This document summarizes the results of a survey of thrips species in Sri Lanka conducted from 2005-2008. The survey found 72 species of thrips in 45 genera inhabiting 324 host plant species across 83 families. The most widely distributed species were Megalurothrips usitatus, Thrips palmi, and Haplothrips gowdeyi. Many of the recorded thrips species are considered major agricultural and horticultural pests. The survey identified 24 species not previously recorded in Sri Lanka and updated information on the thrips species present along with their host plants and distributions.
This document provides information on thrips, a type of tiny insect pest that feeds on plants. It discusses the identification and life cycle of thrips, the types of damage they cause to plants, and integrated pest management strategies for controlling thrips. These include cultural practices like pruning, use of resistant plant varieties, and conservation of natural enemies. Monitoring and both chemical and non-chemical controls are described. While difficult to control, an integrated approach combining various methods offers the best approach for managing thrips.
Thrips are small, winged insects in the order Thysanoptera that cause damage to many agricultural crops. Some key points:
- Thrips transmit tospoviruses in a circulative and propagative manner as they feed. Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci are two major pest species.
- They have asymmetrical mouthparts and use a unique stylet-sheath system to pierce plant tissues and feed. This can cause symptoms like leaf curling, crumbling, and discoloration.
- Life cycles include egg, two nymphal instars, prepupa, pupa and adult stages. Both nymphs and adults feed
This document provides information about the chilli thrips pest through a seminar presentation. It introduces chilli thrips and provides its scientific classification. It then covers the pest's economic importance, host range, distribution, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management methods. The presentation concludes by summarizing that a field study found certain botanical and chemical insecticides, including Spinosad at 0.015%, to be effective in managing chilli thrips on chili crops.
This document provides information on the whitefly, a small sap-sucking insect pest that is an important vector of plant viruses. It describes the whitefly's taxonomy, morphology, life cycle, damage caused to plants, and biological control. Some key whitefly genera that are agricultural pests are mentioned. Methods of control include chemical pesticides, introduction of natural enemies like parasitic wasps, and use of companion plants that attract predators of whiteflies.
Thrips are serious pests of many crops that feed on plant tissues, reducing yields. Their populations can be monitored using sticky cards and magnifying lenses. Cultural controls include crop rotation, vegetation management, mulches, and fertilizer use. Some cabbage and onion varieties have genetic resistance. Beneficial insects also suppress thrips naturally. When thresholds are exceeded, organic pesticides are available to control thrips.
White fly control in fruit crops under protected STRUCTUREiari
White flies are a major pest in greenhouse fruit crops. The warm, humid conditions in greenhouses allow whitefly populations to grow rapidly. Several whitefly species can infest fruit crops, with the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) being most common. Integrated pest management for whiteflies in greenhouses includes prevention through exclusion barriers and sanitation, monitoring with yellow sticky cards, and control using biological controls like parasitoids and predators, entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes, and selective use of biopesticides or chemical pesticides.
Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) is a major agricultural pest that feeds on over 250 plant species including onion, cotton, sunflower, carrot, apple, rose and citrus. It causes damage through feeding and transmission of viruses. Symptoms vary by plant but include white streaking on flowers, leaf distortion, silvering and spotting of fruits. Key predators that feed on thrips include pirate bugs of the genus Orius. Pest management involves cultural controls like removing weeds and debris and using insect screening as well as application of chemical insecticides like lambda-cyhalothrin, endosulphan, imidacloprid and profenophos.
Whiteflies are small, sap-sucking insects that can damage plants by feeding and excreting honeydew. They have a wide host range and develop rapidly in warm weather. Management is difficult as whiteflies are not well controlled by insecticides. The best strategy is to prevent outbreaks by conserving natural enemies through limiting broad-spectrum insecticide use, controlling dust and ants, and removing heavily infested plant material. Yellow sticky traps can help monitor populations but not eliminate damaging numbers. Insecticidal soaps and oils may provide some control.
