WiGig or IEEE 802.11ad, uses 60GHz spectrum to reach theoretical speeds as high as 7Gbps (bits per second), over a shorter range than today's Wi-Fi technologies. That's a lot more speed: The fastest Wi-Fi system, 802.11ac, tops out at just over 1Gbps.
GI-FI (Gigabit Fidelity) or Giga bit wireless refers to wireless communication at a data rate of more than one billion bits (gigabits) per second. GI-FI offers some advantages over WI-FI, a similar wireless technology. In that it offers faster information rate in GBPS, less power consumption and low cost for short range transmission as compare to current technology. GI-FI consists of a chip which has facility to deliver short-range multi gigabit data transfer in a local environment and compared to other technologies in the market it is ten times faster. GI-FI has the data transfer speed up to 5 GBPS within a short-range of 10 metres. It operates in 60 GHZ frequency band. GI-FI is developed on an integrated wireless transceiver chip. It has both transmitter and receiver, integrated on a single chip which is fabricated using the CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) process and it also consists of a small antenna. GI-FI allows transferring large videos, audio files, data files etc. within few seconds.
GI-FI (Gigabit Fidelity) or Giga bit wireless refers to wireless communication at a data rate of more than one billion bits (gigabits) per second. GI-FI offers some advantages over WI-FI, a similar wireless technology. In that it offers faster information rate in GBPS, less power consumption and low cost for short range transmission as compare to current technology. GI-FI consists of a chip which has facility to deliver short-range multi gigabit data transfer in a local environment and compared to other technologies in the market it is ten times faster. GI-FI has the data transfer speed up to 5 GBPS within a short-range of 10 metres. It operates in 60 GHZ frequency band. GI-FI is developed on an integrated wireless transceiver chip. It has both transmitter and receiver, integrated on a single chip which is fabricated using the CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) process and it also consists of a small antenna. GI-FI allows transferring large videos, audio files, data files etc. within few seconds.
This presentation briefly describes the Wi-Fi 6 Technology or the latest wi-fi: IEEE802.11ax which I have used at IIT Madras to present and explain my course work(reading assignment). here I have covered all the problems, solutions, and benefits of wi-fi 6, how Wi-Fi evolved, standards, security, advantages, and innovations.
WiMAX, short for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is the name for 802.16 family of wireless services.
Used as carriers in metropolitan area networks.
It has a tremendous range, up to 30 miles, and speeds of up to 70 Mbps.
It combines the familiarity of Wi-Fi with the mobility of cellular that will deliver personal mobile broadband that moves with you.
It lets us get connected to the Internet, miles from the nearest Wi-Fi hotspot.
Wi-Vi or wireless vision is one of the most modern technologies which use wireless fidelity or Wi-Fi as the core principle. Basically, it deals with tracking and manipulation of Wi-Fi signals.
Wi-Vi is used to image the obstacles or solids behind any wall or obstructions. The most important advantage of this is it is completely wireless and no cables or wires are used. Hence it becomes more suitable for usage in mobile devices and other lightweight technologies. Wireless facility also allows it to use in armed force and other security agencies.
As we know that SOANR and RADAR uses the principle of transmission and reflected waves, the Wi-Vi which uses the same principle can be called as an adaptation of those. But it also posses several differences and simpler apparatus. We will see those modifications on the coming pages of the paper.
CR : smart radio that has the ability to sense the external environment, learn from the history and make intelligent decisions to adjust its transmission parameters according
to the current state of the environment.
MicroStrip Antenna
Introduction .
Micro-Strip Antennas Types .
Micro-Strip Antennas Shapes .
Types of Substrates (Dielectric Media) .
Comparison of various types of flat profile printed antennas .
Advantages & DisAdvantages of MSAs .
Applications of MSAs .
Radiation patterns of MSAs .
How to Optimizing the Substrate Properties for Increased Bandwidth ?
Comparing the different feed techniques .
WiFi 6 is the latest industry certification program based on the IEEE 802.11ax standard for WiFi networks. It enables next-generation WiFi connectivity enabling high capacity, coverage, performance, & security. It provides a more consistent and reliable network connection with a seamless experience for users, IoT, & voice and video. It can achieve speeds up to 4 times faster than previous WiFi standards, promising better user experience and performance of bandwidth-consuming applications such as voice, video, and collaboration.
