This presentation briefly describes the Wi-Fi 6 Technology or the latest wi-fi: IEEE802.11ax which I have used at IIT Madras to present and explain my course work(reading assignment). here I have covered all the problems, solutions, and benefits of wi-fi 6, how Wi-Fi evolved, standards, security, advantages, and innovations.
WiFi 6 is the latest industry certification program based on the IEEE 802.11ax standard for WiFi networks. It enables next-generation WiFi connectivity enabling high capacity, coverage, performance, & security. It provides a more consistent and reliable network connection with a seamless experience for users, IoT, & voice and video. It can achieve speeds up to 4 times faster than previous WiFi standards, promising better user experience and performance of bandwidth-consuming applications such as voice, video, and collaboration.
Definition:WiMAX is a fourth generation (4G) technology.WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.WiMAX is technically also known as “IEEE 802.16”WiMAX is a wireless communications standard designed for creating Metropolitan Area Networks(MANs).A Broadband Wireless Access(BWA) technique offering fast broadband connection.It allows a user, to browse the internet on a laptop without physically connecting it to a router.It involves microwaves for the transfer of data wirelessly.Founded by Ensemble, CrossSpan, Harris & Nokia.
WiFi 6 is the latest industry certification program based on the IEEE 802.11ax standard for WiFi networks. It enables next-generation WiFi connectivity enabling high capacity, coverage, performance, & security. It provides a more consistent and reliable network connection with a seamless experience for users, IoT, & voice and video. It can achieve speeds up to 4 times faster than previous WiFi standards, promising better user experience and performance of bandwidth-consuming applications such as voice, video, and collaboration.
Definition:WiMAX is a fourth generation (4G) technology.WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.WiMAX is technically also known as “IEEE 802.16”WiMAX is a wireless communications standard designed for creating Metropolitan Area Networks(MANs).A Broadband Wireless Access(BWA) technique offering fast broadband connection.It allows a user, to browse the internet on a laptop without physically connecting it to a router.It involves microwaves for the transfer of data wirelessly.Founded by Ensemble, CrossSpan, Harris & Nokia.
Wireless Standards Wi Fi 6 Evolution and Wi Fi 7ijtsrd
IEEE standardized wireless technologies as 802.11, 802.11a b g n, 802.11ac. 802.11 legacy was released by IEEE in 1997. IEEE 802.11b was made available to users through Wi Fi routers. With 802.11g n increased the network capacity and data throughput support. 802.11n or Wi Fi 4 introduced MIMO technology. Downlink MU MIMO was one of the main features of 802.11ac or Wi Fi 5. The latest 802.11ax or Wi Fi 6 supports both downlink and uplink MU MIMO. The use of OFDMA, dual bands, Target Wake Time technologies will help in handling traffic offloaded from the 5G wireless network and help in catering to dynamic network needs, handling massive dense IoT networks, and high throughput demands. Wi Fi Alliance started working on the next wireless generation that is IEEE 802.11be or Wi Fi 7. Wi Fi 7 will be standardized by 2023. Prashrita Kaushal "Wireless Standards: Wi-Fi 6 Evolution and Wi-Fi 7" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47732.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/47732/wireless-standards-wifi-6-evolution-and-wifi-7/prashrita-kaushal
Visit www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com to Download
WiMAX is a digital wireless data communication system that can deliver high-speed broadband services up to a large distance of 50KMs.The name WiMAX was created by WiMAX forum, the consortium promoting this standard. The term WiMAX is derived from the phrase Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.
WiFi 7 Training, Improved Latency, Introduction to 802.11beBryan Len
802.11be improvement. 802.11be training, known as WiFi 7.
It is the next noteworthy milestone in the Wi-Fi long-term success story what provides with extremely high throughput and compatible to real-time applications.
Watch the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-pILzlhP3I
The main features of 802.11be are:
320 MHz bandwidth
Multi-band/multi-channel aggregation
16 spatial streams and Multiple Input
Multiple Output (MIMO) protocols enhancements,
Multi-Access Point (AP) Coordination
Enhanced link adaptation
Adaptation to regulatory rules specific to 6 GHz spectrum,
Integrating Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) extensions for low-latency real-time traffic (IEEE 802.11aa).