This document provides information on thrips, a type of tiny insect pest that feeds on plants. It discusses the identification and life cycle of thrips, the types of damage they cause to plants, and integrated pest management strategies for controlling thrips. These include cultural practices like pruning, use of resistant plant varieties, and conservation of natural enemies. Monitoring and both chemical and non-chemical controls are described. While difficult to control, an integrated approach combining various methods offers the best approach for managing thrips.
Thrips are small, winged insects in the order Thysanoptera that cause damage to many agricultural crops. Some key points:
- Thrips transmit tospoviruses in a circulative and propagative manner as they feed. Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci are two major pest species.
- They have asymmetrical mouthparts and use a unique stylet-sheath system to pierce plant tissues and feed. This can cause symptoms like leaf curling, crumbling, and discoloration.
- Life cycles include egg, two nymphal instars, prepupa, pupa and adult stages. Both nymphs and adults feed
This document provides information about the chilli thrips pest through a seminar presentation. It introduces chilli thrips and provides its scientific classification. It then covers the pest's economic importance, host range, distribution, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management methods. The presentation concludes by summarizing that a field study found certain botanical and chemical insecticides, including Spinosad at 0.015%, to be effective in managing chilli thrips on chili crops.
This document provides information on the whitefly, a small sap-sucking insect pest that is an important vector of plant viruses. It describes the whitefly's taxonomy, morphology, life cycle, damage caused to plants, and biological control. Some key whitefly genera that are agricultural pests are mentioned. Methods of control include chemical pesticides, introduction of natural enemies like parasitic wasps, and use of companion plants that attract predators of whiteflies.
Thrips are serious pests of many crops that feed on plant tissues, reducing yields. Their populations can be monitored using sticky cards and magnifying lenses. Cultural controls include crop rotation, vegetation management, mulches, and fertilizer use. Some cabbage and onion varieties have genetic resistance. Beneficial insects also suppress thrips naturally. When thresholds are exceeded, organic pesticides are available to control thrips.
White fly control in fruit crops under protected STRUCTUREiari
White flies are a major pest in greenhouse fruit crops. The warm, humid conditions in greenhouses allow whitefly populations to grow rapidly. Several whitefly species can infest fruit crops, with the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) being most common. Integrated pest management for whiteflies in greenhouses includes prevention through exclusion barriers and sanitation, monitoring with yellow sticky cards, and control using biological controls like parasitoids and predators, entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes, and selective use of biopesticides or chemical pesticides.
Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) is a major agricultural pest that feeds on over 250 plant species including onion, cotton, sunflower, carrot, apple, rose and citrus. It causes damage through feeding and transmission of viruses. Symptoms vary by plant but include white streaking on flowers, leaf distortion, silvering and spotting of fruits. Key predators that feed on thrips include pirate bugs of the genus Orius. Pest management involves cultural controls like removing weeds and debris and using insect screening as well as application of chemical insecticides like lambda-cyhalothrin, endosulphan, imidacloprid and profenophos.
Whiteflies are small, sap-sucking insects that can damage plants by feeding and excreting honeydew. They have a wide host range and develop rapidly in warm weather. Management is difficult as whiteflies are not well controlled by insecticides. The best strategy is to prevent outbreaks by conserving natural enemies through limiting broad-spectrum insecticide use, controlling dust and ants, and removing heavily infested plant material. Yellow sticky traps can help monitor populations but not eliminate damaging numbers. Insecticidal soaps and oils may provide some control.
Pest of Onion, Thrips tabaci commonly known as onion thrips. It is a severe pest where both nymphs and adults suck the growing foliage of onion plant due to which decline the growth of the plant.
Whitefly are small, sap-sucking insects that can damage plants by feeding on their leaves. There are two common species in Australia: the greenhouse whitefly and the silverleaf whitefly. Whitefly reproduce rapidly and excrete honeydew that can lead to sooty mold growth. Controlling whitefly populations requires using multiple integrated pest management techniques, like yellow sticky traps, vacuuming insects, disturbing plants to encourage whitefly to move, attracting natural predators, and applying organic sprays. Larger infestations may require commercial controls like predatory wasps.