This presentation briefly describes the Wi-Fi 6 Technology or the latest wi-fi: IEEE802.11ax which I have used at IIT Madras to present and explain my course work(reading assignment). here I have covered all the problems, solutions, and benefits of wi-fi 6, how Wi-Fi evolved, standards, security, advantages, and innovations.
WiMAX, short for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is the name for 802.16 family of wireless services.
Used as carriers in metropolitan area networks.
It has a tremendous range, up to 30 miles, and speeds of up to 70 Mbps.
It combines the familiarity of Wi-Fi with the mobility of cellular that will deliver personal mobile broadband that moves with you.
It lets us get connected to the Internet, miles from the nearest Wi-Fi hotspot.
Wi-Vi or wireless vision is one of the most modern technologies which use wireless fidelity or Wi-Fi as the core principle. Basically, it deals with tracking and manipulation of Wi-Fi signals.
Wi-Vi is used to image the obstacles or solids behind any wall or obstructions. The most important advantage of this is it is completely wireless and no cables or wires are used. Hence it becomes more suitable for usage in mobile devices and other lightweight technologies. Wireless facility also allows it to use in armed force and other security agencies.
As we know that SOANR and RADAR uses the principle of transmission and reflected waves, the Wi-Vi which uses the same principle can be called as an adaptation of those. But it also posses several differences and simpler apparatus. We will see those modifications on the coming pages of the paper.
CR : smart radio that has the ability to sense the external environment, learn from the history and make intelligent decisions to adjust its transmission parameters according
to the current state of the environment.
MicroStrip Antenna
Introduction .
Micro-Strip Antennas Types .
Micro-Strip Antennas Shapes .
Types of Substrates (Dielectric Media) .
Comparison of various types of flat profile printed antennas .
Advantages & DisAdvantages of MSAs .
Applications of MSAs .
Radiation patterns of MSAs .
How to Optimizing the Substrate Properties for Increased Bandwidth ?
Comparing the different feed techniques .
WiFi 6 is the latest industry certification program based on the IEEE 802.11ax standard for WiFi networks. It enables next-generation WiFi connectivity enabling high capacity, coverage, performance, & security. It provides a more consistent and reliable network connection with a seamless experience for users, IoT, & voice and video. It can achieve speeds up to 4 times faster than previous WiFi standards, promising better user experience and performance of bandwidth-consuming applications such as voice, video, and collaboration.
Fixed Mobile Convergence has been one of the most interesting topics of research and telecom development. My presentation puts light on some of the key features of FMC.
Cabot Oil & Gas Marcellus & Eagle Ford Presentation at BOA Merrill Lynch Glob...Marcellus Drilling News
PowerPoint presentation with loads of useful maps and charts that details Cabot's shale drilling program in the northeast Marcellus--in Susquehanna County, PA. Cabot is the lowest price producer MDN is aware of. They estimate in 2014 their breakeven cost to drill--the cost at which they will start turning a profit--is a low, low 80 cents per thousand cubic feet of natural gas ($0.80 Mcf). It is an astonishing number.
Gi-Fi (Gigabit Fidelity) or Gigabit Wireless is the world's first handset incorporated on a solitary chip that works at 60GHz on CMOS process.
It transfers data at the rate of 5Gbps
It provides low power utilization in a scope of 10 meters .
The most striking feature of Gi-Fi technology is high security.
Gi-Fi refers to the faster versions of IEEE 802.11 standards.
It’s a 5x5 mm chip , Its small size makes it portable and deployment is quick.
Gi-Fi is a remote transmission framework which is multiple times quicker than Wi-Fi .
Now the files like videos, audios, or anything which has a large amount of data can be transferred from one device to another in a matter of seconds.
Competing technologies have a time-to-market advantage
- Many mobile operators have invested heavily in 3G systems.
Multiple technologies will co-exist as they meet different needs
Mobility may become a powerful differentiating factor when competing with DSL or Cable
Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) in Schools (PPT)Seminar Links
AI tools can be helpful. It is important to approach AI in education with caution and proper consideration of the potential benefits and challenges. In this PowerPoint presentation, we have discussed the pros and cons of using AI in schools and how it affects students as well as teachers.
To Download this PPT Visit www.topicsforseminar.com
Sustainable Materials Management (SMM), a term chosen by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) for a holistic approach aimed at minimizing environmental impact, conserving resources, and promoting sustainable practices throughout a material's life cycle. It revolves around the efficient use of resources, waste reduction, recycling, and fostering a circular economy.
