This presentation summarizes the design and operation of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) created by a group of students to generate 10 watts of DC power from wind. Key points include:
1) The VAWT was designed to operate efficiently in urban and suburban areas and does not need to be oriented into the wind.
2) It works at lower wind speeds than a horizontal axis turbine and can place the generator at ground level for easy access and maintenance.
3) The presentation outlines the turbine components, measurement of wind speed, advantages of VAWTs such as being omni-directional and producing less stress on support structures, and concludes with potential future improvements.
The document discusses the components and operation of wind turbines. The major components of a commercial wind turbine are the tower, rotor, shafts, gearbox, generator, sensors, and safety systems. Ultrasonic anemometers are used to measure wind speed and direction. The aerodynamic design of the turbine blade influences the amount of energy captured from the wind. Larger turbines require designs to limit power and speed for safety. Pitch and stall controls are used to regulate power output.
This document provides an overview of wind energy and wind turbines. It discusses the origins of winds and factors that affect wind distribution. It then describes the key components of horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) including the rotor, nacelle, tower, and foundation. It also discusses Betz's law on turbine efficiency and introduces vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) as an alternative design.
This document discusses horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). HAWTs face issues like requiring large towers and complex yaw mechanisms, while experiencing high stresses from cyclic loads. VAWTs have simpler designs that do not require yawing and can harvest multi-directional winds. The two main VAWT types are Savonius and Darrieus turbines. Savonius turbines have drums that produce torque from differential wind forces. Darrieus turbines use curved blades whose lift forces generate torque as they rotate. While more efficient than Savonius designs, Darrieus turbines require external starting torque. Overall, VAWTs have advantages like omni-directional operation and simpler installation
A flywheel, in essence is a mechanical battery - simply a mass rotating about an axis.Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator.Flywheels are one of the most promising technologies for replacing conventional lead acid batteries as energy storage systems.
This document discusses various methods for controlling the power output of wind turbines. It begins by explaining that wind turbines are designed to operate most efficiently at typical wind speeds around 15 m/s, and power must be limited at higher wind speeds to prevent damage. Both mechanical and electrical control methods are described, including passive stall regulation, active pitch control, and combinations of the two. The document also covers other control aspects like yaw orientation and safety features to prevent cable twisting.
Renewable energy can be obtained from natural flows of energy like sunlight and wind. Wind energy is extracted from kinetic wind power using wind turbines. Most common wind turbines are horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) that have three blades attached to a central hub to capture the energy of the wind and power an electrical generator. HAWTs are the most widespread in use today. Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) also exist but are less common as they do not take advantage of higher wind speeds at higher elevations like HAWTs.
This presentation summarizes the design and operation of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) created by a group of students to generate 10 watts of DC power from wind. Key points include:
1) The VAWT was designed to operate efficiently in urban and suburban areas and does not need to be oriented into the wind.
2) It works at lower wind speeds than a horizontal axis turbine and can place the generator at ground level for easy access and maintenance.
3) The presentation outlines the turbine components, measurement of wind speed, advantages of VAWTs such as being omni-directional and producing less stress on support structures, and concludes with potential future improvements.
The document discusses the components and operation of wind turbines. The major components of a commercial wind turbine are the tower, rotor, shafts, gearbox, generator, sensors, and safety systems. Ultrasonic anemometers are used to measure wind speed and direction. The aerodynamic design of the turbine blade influences the amount of energy captured from the wind. Larger turbines require designs to limit power and speed for safety. Pitch and stall controls are used to regulate power output.
This document provides an overview of wind energy and wind turbines. It discusses the origins of winds and factors that affect wind distribution. It then describes the key components of horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) including the rotor, nacelle, tower, and foundation. It also discusses Betz's law on turbine efficiency and introduces vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) as an alternative design.
This document discusses horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). HAWTs face issues like requiring large towers and complex yaw mechanisms, while experiencing high stresses from cyclic loads. VAWTs have simpler designs that do not require yawing and can harvest multi-directional winds. The two main VAWT types are Savonius and Darrieus turbines. Savonius turbines have drums that produce torque from differential wind forces. Darrieus turbines use curved blades whose lift forces generate torque as they rotate. While more efficient than Savonius designs, Darrieus turbines require external starting torque. Overall, VAWTs have advantages like omni-directional operation and simpler installation
A flywheel, in essence is a mechanical battery - simply a mass rotating about an axis.Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator.Flywheels are one of the most promising technologies for replacing conventional lead acid batteries as energy storage systems.