This document discusses integrated pest management practices against whitefly in cotton crops. It covers the taxonomy and identification of whitefly, symptoms of damage caused by whitefly infestation, methods for scouting whitefly populations, cultural control practices including crop rotation and weed removal, use of host plant resistance, biological control using predators and parasitoids, and chemical control options and their application rates.
Variants, also known as biotypes, are genetic variations within an insect pest population that differ in their ability to utilize host plants. Many insect pests of pulses have developed variants that are virulent to previously resistant cultivars or tolerant to certain insecticides. The document discusses variants that have evolved in several major insect pests of pulses like the legume pod borer, soybean aphid, cowpea aphid, and spotted alfalfa aphid. It also outlines methods that can be used to slow the evolution of variants, such as rotating crops and insecticides and combining different resistance genes in new cultivars.
The document discusses various soil insect pests that affect peanut crops, including burrower bugs, southern corn rootworm, lesser cornstalk borer, wireworms, and whitefringed beetles. It provides information on identification, damaging stages, host range, and scouting techniques for each pest. The summary emphasizes using a variety of scouting methods, establishing accurate economic thresholds, and integrating insecticide and biopesticide options into IPM programs to manage these challenging soil insect pests of peanut.
This document provides information on the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), a major pest of cruciferous crops. It discusses the moth's biology and life cycle, host range, damage caused by larvae, natural enemies that attack different life stages, and important parasitoids for biological control such as Diadegma insulare and Microplitis plutellae. The moth is a highly destructive pest that has developed resistance to many insecticides, making biological control key to effective management.
ragi (finger millet) is an important staple food in both Eastern and Central Africa and South Asia. There are at least 14 fungal pathogens in addition to blast and two species of Helminthosporium that have been reported infective on ragi. It is also susceptible to at least one bacterial disease and two or three virus diseases causing a mosaic or mottling of the leaves, a freckled yellow, and chlorotic symptoms like maize streak.
This is the pest of Brinjal, Leucinodes arbonalis which is commonly known as shoot or fruit borer. It cause severe damage to the brinjal and other solanaceous plants and decline the crop productivity.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
This document summarizes major insect pests of important oilseed crops in India. It discusses in detail:
1. The important insect pests of groundnut including leaf feeders like hairy caterpillars, sap feeders like aphids, and subterranean pests like termites and ants.
2. The major insect pests of mustard including the mustard sawfly whose larvae feed on leaves, and the mustard aphid which sucks plant sap.
3. Insect pests of sesame/linseed including the til leaf and pod caterpillar whose larvae feed on sesame leaves and pods.
Life cycles and damage caused by each pest is described, along with integrated pest management recommendations
Spider mites are common arachnid pests that feed on many plants. They live in colonies on the underside of leaves and produce webbing that is visible to the naked eye. Spider mites have a rapid life cycle where generations can be completed in under a week. While a small number may not cause damage, high populations can damage plants by sucking cell contents from leaves and causing them to stipple, yellow, drop off, or die. Natural enemies like predatory mites and insects usually limit spider mite numbers, but broad-spectrum insecticides can disrupt this balance and lead to outbreaks. Monitoring, conserving natural enemies through selective pesticide use and cultural practices, and using miticides as a
Here I would like to share my doctoral credit seminar on thrips as insect vectors for plant pathogens.I hope it would enhance your understanding...............
This document discusses potential methods for controlling lethal yellowing disease (LYD) in coconut palms, which is caused by phytoplasma bacteria and spread by insect vectors. It first provides background on LYD and describes current control challenges like the inability to culture phytoplasma. Then it discusses several potential control approaches, including:
1. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system or entomopathogenic fungi to control the disease-causing phytoplasma bacteria or their insect vectors.