Visit www.topicsforseminar.com to access our SMM PPT and learn more about this powerful initiative
This PowerPoint presentation explains why to be good in academics is not the only indicator of future success. Excellent grades are important and can benefit a person's career but there are other factors also such as skills, experiences, etc. that play critical roles. The pursuit of academic excellence should ideally be balanced with other aspects of life, including personal interests, extracurricular activities, and well-being.
Visit www.topicsforseminar.com to Download the PPT
This PPT discusses the potential of AI to create new opportunities for Youth and transform various industries. It also focuses on the key skills needed in the AI-driven job market and the ethical challenges that could shape the employment landscape for the young generation.
To download the PPT Visit: https://www.topicsforseminar.com/
Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic: PPTSeminar Links
The presentation highlighted the major impacts on the environment and the climate caused by the ongoing COVID‑19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic in India and the world. The effects on air quality, water quality, energy sector, wildlife, and increasing waste issue are covered in this PPT. At last, the challenges and the need for action are also discussed.
Download Link: https://www.topicsforseminar.com/2020/07/covid19-environment-impact.html
20 Latest Computer Science Seminar Topics on Emerging TechnologiesSeminar Links
A list of Top 20 technical seminar topics for computer science engineering (CSE) you should choose for seminars and presentations in 2019. The list also contains related seminar topics on the emerging technologies in computer science, IT, Networking, software branch. To download PDF, PPT Seminar Reports check the links.
This Claytronics PPT presentation focuses on the concept of Programmable Matter. The claytronic atoms or catoms are capable to interact with each other and form 3D display of electronic information which further users can interact with. PPT gives a brief introduction to Claytronics and its future aspects. Visit www.topicsforseminar.com to Download the PPT.
3D holographic projection technology clearly has a big future ahead. 3D Holographic projection is the new wave of technology that will change how we see things in the modern era. Three-dimensional holographic projection technology will have tremendous effects on all fields of life including business, education, science, art, and healthcare.
This is a brief introduction to MicroLED also known as micro-LED, mLED or µLED, which is a latest self-emitting display technology that shares many traits with OLED. MicroLED has the potential to take on and outperform OLED, but it won’t completely displace OLED and LCD. Here we discuss the basic structure, differences with OLED and LCD. What are the major challenges? Advantages and Disadvantages, Application and the Future of MicroLED.
Performance of 400 kV line insulators under pollution | PDF | DOC | PPTSeminar Links
Visit https://seminarlinks.blogspot.com to download.
Outdoor insulators are subjected to nature Polluted environmental contaminants, which may include sea salt, cement dust, fly ash, birds droppings, industrial emissions etc. deposit on their surface With the increasing industrialization not only the degree of pollution but also the type of pollution has an effect on the performance of the insulators.
Visit www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com to Download.
The intersection of railway track and the road at the same level is referred to as a level crossing. In the urban areas the level crossing is generally monitored by qualified railway personnel who monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to congestion in road traffic and also causes loss of time to road users. Road under bridge and road over the bridge are considered as solutions for avoiding level crossings of roads and railway track.
Visit www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com to Download
The Atmospheric Vortex Engine (AVE) is a process for capturing the energy produced when heat is carried upward by convection in the atmosphere. The process is protected by patent applications and could become a major source of electrical energy. The unit cost of electrical energy produced with an AVE could be half the cost of the next most economical alternative.
Artificial photosynthesis is a chemical process that replicates the natural process of photosynthesis, a process that converts sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen; as an imitation of a natural process, it is biomimetic. The term, artificial photosynthesis, is commonly used to refer to any scheme for capturing and storing the energy from sunlight in the chemical bonds of a fuel (a solar fuel). Photocatalytic water splitting converts water into hydrogen ions and oxygen and is a major research topic in artificial photosynthesis. Light-driven carbon dioxide reduction is another process studied, that replicates natural carbon fixation.
This Artificial Photosynthesis ppt covers all the processes involved in Artificial Photosynthesis, current researchers on Artificial Photosynthesis, key issues, challenges in artificial photosynthesis
A ransomware cyber-attack that may have originated from the theft of “cyber weapons” linked to the US government has hobbled hospitals in England and spread to countries across the world. "Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts a user’s data, then demands payment in exchange for unlocking the data. This attack was caused by a bug called “WanaCrypt0r 2.0” or WannaCry, that exploits a vulnerability in Windows. Microsoft released a patch (a software update that fixes the problem) for the flaw in March, but computers that have not installed the security update remain vulnerable."