This document discusses various methods for controlling the power output of wind turbines. It begins by explaining that wind turbines are designed to operate most efficiently at typical wind speeds around 15 m/s, and power must be limited at higher wind speeds to prevent damage. Both mechanical and electrical control methods are described, including passive stall regulation, active pitch control, and combinations of the two. The document also covers other control aspects like yaw orientation and safety features to prevent cable twisting.
Renewable energy can be obtained from natural flows of energy like sunlight and wind. Wind energy is extracted from kinetic wind power using wind turbines. Most common wind turbines are horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) that have three blades attached to a central hub to capture the energy of the wind and power an electrical generator. HAWTs are the most widespread in use today. Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) also exist but are less common as they do not take advantage of higher wind speeds at higher elevations like HAWTs.
This document discusses wind power plants and wind energy. It explains that wind is a free, clean and renewable energy source. It then discusses the origin of global and local winds. Some key factors that affect wind energy distribution on Earth's surface are discussed, such as mountains, trees, and climate changes. The document outlines important considerations for selecting wind plant sites, such as wind speed data, access roads, terrain and population density. It also classifies wind power plants based on axis orientation and size. Environmental impacts of wind plants are summarized, including effects on birds, noise, communications and ecosystem stresses.
The Pelton wheel turbine was developed in 1880 by Lester Pelton. It is an impulse turbine that works best with high heads and low flows. The turbine consists of a nozzle that converts pressure to velocity, buckets around the rim that redirect the jet of water, and a casing. The high velocity jet from the nozzle strikes the buckets, transferring momentum to spin the turbine and generate power. Pelton wheels are commonly used to generate hydroelectric power from sources with high heads and low flows.
This document summarizes a student project to design and analyze a differential gear box. It includes sections that describe the objective of analyzing the working of a vehicle differential and designing the system. It explains the key parts of a differential system including the pinion gear, ring gear, spider gear, and differential case. It also describes the working of a differential for straight driving and turning, and discusses issues like one wheel slipping. Design parameters and the forces that allow the spider gear to rotate are analyzed. Finally, it briefly mentions the types of differentials.
This document discusses prime movers and governing systems. It covers hydraulic turbines, steam turbines, and gas turbines. For hydraulic turbines, it describes the turbine-penstock system transfer function and how water inertia affects the response. It discusses different types of governors used for hydraulic turbines, including mechanical-hydraulic and electro-hydraulic governors. It also covers tuning governor settings for stable isolated operation and acceptable loading/unloading response. For steam turbines, it describes common configurations and how they can be tandem-compound or cross-compound. It provides figures illustrating steam turbine configurations.
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. They consist of blades, a rotor, a nacelle housing a generator and gearbox, and a tower. As wind passes the blades, they spin the rotor which turns the shaft and gearbox to increase rotational speed and power the generator to produce electricity. Egypt has over 500MW of installed wind power capacity concentrated in farms along the Red Sea coast. The advantages of wind power are that it is renewable and produces no emissions, while the disadvantages include intermittent availability and potential negative impacts on landscapes and communities. Problems faced by wind power include noise, transmission issues due to intermittent wind, social impacts, and fire risks from overheated or failed components inside nacelles.
The document discusses different methods of governing steam turbines to maintain a constant rotational speed despite varying loads. Throttle governing reduces steam pressure through a restricted passage before entering the turbine. Nozzle governing opens and closes sets of nozzles to control steam flow. Bypass governing introduces steam into later turbine stages during overloads. Combination governing uses two methods, typically bypass and nozzle. Electro-hydraulic governing uses electronic, hydraulic, and mechanical components to precisely control steam flow and allow synchronization to power grids for load and frequency regulation.
Wind energy harnesses the kinetic energy of wind to generate electricity through wind turbines. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical power using propeller-like blades, which spin a shaft connected to a generator that produces electricity. The largest wind farms can have hundreds of turbines and generate terawatt-hours of electricity annually without carbon emissions. The leading countries for installed wind power capacity are China, United States, Germany, India and Spain.