2. Breeding resistant coconut varieties, though current breeding efforts are outpaced by rising disease incidence.
3. Integrated pest management using traditional vector control plus novel techniques like manipulating symb
Pest of coconut shubham more 38 docs1234Shubham More
This document summarizes several pests that affect coconut crops, including the rhinoceros beetle, red palm weevil, eriophyoid mite, black headed caterpillar, and rats. It provides details on the scientific name, order, family, description, damage caused, life cycle and management practices for each pest. In particular, it focuses on the rhinoceros beetle, describing it as a destructive pest that causes serious damage to young coconut trees by feeding on soft tissue. It also highlights the red palm weevil as the most destructive pest, often infecting mature palms by boring into the trunk. The document aims to educate farmers on identifying and controlling key coconut pests.
This document discusses various insect pests and methods for their control. It describes the life cycles and symptoms caused by cabbage white butterflies, wireworms, cockchafer grubs, turnip flea beetles, codling moths, apple sawflies, vine weevils, brown-tail moths, European pine sawflies, aphids, whiteflies, scales, slugs, snails, spider mites, and root knot nematodes. Control methods include biological controls using parasites, predators and nematodes, as well as chemical controls using approved insecticides and nematicides applied at different life stages of the pests.
PESTS OF CLOVE , STEM BORER AND SCALE INSECT, ITS MANAGEMENT, BIOLOGICAL CONTROL, CHEMICAL CONTROL, CULTURAL CONTROL, MECHANICAL CONTROL, SPICES, ALLAHABAD AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, SHUATS, SHIATS,
This document identifies and describes several minor insect pests that damage paddy crops in India. It provides details on the identification, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management of paddy grasshoppers, paddy blue beetle, butterflies like the paddy horned caterpillar and paddy skipper, paddy cut worms like the paddy swarming caterpillar, climbing cut worm, yellow hairy caterpillar, and other minor pests like the whorl maggot and mealybugs. Pictures complement the text in illustrating the insect pests and the damage they cause to paddy plants.
This document summarizes the life stages of the migratory endoparasite Radopholus similis, or burrowing nematode. It affects important crops like banana and black pepper. The nematode completes its life cycle in roots in 24-30 days. Females lay eggs within infested root tissues. Eggs hatch and juveniles develop, completing the cycle. Symptoms in banana include stunting, reduced leaves and fruit, and root lesions. Management includes crop rotation, hot water treatment of planting material, and nematicides. In black pepper, the nematode causes yellowing, defoliation and reduced berry production.
Phytophagous mites are plant-feeding pests that damage crops. Predatory mites in the family Phytoseiidae provide effective biological control by voraciously feeding on phytophagous mites like the two-spotted spider mite. Releasing predatory mites like Phytoseiulus persimilis at early signs of an infestation can suppress pest mite populations without the need for pesticides. Proper timing and methods are required to establish predatory mites and allow them to control phytophagous mites in an economical and sustainable manner without the pest mites developing resistance.
Viruses can only replicate inside living cells by going through a viral multiplication cycle. This cycle includes adsorption to the host cell, entry/penetration either through fusion with the plasma membrane or via endosomes, uncoating to release the viral genome, production of viral components in the nucleus or cytoplasm, assembly of new viral particles, and final release through cell lysis or budding through the plasma membrane. The specific steps may vary depending on if the virus has an envelope and what type of genome it contains.
Viruses are small infectious agents that cannot replicate without a host cell. They contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material and have a protein capsid that protects the genetic material. Some viruses have an additional envelope outside the capsid. Viruses hijack the machinery of host cells to replicate their genetic material and assemble new virus particles. The replication cycle involves attachment to and entry into the host cell, uncoating of the virus, replication of the genetic material, assembly of new virus particles, and release of progeny viruses. DNA viruses can either integrate into the host cell genome or replicate episomally. RNA viruses use RNA-dependent RNA polymerases or reverse transcriptase. Viruses may cause disease in hosts by
Pest of Onion, Thrips tabaci commonly known as onion thrips. It is a severe pest where both nymphs and adults suck the growing foliage of onion plant due to which decline the growth of the plant.