A dam is a hydraulic structure of fairly impervious material built across a river to create a reservoir on its upstream side for impounding water for various purposes. A detailed ppt on dams,its types,pros and cons.
Bioenergy draws on a wide range of potential feedstock materials: forestry and agricultural residues and wastes of many sorts, as well as material grown specifically for energy purposes. The raw materials can be converted to heat for use in buildings and industry, to electricity, or into gaseous or liquid fuels, which can be used in transport, for example. This degree of flexibility is unique amongst the different forms of renewable energy.
Visit www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com to download
An alloy is a mixture of metals, or a mixture of metal and another element. White metal alloys are those which are light-coloured and generally have a lead or tin base. These alloys are also known as Babbitt metal, or bearing metal, a term which is generally preferred over ‘white metals’. Babbitt metal can be one of several alloys used as a bearing surface in a plain bearing.
Ceramic bearings are typically constructed with a ferrous inner and outer ring or race with ceramic balls in the place of steel. Ceramic bearings offer many advantages over all steel bearings, such as higher speed and acceleration capability, increased stiffness, lower friction and more. Ceramic balls are also nonconductive. Ceramic bearings are available in all standard industry configurations such as, angular bearings, thrust bearing, pillow block bearing, needle bearings, and roller bearings.
Carbon foams will help to enhance capabilities and improve affordability, supporting today’s warfighter. Applications for coal-based carbon foams continue to be developed as the material is accepted as a mainstream structural building block for tomorrow’s technology. Current application examples include targeted advances in composite tooling, vehicle blast mitigation, radar absorption, and ablation panels.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
2. Introduction
• WiGig (Wireless Gigabit Alliance) is the new brand established by the Wi-Fi
alliance for the IEEE 802.11ad standard.
• It is an extremely high-speed, but short range, local networking technology.
• enables data rates up to 7 Gbps, more than 10 times the speed of the fastest
Wi-Fi networks based on IEEE 802.11n.
3. WiGig Alliance Logo
The Wi-Fi Alliance created a
separate, unique logo for
WiGig to avoid confusion
between the standards.
WiGig Certified Logo
4. Need For Faster Wireless Connectivity
• The wireless world is
evolving rapidly in response
to the explosion of
intelligent devices,
applications and data.
• current commercial
standards cannot support
advanced applications such
as wireless docking high-
speed synchronization and
connection to displays.
5. WiGig and IEEE 802.11ad
• IEEE 802.11ad is an amendment to the 802.11 standard that enables multi-gigabit
wireless communications in the 60 GHz band.
• The WiGig specification was contributed to the IEEE 802.11ad standardization process.
• Most commonly used, 802.11n operates in the 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz bands
• While newer 802.11ac products operate in the 5-GHz band
Visit www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com to download
7. Specification
• Support for data transmission rates up to 7 Gbps
• more than 10 times the speed of the fastest Wi-Fi networks based on IEEE
802.11n
• It operates in the unlicensed 60 GHz frequency band
• More spectrum available than the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands used by existing
Wi-Fi products
• This allows wider channels that support faster transmission speeds
• Based on IEEE 802.11
• Provides native Wi-Fi support
• Enables devices to transparently switch between 802.11 networks operating
in any frequency band including 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz and 60 GHz
8. • Support for beamforming, maximizing signal strength and enabling robust
communication at distances beyond 10 meters
• Advanced security using the Galois/Counter Mode of the AES encryption
algorithm
• Support for high-performance wireless implementations of HDMI, DisplayPort,
USB and PCIe
• Virtually instantaneous wireless backups, synchronization and file transfers
between computers and handheld devices
9. Common Upper MAC
(Management)
Multi-band Operation (WiGig/ .11ad )
BB & Lower MAC
( 802.11b /a / g /n /ac )
BB & Lower
MAC
( WiGig /11.ad )
2.4 GHz 5 GHz 60 GHz
WiGig architecture enables tri-band communications
10. Protocol Adaptation Layers (PALs)
• Defined by the WiGig Alliance to support specific data and display standards
over 60 GHz
• PALs allow wireless implementations of these standard interfaces that run
directly on the WiGig MAC and PHY
• It can be implemented in hardware
• The initial PALs are
• audio-visual (A/V), which defines support for HDMI and DisplayPort,
• input-output (I/O), which defines support for USB and PCIe
11. IP DisplayPort PCIe
HDMI USB
I/O PALAV/PAL
Enhanced 802.11 MAC
New GHz PHY
WiGig Protocol Adaptation Layers (PALs)
12. Audio-Visual (A/V)
• The A/V PAL allows wireless transmission of audio-visual data
• An example might be transmitting movies from a computer or digital camera to a TV set
or projector
• This PAL supports
• Wireless implementations of HDMI
• DisplayPort interfaces
• High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) scheme
• It scales to allow transmission of both compressed and uncompressed video
13. Input-Output (I/O)
• The I/O PAL defines high-performance wireless implementations of widely used
computer interfaces over 60 GHz.