Stepper motors are brushless DC motors that rotate in discrete steps. They have an external rotor divided into teeth that engages with internal electromagnets to rotate the shaft in steps. There are different types including permanent magnet, variable reluctance, and hybrid stepper motors that use different techniques to generate torque. Stepper motors are useful for applications requiring precise positional control like printers, factory automation equipment, and CNC machines.
This document provides an overview of the Pelton turbine. It describes the Pelton turbine as an impulse type water turbine invented by Lester Allan Pelton in the 1870s. The key parts of a Pelton turbine discussed include the penstock, runner, casing, spear rod, deflector, nozzle, and brake nozzle. It also briefly discusses the specific speed of turbines and notes that China produces the most hydroelectric power worldwide.
The document discusses degree of reaction, which is defined as the ratio of static pressure or enthalpy drop in the rotor to the total static pressure or enthalpy drop in a turbine stage. Degree of reaction is an important design parameter that affects efficiency. Reactions of 50%, less than 50%, and more than 50% are discussed. A reaction of 50% equally distributes the pressure drop between the rotor and stator, avoiding boundary layer separation. Reactions less than 50% mean more pressure drop occurs in the stator, while reactions over 50% mean more pressure drop occurs in the rotor. A reaction of 0% corresponds to an impulse turbine with all pressure drop in the stator. Charts show how reaction affects
The document summarizes information about a student project on wind power plants. It discusses the basics of how wind energy is created from uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun. It describes the main components of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines, including blades, shafts, gearboxes, generators, controllers, and towers. It covers advantages and disadvantages of both horizontal and vertical axis turbine designs. The document also discusses site selection considerations for wind power projects.
A short presentation about the different components of a steam power plant. It first tells us what's a steam power plant and then explains how electricity is generated by them.
1) A servo is a feedback control system that controls the position or motion of a mechanical system. It receives an input signal and uses feedback to control velocity and position.
2) An electrical servo system relies on electrical energy and feedback to provide fast, accurate, and remote control. It has an error detector, amplifier, and error corrector to match the controlled variable to a reference signal.
3) A DC servo motor uses separate power sources for the field and armature windings. It can be field controlled, where the field is controlled by feedback, or armature controlled, where the armature is controlled by feedback. Field control provides slower response while armature control provides faster response.
Solar power plants can generate electricity either directly using photovoltaic cells or indirectly using concentrated solar power that heats a liquid to power steam turbines. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight and heat a liquid for steam generation. Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar power has advantages of no fuel costs or pollution but higher initial costs than other technologies.
The document discusses wind energy and the components of a wind turbine. It begins by explaining that moving air has kinetic energy which is transferred to the wind turbine blades, causing them to spin. The main components of a wind turbine are the foundation, tower, blades, hub, nacelle, generator, brake, gearbox, yaw system, and controller. The generator converts the mechanical energy of the spinning blades into electrical energy. Larger wind turbines have gearboxes to increase the blade speed to a suitable rate to power the generator.
This presentation discusses vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT). It begins with an introduction to wind power and defines VAWTs. Key points made include that VAWTs can accept wind from any direction, have generators mounted at ground level for easy maintenance, and are well suited to urban environments. The presentation covers the basic design and operation of VAWTs, including their advantages of lower wind speeds needed and omnidirectional wind capture, compared to horizontal axis turbines. Applications and future developments are also discussed, such as creating self-starting VAWTs and reducing power fluctuations.
Flywheel energy storage systems store kinetic energy by constantly spinning a compact rotor in a low-friction environment. When short-term backup power is needed, the rotor's inertia allows it to continue spinning and its kinetic energy is converted to electricity. Flywheels integrate a motor, flywheel rotor, and generator into a single system. The motor uses grid power to spin the flywheel, and the generator converts the flywheel's kinetic energy back into electricity. Flywheels can provide continuous power when the energy source is intermittent and deliver energy at higher rates than other sources.