Whitefly are small, sap-sucking insects that can damage plants by feeding on their leaves. There are two common species in Australia: the greenhouse whitefly and the silverleaf whitefly. Whitefly reproduce rapidly and excrete honeydew that can lead to sooty mold growth. Controlling whitefly populations requires using multiple integrated pest management techniques, like yellow sticky traps, vacuuming insects, disturbing plants to encourage whitefly to move, attracting natural predators, and applying organic sprays. Larger infestations may require commercial controls like predatory wasps.
This document discusses integrated pest management practices against whitefly in cotton crops. It covers the taxonomy and identification of whitefly, symptoms of damage caused by whitefly infestation, methods for scouting whitefly populations, cultural control practices including crop rotation and weed removal, use of host plant resistance, biological control using predators and parasitoids, and chemical control options and their application rates.
Variants, also known as biotypes, are genetic variations within an insect pest population that differ in their ability to utilize host plants. Many insect pests of pulses have developed variants that are virulent to previously resistant cultivars or tolerant to certain insecticides. The document discusses variants that have evolved in several major insect pests of pulses like the legume pod borer, soybean aphid, cowpea aphid, and spotted alfalfa aphid. It also outlines methods that can be used to slow the evolution of variants, such as rotating crops and insecticides and combining different resistance genes in new cultivars.
The document discusses various soil insect pests that affect peanut crops, including burrower bugs, southern corn rootworm, lesser cornstalk borer, wireworms, and whitefringed beetles. It provides information on identification, damaging stages, host range, and scouting techniques for each pest. The summary emphasizes using a variety of scouting methods, establishing accurate economic thresholds, and integrating insecticide and biopesticide options into IPM programs to manage these challenging soil insect pests of peanut.
This document provides information on the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), a major pest of cruciferous crops. It discusses the moth's biology and life cycle, host range, damage caused by larvae, natural enemies that attack different life stages, and important parasitoids for biological control such as Diadegma insulare and Microplitis plutellae. The moth is a highly destructive pest that has developed resistance to many insecticides, making biological control key to effective management.
ragi (finger millet) is an important staple food in both Eastern and Central Africa and South Asia. There are at least 14 fungal pathogens in addition to blast and two species of Helminthosporium that have been reported infective on ragi. It is also susceptible to at least one bacterial disease and two or three virus diseases causing a mosaic or mottling of the leaves, a freckled yellow, and chlorotic symptoms like maize streak.
This is the pest of Brinjal, Leucinodes arbonalis which is commonly known as shoot or fruit borer. It cause severe damage to the brinjal and other solanaceous plants and decline the crop productivity.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
This document summarizes major insect pests of important oilseed crops in India. It discusses in detail:
1. The important insect pests of groundnut including leaf feeders like hairy caterpillars, sap feeders like aphids, and subterranean pests like termites and ants.
2. The major insect pests of mustard including the mustard sawfly whose larvae feed on leaves, and the mustard aphid which sucks plant sap.
3. Insect pests of sesame/linseed including the til leaf and pod caterpillar whose larvae feed on sesame leaves and pods.
Life cycles and damage caused by each pest is described, along with integrated pest management recommendations
Spider mites are common arachnid pests that feed on many plants. They live in colonies on the underside of leaves and produce webbing that is visible to the naked eye. Spider mites have a rapid life cycle where generations can be completed in under a week. While a small number may not cause damage, high populations can damage plants by sucking cell contents from leaves and causing them to stipple, yellow, drop off, or die. Natural enemies like predatory mites and insects usually limit spider mite numbers, but broad-spectrum insecticides can disrupt this balance and lead to outbreaks. Monitoring, conserving natural enemies through selective pesticide use and cultural practices, and using miticides as a
Here I would like to share my doctoral credit seminar on thrips as insect vectors for plant pathogens.I hope it would enhance your understanding...............