More…
Course outline:
Overview of Wi-Fi Evolution
New Features in Wi-Fi 7
Wi-Fi CERTIFIED 6™
Wi-Fi CERTIFIED 6E
Overview of a WiFi 6E Certified Product Example (Wi-Fi Alliance)
WiFi 6E Security
Overview of Wi-Fi 7
Advanced PHY Techniques Improving Spectrum Efficiency
Introduction to 802.11be, WiFi 7 Training
https://www.tonex.com/training-courses/introduction-to-802-11be-wifi-7-training/
Wireless Standards Wi Fi 6 Evolution and Wi Fi 7ijtsrd
IEEE standardized wireless technologies as 802.11, 802.11a b g n, 802.11ac. 802.11 legacy was released by IEEE in 1997. IEEE 802.11b was made available to users through Wi Fi routers. With 802.11g n increased the network capacity and data throughput support. 802.11n or Wi Fi 4 introduced MIMO technology. Downlink MU MIMO was one of the main features of 802.11ac or Wi Fi 5. The latest 802.11ax or Wi Fi 6 supports both downlink and uplink MU MIMO. The use of OFDMA, dual bands, Target Wake Time technologies will help in handling traffic offloaded from the 5G wireless network and help in catering to dynamic network needs, handling massive dense IoT networks, and high throughput demands. Wi Fi Alliance started working on the next wireless generation that is IEEE 802.11be or Wi Fi 7. Wi Fi 7 will be standardized by 2023. Prashrita Kaushal "Wireless Standards: Wi-Fi 6 Evolution and Wi-Fi 7" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47732.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/47732/wireless-standards-wifi-6-evolution-and-wifi-7/prashrita-kaushal
Visit www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com to Download
WiMAX is a digital wireless data communication system that can deliver high-speed broadband services up to a large distance of 50KMs.The name WiMAX was created by WiMAX forum, the consortium promoting this standard. The term WiMAX is derived from the phrase Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.
WiFi 7 Training, Improved Latency, Introduction to 802.11beBryan Len
802.11be improvement. 802.11be training, known as WiFi 7.
It is the next noteworthy milestone in the Wi-Fi long-term success story what provides with extremely high throughput and compatible to real-time applications.
Watch the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-pILzlhP3I
The main features of 802.11be are:
320 MHz bandwidth
Multi-band/multi-channel aggregation
16 spatial streams and Multiple Input
Multiple Output (MIMO) protocols enhancements,
Multi-Access Point (AP) Coordination
Enhanced link adaptation
Adaptation to regulatory rules specific to 6 GHz spectrum,
Integrating Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) extensions for low-latency real-time traffic (IEEE 802.11aa).
More…
Course outline:
Overview of Wi-Fi Evolution
New Features in Wi-Fi 7
Wi-Fi CERTIFIED 6™
Wi-Fi CERTIFIED 6E
Overview of a WiFi 6E Certified Product Example (Wi-Fi Alliance)
WiFi 6E Security
Overview of Wi-Fi 7
Advanced PHY Techniques Improving Spectrum Efficiency
Introduction to 802.11be, WiFi 7 Training
https://www.tonex.com/training-courses/introduction-to-802-11be-wifi-7-training/
WiFi 6, 802.11ax, 5G, LTE & How They'll Coexist: A discussion of current and future mobile technologies, how they're alike, how they'll complement one another and coexist, and how they'll enable the future IoT Network and the Network of Everything.
Competing technologies have a time-to-market advantage
- Many mobile operators have invested heavily in 3G systems.
Multiple technologies will co-exist as they meet different needs
Mobility may become a powerful differentiating factor when competing with DSL or Cable
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
2. Overview of Wi-Fi
• Wi-Fi, orWireless Fidelity, based on the IEEE 802.11 standards for WLAN.
• Allows us to connect to the Internet from anywhere without wires.
• Internet connectivity occurs through a wireless router.
• Send and receive data indoors and out; anywhere within the range of a
base station by Radio waves.
3. Evolution of IEEE 802.11 standards:
Over the past 20 years, IEEE 802.11 commonly referred to asWi-Fi has evolved from 2 Mbps to over
gigabit speeds., a 1,000-fold increase in throughput.
4. 802.11ax AT A GLANCE
• Contains a new PHY protocol with higher modulation and coding schemes.
• Adoption of an OFDMA approach.
• Unlike its predecessor, the 802.11ac, 802.11ax is a dual-band technology working in the 2.4
GHz and 5 GHz frequencies.
• In 802.11ax,OFDMA is frame-based : an MU frame contains data to/from different users
and various tones are assigned to the users for the entire frame duration.
• periodic channel reservations (namely, the QuietTime periods) can be used to protect
direct link communications.
• Introducing OFDMA inWi-Fi affects the other MAC and PHY functionality.
• Support up to 8x8 MU-MIMO.
• 1024 QAM-a high SNR and 25% high data rate compared to 256 QAM .
• also supports the transmission of multiple streams to a single client or multiple clients
simultaneously.
5. Problems:
• Number and variety of devices is increasing.
• Another challenge comes from the diminishing asymmetry in traffic patterns.
• power consumption for battery-operated devices.
• To improve the Quality of Service (QoS) for multiple users.
• suffer from frequency selective interference, which significantly impairs the practically
achievable rates.
• prone to the Doppler effect mainly caused by reflections from fast moving objects such as cars
and trains.
• Quadrupling the symbol duration means 4 times more calculations at the receiver side, bring
problems for low-costWi-Fi devices.
• in dense networks, load balancing is also an important problem.