This document discusses turbomachines and provides classifications. It begins by defining turbomachines as machines that transfer energy between a rotor and fluid, including both turbines and compressors. Turbines transfer energy from fluid to rotor, while compressors transfer from rotor to fluid. Turbomachines are then classified based on: whether they transfer energy from fluid to rotor (turbine) or rotor to fluid (pump); number of stages (single or multi-stage); extent of fluid (infinite or finite); type of fluid (thermal, gas, hydro); flow type (axial, mixed, or radial); purpose (power producing or absorbing); and design (open or closed). Comparisons are made between turbomachines and positive
Turbines work by converting the kinetic energy of a moving fluid like water, steam, gas or wind into mechanical rotational energy. There are different types of turbines that are designed based on how the fluid interacts with the turbine blades including impulse turbines where the fluid hits the blades at high speed, and reaction turbines where the pressure of the fluid changes as it passes through the rotor blades. Common types of turbines include water turbines like the Pelton, Francis and Kaplan turbines, steam turbines used in power plants, gas turbines that power aircraft and generators, and wind turbines that convert wind energy into electricity.
This document provides an overview of multi-megawatt wind turbines. It discusses that wind energy has significant potential as a renewable energy source, with estimated global wind potential of 1.6*10^7 MW. It then covers the basics of how wind turbines work to convert kinetic wind energy into electrical energy. Specifically, it describes common turbine components like blades, generators, and gearboxes. It also summarizes different generator technologies used in wind turbines, such as squirrel cage induction generators, doubly fed induction generators, and direct drive synchronous generators. In conclusion, it states that doubly fed induction generators equipped with converters are most commonly adopted for large wind energy systems due to their lower weight and cost.
1) Rolling mills require motors that can produce heavy torque at low RPM to roll metal ingots into blooms or slabs. DC motors are well-suited as they can provide high starting torque and wide speed variation.
2) Paper mill drives need variable speed control of multiple rolls. Synchronous motors connected via a Schrage motor allow independent yet coordinated speed control.
3) Marine drives utilize electric propulsion motors like induction or synchronous types to independently power propellers via alternators, providing flexibility and economical operation.
This document discusses wind power plants and wind energy. It explains that wind is a free, clean and renewable energy source. It then discusses the origin of global and local winds. Some key factors that affect wind energy distribution on Earth's surface are discussed, such as mountains, trees, and climate changes. The document outlines important considerations for selecting wind plant sites, such as wind speed data, access roads, terrain and population density. It also classifies wind power plants based on axis orientation and size. Environmental impacts of wind plants are summarized, including effects on birds, noise, communications and ecosystem stresses.
The Pelton wheel turbine was developed in 1880 by Lester Pelton. It is an impulse turbine that works best with high heads and low flows. The turbine consists of a nozzle that converts pressure to velocity, buckets around the rim that redirect the jet of water, and a casing. The high velocity jet from the nozzle strikes the buckets, transferring momentum to spin the turbine and generate power. Pelton wheels are commonly used to generate hydroelectric power from sources with high heads and low flows.
This document summarizes a student project to design and analyze a differential gear box. It includes sections that describe the objective of analyzing the working of a vehicle differential and designing the system. It explains the key parts of a differential system including the pinion gear, ring gear, spider gear, and differential case. It also describes the working of a differential for straight driving and turning, and discusses issues like one wheel slipping. Design parameters and the forces that allow the spider gear to rotate are analyzed. Finally, it briefly mentions the types of differentials.
This document discusses prime movers and governing systems. It covers hydraulic turbines, steam turbines, and gas turbines. For hydraulic turbines, it describes the turbine-penstock system transfer function and how water inertia affects the response. It discusses different types of governors used for hydraulic turbines, including mechanical-hydraulic and electro-hydraulic governors. It also covers tuning governor settings for stable isolated operation and acceptable loading/unloading response. For steam turbines, it describes common configurations and how they can be tandem-compound or cross-compound. It provides figures illustrating steam turbine configurations.
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. They consist of blades, a rotor, a nacelle housing a generator and gearbox, and a tower. As wind passes the blades, they spin the rotor which turns the shaft and gearbox to increase rotational speed and power the generator to produce electricity. Egypt has over 500MW of installed wind power capacity concentrated in farms along the Red Sea coast. The advantages of wind power are that it is renewable and produces no emissions, while the disadvantages include intermittent availability and potential negative impacts on landscapes and communities. Problems faced by wind power include noise, transmission issues due to intermittent wind, social impacts, and fire risks from overheated or failed components inside nacelles.
