows OS : Important Attributes
1. Simple and easy to use user interface.
2. Multiuser, multitasking and multithreading.
3. It provides efficient network support.
4. Automated System Recovery is provided.
5. Entertainment support is also provided in the form of 3D games, digital photography and
audio video tools.
6. Simplified user interface.
7. It also provides secure and safe environment by allowing the user to personalize his
information.
8. It also provides tools for the computer maintenance and tuning.
9. Accessibility features are quite flexible which has made the use easier.

13. Microsoft Windows OS : Key Features
1. Control Panel : The Control Panel is a collection of tools to help you configure
and manage the resources on your computer.
2. Cortana: Cortana is a virtual assistant introduced in Windows 10 that accepts
voice commands.
3. Notification Area: The notification area, also known as the system tray,
displays the date and time, and shows icons of programs that are started with
Windows.

14. Microsoft Windows OS : Key Features
1. Desktop : The desktop is the default GUI in Windows. It is a space where you
can organize applications, folders, and documents, which appear as icons.
2. Device Manager : The Device Manager lists the hardware devices installed in
a computer. It allows you to view the installed software and device driver and
also uninstall the software as you want you.
3. Disk Cleanup : The utility helps increase free disk space by removing
temporary or unnecessary files. Running Disk Cleanup helps improve your
computer's performance.

15. Microsoft Windows OS : Pros
1. Many brands of computers run Windows, which means you can find a Windows PC
at almost any price point.
2. Touch screens are another place where Windows thrives over Apple. Windows 8 and
Windows 10 were developed with touch screens in mind. This means your devices
can act like different devices fairly easily. For example, laptops can become tablets,
and you can use tablets like computers.
3. Windows PCs are extremely customizable, so you can buy your own parts to create a
device you want.
4. Windows PCs are also known for their backwards compatibility, which means you
can run older programs on a newer device.

16. Microsoft Windows OS : Cons
1. More susceptible to virus attacks
2. Most major software (Photoshop, Office Suite, etc.) has to be bought
separately and can be expensive.
3. The system can slow to the point of needing to reboot
4. Resource Intensive
5. Technical support is flaky

17. Mac OS
1. macOS is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems which is
provided by Apple Incorporation.
2. It was earlier known as Mac OS X and later OS X.
3. It is specifically designed for Apple mac computers.
4. It is based on Unix operating system. It was developed using C, C++,
Objective-C, assembly language and Swift.
5. It is the second most used operating system in personal computers after
Windows.
6. The first version of macOS was launched by Apple in 2001. The latest stable
version of macOS is 10.15.1 which is also known as Catalina.

18. Mac OS : Important Attributes
1. Aqua: Aqua is the Graphical User Interface (GUI) environment of the MAC OS.
Aqua is responsible for managing the entire look and behaviors of the OS.
There are many features that are provided by aqua like photorealistic icons
that always helps to make the look and feel attractive.
2. Data and Information Management: MAC OS provides effective features for
the management of data and files in the computer. The synchronization of
the configuration of computer is also supported by MAC OS.
3. Devices: Excellent support for devices is provided by the OS. In the current
OS versions the Bluetooth support is also provided.

19. Mac OS : Important Attributes
1. iLife: This iLife suite is used to support all the multimedia and entertainment
activities.
2. Power Management: The power is very well managed by the MAC OS. This
OS is capable of controlling the heat as well as the power being utilized.
3. Security: Security features like passwords, certificates, public keys, private
keys and trust policies have also been provided.