This document discusses potential methods for controlling lethal yellowing disease (LYD) in coconut palms, which is caused by phytoplasma bacteria and spread by insect vectors. It first provides background on LYD and describes current control challenges like the inability to culture phytoplasma. Then it discusses several potential control approaches, including:
1. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system or entomopathogenic fungi to control the disease-causing phytoplasma bacteria or their insect vectors.
2. Breeding resistant coconut varieties, though current breeding efforts are outpaced by rising disease incidence.
3. Integrated pest management using traditional vector control plus novel techniques like manipulating symb
Pest of coconut shubham more 38 docs1234Shubham More
This document summarizes several pests that affect coconut crops, including the rhinoceros beetle, red palm weevil, eriophyoid mite, black headed caterpillar, and rats. It provides details on the scientific name, order, family, description, damage caused, life cycle and management practices for each pest. In particular, it focuses on the rhinoceros beetle, describing it as a destructive pest that causes serious damage to young coconut trees by feeding on soft tissue. It also highlights the red palm weevil as the most destructive pest, often infecting mature palms by boring into the trunk. The document aims to educate farmers on identifying and controlling key coconut pests.
This document discusses various insect pests and methods for their control. It describes the life cycles and symptoms caused by cabbage white butterflies, wireworms, cockchafer grubs, turnip flea beetles, codling moths, apple sawflies, vine weevils, brown-tail moths, European pine sawflies, aphids, whiteflies, scales, slugs, snails, spider mites, and root knot nematodes. Control methods include biological controls using parasites, predators and nematodes, as well as chemical controls using approved insecticides and nematicides applied at different life stages of the pests.
PESTS OF CLOVE , STEM BORER AND SCALE INSECT, ITS MANAGEMENT, BIOLOGICAL CONTROL, CHEMICAL CONTROL, CULTURAL CONTROL, MECHANICAL CONTROL, SPICES, ALLAHABAD AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, SHUATS, SHIATS,
This document identifies and describes several minor insect pests that damage paddy crops in India. It provides details on the identification, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management of paddy grasshoppers, paddy blue beetle, butterflies like the paddy horned caterpillar and paddy skipper, paddy cut worms like the paddy swarming caterpillar, climbing cut worm, yellow hairy caterpillar, and other minor pests like the whorl maggot and mealybugs. Pictures complement the text in illustrating the insect pests and the damage they cause to paddy plants.
This document summarizes the life stages of the migratory endoparasite Radopholus similis, or burrowing nematode. It affects important crops like banana and black pepper. The nematode completes its life cycle in roots in 24-30 days. Females lay eggs within infested root tissues. Eggs hatch and juveniles develop, completing the cycle. Symptoms in banana include stunting, reduced leaves and fruit, and root lesions. Management includes crop rotation, hot water treatment of planting material, and nematicides. In black pepper, the nematode causes yellowing, defoliation and reduced berry production.
Phytophagous mites are plant-feeding pests that damage crops. Predatory mites in the family Phytoseiidae provide effective biological control by voraciously feeding on phytophagous mites like the two-spotted spider mite. Releasing predatory mites like Phytoseiulus persimilis at early signs of an infestation can suppress pest mite populations without the need for pesticides. Proper timing and methods are required to establish predatory mites and allow them to control phytophagous mites in an economical and sustainable manner without the pest mites developing resistance.
Viruses can only replicate inside living cells by going through a viral multiplication cycle. This cycle includes adsorption to the host cell, entry/penetration either through fusion with the plasma membrane or via endosomes, uncoating to release the viral genome, production of viral components in the nucleus or cytoplasm, assembly of new viral particles, and final release through cell lysis or budding through the plasma membrane. The specific steps may vary depending on if the virus has an envelope and what type of genome it contains.