The document discusses different methods of governing steam turbines to maintain a constant rotational speed despite varying loads. Throttle governing reduces steam pressure through a restricted passage before entering the turbine. Nozzle governing opens and closes sets of nozzles to control steam flow. Bypass governing introduces steam into later turbine stages during overloads. Combination governing uses two methods, typically bypass and nozzle. Electro-hydraulic governing uses electronic, hydraulic, and mechanical components to precisely control steam flow and allow synchronization to power grids for load and frequency regulation.
Wind energy harnesses the kinetic energy of wind to generate electricity through wind turbines. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical power using propeller-like blades, which spin a shaft connected to a generator that produces electricity. The largest wind farms can have hundreds of turbines and generate terawatt-hours of electricity annually without carbon emissions. The leading countries for installed wind power capacity are China, United States, Germany, India and Spain.
Stepper motors are brushless DC motors that rotate in discrete steps. They have an external rotor divided into teeth that engages with internal electromagnets to rotate the shaft in steps. There are different types including permanent magnet, variable reluctance, and hybrid stepper motors that use different techniques to generate torque. Stepper motors are useful for applications requiring precise positional control like printers, factory automation equipment, and CNC machines.
This document provides an overview of the Pelton turbine. It describes the Pelton turbine as an impulse type water turbine invented by Lester Allan Pelton in the 1870s. The key parts of a Pelton turbine discussed include the penstock, runner, casing, spear rod, deflector, nozzle, and brake nozzle. It also briefly discusses the specific speed of turbines and notes that China produces the most hydroelectric power worldwide.
The document discusses degree of reaction, which is defined as the ratio of static pressure or enthalpy drop in the rotor to the total static pressure or enthalpy drop in a turbine stage. Degree of reaction is an important design parameter that affects efficiency. Reactions of 50%, less than 50%, and more than 50% are discussed. A reaction of 50% equally distributes the pressure drop between the rotor and stator, avoiding boundary layer separation. Reactions less than 50% mean more pressure drop occurs in the stator, while reactions over 50% mean more pressure drop occurs in the rotor. A reaction of 0% corresponds to an impulse turbine with all pressure drop in the stator. Charts show how reaction affects
The document summarizes information about a student project on wind power plants. It discusses the basics of how wind energy is created from uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun. It describes the main components of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines, including blades, shafts, gearboxes, generators, controllers, and towers. It covers advantages and disadvantages of both horizontal and vertical axis turbine designs. The document also discusses site selection considerations for wind power projects.
A short presentation about the different components of a steam power plant. It first tells us what's a steam power plant and then explains how electricity is generated by them.
1) A servo is a feedback control system that controls the position or motion of a mechanical system. It receives an input signal and uses feedback to control velocity and position.
2) An electrical servo system relies on electrical energy and feedback to provide fast, accurate, and remote control. It has an error detector, amplifier, and error corrector to match the controlled variable to a reference signal.
3) A DC servo motor uses separate power sources for the field and armature windings. It can be field controlled, where the field is controlled by feedback, or armature controlled, where the armature is controlled by feedback. Field control provides slower response while armature control provides faster response.
Solar power plants can generate electricity either directly using photovoltaic cells or indirectly using concentrated solar power that heats a liquid to power steam turbines. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight and heat a liquid for steam generation. Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar power has advantages of no fuel costs or pollution but higher initial costs than other technologies.
The document discusses wind energy and the components of a wind turbine. It begins by explaining that moving air has kinetic energy which is transferred to the wind turbine blades, causing them to spin. The main components of a wind turbine are the foundation, tower, blades, hub, nacelle, generator, brake, gearbox, yaw system, and controller. The generator converts the mechanical energy of the spinning blades into electrical energy. Larger wind turbines have gearboxes to increase the blade speed to a suitable rate to power the generator.
This presentation discusses vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT). It begins with an introduction to wind power and defines VAWTs. Key points made include that VAWTs can accept wind from any direction, have generators mounted at ground level for easy maintenance, and are well suited to urban environments. The presentation covers the basic design and operation of VAWTs, including their advantages of lower wind speeds needed and omnidirectional wind capture, compared to horizontal axis turbines. Applications and future developments are also discussed, such as creating self-starting VAWTs and reducing power fluctuations.