20. Mac OS : Key Features
1. Media Features : Users can watch, listen and read content.
2. Creativity-based Features : Applications such as photos, iMovie enables users to view,
edit and create media.
3. Productivity Features: Applications such as pages and keynote to work with graphical
tools.
4. Communication Features: Users can communicate with one another using text, visual
and audio applications such as Mails, Messages and Face Time.
5. Organization Features: Find notes and other content using applications like Notes,
Remainders, Voice Memos.
6. iCloud: User’s can access and share their content with different devices
7. Compatibility Features : Can Transfer window based files and other data From a
window PC to a Mac. They can also run MS office or windows on a Mac

21. Mac OS : Pros
1. When it comes to Macs, they are the no-brainer choice if you already have Apple
products. All Apple products work seamlessly with each other, so if you have an
iPhone or iPad, you will likely be better off with a Mac than a Windows PC.
2. In general, Macs are known for their user-friendliness and approachability. They are
considered to be more intuitive than Windows. While the way your iPad/iPhone and
MacBook work may differ slightly, they are very similar, so it would be easy to adjust
to the computer.
3. Macs are also known for their built-in retina displays that draw in people like graphic
designers, artists, and anyone else looking for fantastic visual elements. The designs
of Macs are also considered to look more artful than a Windows PC.

22. Mac OS : Cons
1. Mac computers tend to be much higher in price than Windows PCs.
2. It isn't uncommon for an application to be available on Windows but not on
Mac because Windows is the more commonly used operating system.

23. Linux
1. Linux, designed by Linus Torvalds in the year 1991, heads a group of fresh
school open source Unix’s that came to be in the year 1990, it also include
FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and Darvin.
2. All these is a representation of a design direction that the whole group
agreed upon.
3. Linux code is totally different compared to the original UNIX source tree
code, however, it uses UNIX standards to behave like a UNIX.

24. Linux: Important Attributes
1. Multiuser capability: Multiple users can access the same system resources like
memory, hard disk, etc. But they have to use different terminals to operate.
2. Multitasking: More than one function can be performed simultaneously by dividing
the CPU time intelligently.
3. Portability: Portability doesn't mean it is smaller in file size or can be carried in pen
drives or memory cards. It means that it support different types of hardware.
4. Security: It provides security in three ways namely authenticating (by assigning
password and login ID), authorization (by assigning permission to read, write and
execute) and encryption (converts file into an unreadable format).
5. Live CD/USB: Almost all Linux distros provide live CD/USB so that users can run/try it
without installing it.

25. Linux: Important Attributes
1. Graphical User Interface (X Window system): Linux is command line based
OS but it can be converted to GUI based by installing packages.
2. Support's customized keyboard: As it is used worldwide, hence supports
different languages keyboards.
3. Application support: It has its own software repository from where users can
download and install many applications.
4. File System: Provides hierarchical file system in which files and directories are
arranged.
5. Open Source: Linux code is freely available to all and is a community based
development project.

26. Linux: Key Features
1. It is an open source OS which gives a great advantage to the programmers as they can design
their own custom operating systems.
2. It gives you a lot of option of programs having some different features so you can choose
according to your need.
3. A global development community look at different ways to enhance its security, hence it is
highly secured and robust so you don't need an anti virus to scan it regularly. Companies like
Google, Amazon and Facebook use linux in order to protect their servers as it is highly reliable
and stable.
4. Above all you don't have to pay for software and server licensing to install Linux, its
absolutely free and you can install it on as many computers as you want.
5. Its completely trouble free operating system and don't have an issue with viruses, malware
and slowing down your computer.

27. Linux: Pros
1. Price: Linux is F-R-E-E. It can be downloaded, installed, used, modified without
incurring any cost.
2. Variety: Linux is nowhere a complete OS but a kernel. The fact that it is a kernel, it
requires additional ad-ins in form of software. Many of these kinds of distributions or
distros exist.
3. Virus: The fact that it is open sourced, it is less vulnerable compared with Mac, it
does not mean that it’s free from virus attack

28. Linux: Cons
1. Complicated: A good deal of Computer skills are required to use Linux
distros even when some of them are quite easy to use.
2. Compatibility: Although Linux has a few percent of the market share like
Mac, however, it does not have many programs and games like that of
Windows.
3. Vendors: Linux has very few vendors selling Linux computers, if one
needs Linux computer, then it might be that one will need to purchase
Windows computer, reformat the hard drive, and then install Linux on it