Viruses are small infectious agents that cannot replicate without a host cell. They contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material and have a protein capsid that protects the genetic material. Some viruses have an additional envelope outside the capsid. Viruses hijack the machinery of host cells to replicate their genetic material and assemble new virus particles. The replication cycle involves attachment to and entry into the host cell, uncoating of the virus, replication of the genetic material, assembly of new virus particles, and release of progeny viruses. DNA viruses can either integrate into the host cell genome or replicate episomally. RNA viruses use RNA-dependent RNA polymerases or reverse transcriptase. Viruses may cause disease in hosts by
This document provides an overview of vector-borne disease (VBD) research at Tulane University, including an introduction to relevant concepts and specific disease transmission cycles. It discusses training opportunities in VBD research and Tulane's focus on diseases like dengue, West Nile virus, malaria, and Chagas disease. Key sections define vectors and types of transmission, describe important vector species and the diseases they transmit, and explain parameters important to understanding transmission like vector competence and extrinsic incubation period. Case studies of dengue, West Nile virus, and Chagas disease transmission are also presented.
The document discusses the structure, classification, and replication of viruses. It begins by describing different viral structural components, including the capsid, envelope, and nucleic acid core. Viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid composition and structure, focusing on whether they have DNA or RNA genomes and whether they are enveloped or not. The document also examines different capsid structures like icosahedral, helical, and complex shapes. It provides examples of representative virus families and discusses how viruses are named.
LOCALIZING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS IS KEY TO EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION AND FOLLOW UP.
WE ARE SHARING OUR EXPERIENCE WITH YOU AND HAVE ALSO SET OUT SOME OF THE CONCLUSIONS TO FOLLOW UP ON ACCOUNTABILITY AT CSW AND HLPF.
Thrips are tiny, slender insects with fringed wings. They have 4-9 segmented antennae that are either bead-like or filiform. They have rasping-sucking mouthparts with one large left mandible and a reduced right mandible or none. They have two pairs of strap-like, fringed wings and three pairs of walking legs with bladder-like tarsi. Males have aedeagi and females have saw-like ovipositors. They have S-shaped setae on their backs that hook into their wing fringes and spiracles on their first and eighth abdominal segments.
A global perspective on CWR- ASA/CSSA/SSSA Tampa 2013CWR Project
Presentation regarding gap analysis results for crop wild relatives of over 80 of the world's most important crops, for the annual international ASA/CSSA/SSSA conference, 3-6 November 2013, Tampa, Florida
SEE ME IN DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, MNS. UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, MULTAN PAKISTAN PROSPECTUS 2016-17 PICTURE
Ds RNA PLANT VIRUSES
There are three main families of dsRNA plant viruses discussed in the document: Reoviridae, Partitiviridae, and Endornaviridae. Reoviruses have multiple linear dsRNA segments and carry their own transcription and replication enzymes into host cells. Partitiviruses have two dsRNA segments that encode a polymerase and capsid protein. Endornaviruses have a single large dsRNA genome but do not form virions outside the cell. All three families replicate their genomes within a protected protein core using a virion-associated RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
Role of whitefly in plant virus transmission by p.manikandanblacken323
This document discusses the role of whiteflies in plant virus transmission. It begins with the taxonomy of whiteflies, noting that there are over 1550 worldwide species, with Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, and Trialeurodes abutilonea being the most important for transmitting viruses. It then covers the virus-vector relationship, the economic importance of whiteflies in causing direct damage and transmitting over 100 viruses indirectly, and the mechanisms of virus transmission through contaminated saliva and sexually. Key viruses transmitted include geminiviruses, criniviruses, and closteroviruses that impact important crop plants such as tomatoes, beans, cucurbits, and more.