Flywheel energy storage systems store kinetic energy by constantly spinning a compact rotor in a low-friction environment. When short-term backup power is needed, the rotor's inertia allows it to continue spinning and its kinetic energy is converted to electricity. Flywheels integrate a motor, flywheel rotor, and generator into a single system. The motor uses grid power to spin the flywheel, and the generator converts the flywheel's kinetic energy back into electricity. Flywheels can provide continuous power when the energy source is intermittent and deliver energy at higher rates than other sources.
This document discusses turbomachines and provides classifications. It begins by defining turbomachines as machines that transfer energy between a rotor and fluid, including both turbines and compressors. Turbines transfer energy from fluid to rotor, while compressors transfer from rotor to fluid. Turbomachines are then classified based on: whether they transfer energy from fluid to rotor (turbine) or rotor to fluid (pump); number of stages (single or multi-stage); extent of fluid (infinite or finite); type of fluid (thermal, gas, hydro); flow type (axial, mixed, or radial); purpose (power producing or absorbing); and design (open or closed). Comparisons are made between turbomachines and positive
Turbines work by converting the kinetic energy of a moving fluid like water, steam, gas or wind into mechanical rotational energy. There are different types of turbines that are designed based on how the fluid interacts with the turbine blades including impulse turbines where the fluid hits the blades at high speed, and reaction turbines where the pressure of the fluid changes as it passes through the rotor blades. Common types of turbines include water turbines like the Pelton, Francis and Kaplan turbines, steam turbines used in power plants, gas turbines that power aircraft and generators, and wind turbines that convert wind energy into electricity.
This document provides an overview of multi-megawatt wind turbines. It discusses that wind energy has significant potential as a renewable energy source, with estimated global wind potential of 1.6*10^7 MW. It then covers the basics of how wind turbines work to convert kinetic wind energy into electrical energy. Specifically, it describes common turbine components like blades, generators, and gearboxes. It also summarizes different generator technologies used in wind turbines, such as squirrel cage induction generators, doubly fed induction generators, and direct drive synchronous generators. In conclusion, it states that doubly fed induction generators equipped with converters are most commonly adopted for large wind energy systems due to their lower weight and cost.
1) Rolling mills require motors that can produce heavy torque at low RPM to roll metal ingots into blooms or slabs. DC motors are well-suited as they can provide high starting torque and wide speed variation.
2) Paper mill drives need variable speed control of multiple rolls. Synchronous motors connected via a Schrage motor allow independent yet coordinated speed control.
3) Marine drives utilize electric propulsion motors like induction or synchronous types to independently power propellers via alternators, providing flexibility and economical operation.
1) Rolling mills require motors that can produce heavy torque at low RPM to roll metal ingots into blooms or slabs. DC motors are well-suited as they can provide high starting torque and wide speed variation.
2) Paper mill drives need variable speed control of multiple rolls. Synchronous motors connected via a Schrage motor allow independent yet coordinated speed control.
3) Marine drives utilize electric propulsion motors like induction or synchronous types to independently power propellers via alternators, providing flexibility and economical operation.
Ppt on horizontal axis wind mills by nayanNayan Gije
The document summarizes the main components of horizontal axis windmills. It describes the rotor, blades, hub, nacelle, low and high speed shafts, gear box, generator, controller, anemometer, wind vane, yaw system and tower. It provides details on how each component works, including how the blades convert wind energy, how the gear box increases shaft speed, and how the generator converts mechanical to electrical energy. It also discusses advantages like being free and clean, and disadvantages like high capital costs and effects on wildlife.
The document provides an overview of wind turbine operation and maintenance. It discusses the components of a wind turbine including the rotor blades, gearbox, generator, control systems, and tower. The key components work together to convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. Sensors monitor turbine operations and controls adjust the blades to optimize power output while ensuring safety during high winds or other events. Regular maintenance is needed to inspect components like the gearbox and replace parts like slip rings.
This document summarizes the key principles and components of steam turbines. It describes how steam turbines work by converting the kinetic and potential energy of steam into mechanical energy using fixed and moving blades. It outlines the main types of steam turbines as impulse and reaction turbines and lists the main components as blades, casing, rotor, stop and control valves, and governor. Finally, it briefly discusses some common issues with steam turbines such as blade rubbing, uneven cooling, vibration, and corrosion.