• Definitions exist for USB and for PCIe.
USB PAL
• enables multi-gigabit wireless connectivity between USB devices
• facilitates the development of products such as USB docking stations
PCIe
• Used within computers to connect the CPU and memory to I/O controllers that
support storage, network cards and other interfaces
• Used to connect to media and visual processors to enhance picture quality or offload
processing from the CPU
15. Physical Layer (PHY)
• Worldwide, the 60 GHz band has much more spectrum available than the 2.4 GHz and
5 GHz bands
– typically 7 GHz of spectrum, compared with 83.5 MHz in the 2.4 GHz band
• This spectrum is divided into multiple channels, as in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands.
• The channels are much wider, enabling multi-gigabit data rates
• The WiGig specification defines four channels, each 2.16 GHz wide
– 50 times wider than the channels available in 802.11n
• The wide channels enable WiGig to support applications that require extremely fast
communication, such as uncompressed video transmission.
17. Modulation & Coding Scheme (MCS)
• The specification supports two types of modulation and coding schemes, which
provide different benefits:
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
Single carrier (SC)
• The schemes share common elements such as preamble and channel coding.
• This reduces implementation complexity for manufacturers of WiGig devices.
18. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
• It supports communication over longer distances with greater delay spreads,
• providing more flexibility in handling obstacles and reflected signals.
• Furthermore, OFDM allows the greatest transmission speeds of up to 7 Gbps.
19. Single carrier (SC)
• Single carrier (SC) typically results in lower power consumption
• So it is often a better fit for small, low-power handheld devices
• SC supports transmission speeds up to 4.6 Gbps.
20. Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer
The MAC layer of the WiGig specification includes:
• New features that support advanced usage models
• Facilitate integration with Wi-Fi networks
• Reduce power consumption
• Provide strong security
21. Network Architecture
• The specification defines a new network architecture that enables
two devices to communicate directly with each other allowing
• New uses such as rapidly synchronizing two devices
• Transmitting audio-visual data to a projector or TV
• Supports existing 802.11 network architectures, including the use of
a shared access point as in today’s Wi-Fi networks
22. Beamforming
Devices that support beamforming focus their signals toward each
client, concentrating the data transmission so that more data reaches
the targeted device instead of radiating out into the atmosphere
24. Seamless Multi-band Operation
• Multi-band operation provides a greatly improved user experience.
• Users with multi-band devices will be able to continue accessing the
network, without interruption, if their device switches from a 60
GHz to a lower-frequency Wi-Fi channel.
25. Power Management
• WiGig devices can take advantage of a new scheduled access mode
to reduce power consumption.
• Two devices communicating with each other via a directional link
may schedule the periods during which they communicate; in
between those periods, they can sleep to save power.
26. Advanced Security
• The WiGig specification builds on the strong security mechanisms used in IEEE 802.11
• WiGig uses Galois/Counter Mode
• A highly-efficient mode of operation that designed to support communication
speeds of 10 Gbps and above
• Provides strong encryption based on the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
• Government-recommended
• Can be implemented in hardware for performance and efficiency
27. Summary
• In summary, WiGig offers unrivaled raw speed, interference
resistance, good range, high capacity networking, multi-gigabit real
throughput in a handheld power envelope, and near-wire
equivalent latency.
• Given these benefits, WiGig is well-suited for a broad range of
applications, from tri-band networking (2.4/5/60 GHz) to wireless
storage and edge caching to wireless docking.