6. Why we need it?
• problems associated with dense, high-traffic environments such as airports, stadiums,
trains and offices.
• increases the n0 of streams to 12 across the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands, whereasWi-Fi 5 has a
limit of 8.
• provides higher connection speed and cost effective.
• more paths to communicate with yourWi-Fi router.
• designed for the Smart Home.
• ideal for 4K/8K UHD streaming.
• Multi-user techniques, such as MU-MIMO and OFDMA, have been improved to increase the
network efficiency and network capacity. While the previous standards supported MU-MIMO
for downlink connections, Wi-Fi 6 supports 8x8 connections for both uplink and downlink.
7. OFDMA
• Brings an improvement over prior versions ofWi-Fi that use orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM). It subdivides theWi-Fi channel into smaller frequency.
• OFDMA channel consists of a total 256 subcarriers which can be grouped into smaller
subchannels known as resource units( RUs).
• OFDMA is much more efficient than EDCA.
• Enables an access point(AP) to synchronise communication (uplink and downlink ) with
multiple individual clients.
• for backward compatibility ,WI-FI 6 radios still support OFDM.
8. Proposed solution:
• comes with 12 antenna chains for dual band (8x8 in 5GHz / 4x4 in 2.4GHz), helping
it deliver best-in-class throughput ,Wider Coverage.
• 802.11ax contains a new PHY protocol with higher modulation and coding schemes
• amendment also introduces new modulation techniques 1024 QAM in addition to
legacy BPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, and 256-QAM.
• To improve the resistance to high mobility, the amendment proposes to
periodically insert in the PHY packet payload mi ambles, i.e., copies of the HE-LTF
field.
9. • to improve the performance in case of dense networks such as airports,
stadiums, trains and offices : BSS Color, QuietTime Period, Channel
Bonding and Preamble Puncturing,Virtualization, Load Balancing.
• for low-costWi-Fi devices : provides the possibility to extend the tail of a
frame with an extension.
• 802.11ax also allows performing a UL MU transmission just after a DL MU
transmission and extends this idea by allowing an STA to doze during UL
transmissions or theTXOP of another STA in the same BSS.
• proposes an additional way for acknowledging UL MU transmissions by
sending new Multi STA BlockACK (BA) frames.
• proposes OMAX ,a novel OFDMA-based MAC protocol .
10. OVERLAPPING BSS MANAGEMENTAND SPATIAL REUSE
• to improve the performance in case of dense networks.
• BSS coloring: inherited from 802.11ac and 802.11ah, allows to distinguish inter- and intra BSS
frames.
• QTP : allows a STA to request the AP for a QTP which is a series of periodic time intervals of
equal duration used for ad hoc or direct links operation.
• Virtualization:One of the widespread features in modern APs is the support for multiple “virtual”
APs (VAPs).This means that a single physical device can create multiple independent BSSs.
• Opportunistic power save (OPS) : mechanism allows anAP to split a beacon interval into several
subintervals
• Microsleep operation, which enables a STA to switch off its radio just for the duration of an alien
frame; i.e., they can switch off their radio interface during some transmissions, when they
cannot be involved in the frame exchange process.
• modulations generate a palette of data rates with a maximum of 9.6 Gbps.
• supports bidirectional MU-MIMO for both uplink and downlink capabilities.
11. Performance Analysis:
• With OFDMA, adjacent subcarriers (tones) are grouped together into a resource
unit (RU) and a sender can choose the best RU for each particular receiver, which
actually results in higher Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR),
Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) and throughput.
• OFDMA provides a 6 times higher throughput than legacy DCF(Distributed Coordination
Function).
12. Power management and security
• Legacy Power Management : two state – Awake and doze.
• In the awake state, an STA can transmit and receive frames, while in the doze state, its radio is
switched off. An active STA is always awake.
• Microsleep:802.11ax extends this idea by allowing an STA to doze during UL transmissions or the
TXOP of another STA in the same BSS.
• TWT (Target wakeup time): In order to minimize the contention between STAs and to reduce power
consumption,TGax adapted theTWT mechanism.
• WPA3: also known as Wi-Fi Protected Access 3, is the third iteration of a security certification program
developed by theWi-Fi Alliance.WPA3 is the latest, updated implementation of WPA2.
• WPA3 protects against offline password guesses by allowing a user only one guess, making
the user have to interact with the Wi-Fi device directly, meaning they would have to be
physically present every time they want to guess the password
13. Benefits:
• introduces the Multiple BSSID support, which allows the sending of identical information
for all the BSSs simultaneously.
• Better Security
• Better Mobility
• High speed even when congested.
• Increased battery life.
• TWT :In order to minimize the contention between STAs and to reduce power
consumption.
Drawback : the synchronization ofTWT SPs between STAs is beyond the scope of the
standard.
• Opportunistic Power Save :(OPS) mechanism allows an AP to split a beacon interval into
several subintervals