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electricity. The key components of a modern horizontal-axis wind turbine include the blades, hub, low and high speed shafts, gearbox, generator, nacelle, tower, and electronic controller. The blades capture the wind and spin the shaft connected to the gearbox, which speeds up the rotations to drive the generator and produce electricity. The nacelle houses the critical components at the top of the tower and the electronic controller monitors the turbine's functioning.
This document discusses the design of flywheels for storing rotational energy. Flywheels smooth out fluctuations in shaft speed caused by torque variations and provide continuous energy. The key design parameters are the degree of energy required and the flywheel's moment of inertia. The design process involves determining the acceptable speed fluctuation and calculating the required kinetic energy. Common geometries are solid disks or hollow wheels with multiple arms. Modern flywheels use high-strength composite materials and can rotate at speeds over 100,000 rpm to achieve high power densities. Flywheels are beneficial for aerospace applications due to their high energy density, low mass, long life, and peak load capability.
This document summarizes wind energy and wind turbines. It discusses how wind turbines work by using the kinetic energy of wind to spin blades and a shaft, which spins a generator to produce electricity. The main parts of a wind turbine are described as the blades, brake, nacelle, controller, gearbox, and generator. Advantages include being a clean, renewable resource, while disadvantages include fluctuations in wind and high installation costs. Horizontal axis and vertical axis wind turbines are compared. India is highlighted as a top investor in renewable energy and wind power producer.
This document discusses different types of AC motors. It describes induction motors, including single-phase and three-phase induction motors. Three-phase induction motors can have either a squirrel cage or wound rotor. Synchronous motors are also discussed, which rotate at a constant synchronous speed. While synchronous motors have high efficiency, they require auxiliary equipment to allow for self-starting. The document compares different AC motor types and provides examples of their common applications.
This document discusses AC motors, including three-phase induction motors, single-phase induction motors, and brushless DC motors. It provides details on their construction, operation principles, advantages, limitations, torque-speed characteristics, and speed control methods. Three-phase induction motors are widely used due to their simple and rugged construction, reliability, low cost, and high efficiency. Single-phase induction motors require auxiliary circuits for self-starting. Methods to control induction motor speed include variable voltage variable frequency control and field oriented control.
FEROZE GANDHI UNCHAHAR THERMAL POWER PLANT(NTPC UNCHAHAR) SUMMER TRAINING Om Prakash
This document provides an overview of the vocational training program at the NTPC Unchahar thermal power plant in Raebareli, India. It discusses the plant's operations, including its main departments like the coal handling plant, boiler, turbines, generator, condenser, cooling tower, and ash handling plant. It also describes the sources of coal and water, and lists some advantages and disadvantages of thermal power plants. The presentation was given by Om Prakash, an electrical engineering student, under the guidance of his professor Nitish Kumar Yadav.
This document provides an overview of AC motors and their types. It discusses the basic principles of how electric motors work by using magnets to create motion. There are two main types of AC motors: synchronous motors and induction motors. Induction motors are further divided into single-phase and three-phase induction motors. Three-phase induction motors are the most common and can have either a squirrel cage or wound rotor. Synchronous motors rotate at a constant synchronous speed regardless of load but require special mechanisms to be self-starting. The document compares the characteristics and applications of different AC motor types.
The traction motor shed was established in 1973 to meet the maintenance needs of electric locomotive motors for Indian Railways. It performs reclamation, rewinding, and manufacturing of traction motor armatures, staters, and auxiliary machines. The shed has different sections for auxiliary motors, testing, millwright work, armature winding, stator winding, and coil manufacturing. It overhauls traction motors which use dynamic braking to generate electricity during braking and supply auxiliary loads in electric locomotives.
This document provides an overview of energy efficient motors and variable frequency drive (VFD) motors. It discusses what energy efficient motors are and their benefits in reducing electrical power consumption compared to standard motors. It covers factors that affect motor efficiency like core losses, copper losses, and design improvements in high efficiency motors. The document also outlines Indian and international efficiency standards for motors and provides sample efficiency levels. Additionally, it discusses considerations for selecting energy efficient motors and compares the impacts of normal power sources versus VFDs on motor performance and lifetime. Key differences in inverter duty motors designed for use with VFDs are also summarized.
The KSTPS generates electricity and was proposed in 1973. It initially had two 110MW units and has since expanded with additional larger units. Key components of the plant include the coal handling plant, boiler, ash handling plant, turbine, electrostatic precipitator and other equipment. The document discusses the design of the units, site selection considerations, and advantages and disadvantages of thermal power plants. It also provides an introduction and details about induction motors, including their construction, operation, types and applications.
A Comprehensive Review of Developing Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Rotor Blade...IRJET Journal
This document provides a comprehensive review of developing horizontal axis wind turbine rotor blades for domestic applications. It discusses the key components of wind turbines, including the rotor blades, and reviews various airfoil designs that have been developed for HAWT blades. The performance of wind turbine blades depends on the aerodynamic shape and properties of the blades. Blade element momentum theory is commonly used to model blade performance and optimize blade geometry for maximum power efficiency. Developing high-performing micro and small-scale wind turbine blades through careful design and testing is important for supplying electricity to domestic users.
A variable speed drive can save 20% to 50% depending on the operating cycle and average flow. Applying variable speed drives to ventilation systems creates 20% to 70% in energy savings!
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
Wind Turbine Gearbox
1. K.J.SOMAIYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
UMEL502 – THEORY OF MACHINES II
Experiment 3 – Analysis of Gearbox.
WIND TURBINE GEARBOX.
AMAN NILESH HINDOCHA.
A4 BATCH.
T.Y.MECH A.
1825005.
2. INTRODUCTION -
• A wind turbine effectively transfers kinetic energy harvested
from wind to mechanical energy that drives a rotor, which
coupled with a gearbox drives a motor to generate electricity.
• A wind turbine gearbox helps increase slow rotational speed
of the rotor to a high speed motor to generate electricity.
• The gearbox is an important part of a wind turbine. It
provides system motion that is essential for wind power
generation. Therefore, the condition of a gearbox shouldn’t be
neglected.
3.
4.
5. FUNCTION -
• With a gearbox you convert between slowly rotating, high torque power
which you get from the wind turbine rotor – and high speed low torque
power, which you use for the generator.
• A gearbox is typically used in a wind turbine to increase rotational speed
from a low-speed rotor to a higher speed electrical generator.
• The main function of gearboxes in wind turbine systems is rotation speed
regulation and efficiency improvement. In order for the compact electric
generator to work well, some parts must move extremely quickly, since
generated voltages depend on how much power a wind turbine produces.
However, the turbine blades themselves cannot move very fast because of
centrifugal forces. Thus, a gearbox is needed to increase the speed of
rotation of the slow turbines to faster generator turns.
6. WORKING -
• In traditional gearbox-operated wind turbines, the blades spin a shaft that is
connected through a gearbox to the generator. The gearbox converts the turning
speed of the blades—15 to 20 rotations per minute for a 1 MW turbine—into
about 1,800 rotations per minute that the generator needs to generate electricity.
• The gearbox in a wind turbine dose not change gears. It normally has a single gear
ratio between the rotation of the rotor and the generator. For a 600 to 750 kW
machine, the gear ratio is typically approximately 1 to 50.
• Gearboxes are usually built using planetary gearing system, and are equipped with
several auxiliary system.
7.
8. MATERIAL -
• Usually, wind turbine gearboxes are made of steel, aluminum or
brass. Other material may also be used. All wind turbine gearbox
types have their unique form and special features. These facts are very
important to remember for proper gearbox oil maintenance.
LUBRICATION -
• Mineral oil and different synthetic oils such as poly-alfa-olefine
(PAO), poly-alkyleneglycole (PAG) and esters are common lubricants
in gearboxes. The fluid properties should preferably suit the entire
gearbox.
9. REQUIREMENTS -
• The gearbox must survive over 20 years with very high, cyclical loads.
• Gearboxes should be as silent as possible.
• Gearbox have low vibrations and dissipate quickly the heat produced
by the internal mechanisms.
10. SMALL & MEDIUM WIND TURBINE
GEARBOXES - SBH 410/S & SBH 280/80
Wind Mill
Gearbox
SBH 410/S SBH 280/80
Power 250 kW 55 kW
Turbine Speed 41.5 rpm 58 rpm
Generator Shaft
Speed
1515.6 rpm 1031.2 rpm
Speed increasing
Ratio
1 / 36.521 1 / 17.778
Weight 1800 kg. approx. 675 kg. approx.
Technical Specifications