This document provides an overview of cancer and its treatment. It discusses the high incidence of cancer worldwide and some of the main causes being genetic mutations. Cancer occurs through a multi-step process as cells accumulate mutations over time. There are two main classes of cancer-related genes - proto-oncogenes that promote cell growth and tumor suppressor genes that inhibit growth. Conventional cancer treatments include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Advanced therapies include targeted therapies, immunotherapy and gene therapy. Plant-derived compounds are being investigated for their potential anticancer properties.
How to deal with complex virus disease problems Senthil Natesan
Group of emerging plant viruses causing economically significant damage to a broad range of field crops, vegetables, ornamentals, fruits, etc.
Viruses can not move by themselves
and they need a “safe” vehicle to spread from plant to plant one such is thrips -Naidu A. Rayapati, Presentation at CPMB, TNAU 19th,August 2009
whitefly as vector,whitefly species, biotypes of whitefly, types of virus, virus-vector relationship,insect act as vector, major crop disease, transmission of virus by whitefly and management of whitefly.
This document discusses virus transmission and the various modes by which viruses can spread from person to person or host to host. It explains that transmission depends on viral concentration and route, with higher concentration leading to higher transmission chances. Some key transmission routes mentioned are respiratory secretions, blood, saliva, feces, and various entry points into the host like skin, eyes, and respiratory or alimentary tracts. The document also outlines some inherent barriers hosts have against viral infection, such as skin, lack of receptors, mucus, ciliated epithelium, and low pH levels.
This document discusses DNA viruses and viral vectors. It begins by introducing viruses and their classification based on host, morphology, genome, and structures. It then describes the Baltimore classification system for viruses. Viral vectors are discussed as effective means of gene transfer that can be manipulated to express therapeutic genes. Several virus types being investigated for gene delivery are described, including retroviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and herpes simplex viruses. Key properties of viral vectors like safety, toxicity, stability, and cell specificity are outlined. Specific types of viral vectors - retroviral, lentiviral, adenoviral, adeno-associated viral, and herpes simplex viral vectors - are then characterized.
The document summarizes the virus replication cycle. It occurs in living host cells and involves several key steps:
1) Attachment and entry of the virus into the host cell.
2) Uncoating of the viral genome from the protein shell.
3) Synthesis of viral mRNA and proteins using the host cell machinery.
4) Replication of the viral genome.
5) Assembly of new viral particles.
6) Release of progeny viruses through cell lysis or budding, which is how enveloped viruses acquire their lipid envelope. The cycle can take 6-40 hours depending on the virus.
Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites that contain either RNA or DNA surrounded by a protective protein coat. They depend on host cells to replicate and cannot generate their own energy. Viruses deliver their genome into host cells to be expressed. They are classified based on attributes like nucleic acid type, size/morphology, enzymes, and transmission methods. Virus replication involves the virus injecting its genome into the host cell and hijacking the cell's machinery to produce new virus particles, which then exit and infect new host cells.
2017 Oregon Wine Sympoisum| Dr. Vaughn Walton and Rick Hilton- Red Blotch Dis...Oregon Wine Board
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his guideline should be read in conjunction with other ICH guidelines relevant to the
conduct of clinical trials (e.g., E2A (clinical safety data management), E3 (clinical study
reporting), E7 (geriatric populations), E8 (general considerations for clinical trials), E9
(statistical principles), and E11 (pediatric populations)).
This ICH GCP Guideline Integrated Addendum provides a unified standard for the European
Union, Japan, the United States, Canada, and Switzerland to facilitate the mutual acceptance
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Article Citation:
Elanchezhyan K, VinothKumar B, Madhu Sudhanan E.
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Full Text:
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Nymphalidae were dominant with 7 species, followed by Papilionidae (5 species),
Pieridae (5 species), Danaidae (3 species), Acraeidae (1 species), Hesperiidae
(1 species), Lycaenidae (1 species), and Satyridae (1 species). Nymphalidae was found
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The diversity of wild edible fruit plants and traditional knowledge in west a...
2. 40.2.2 Thrips
1. Ceylon Journal of Science (Bio. Sci.) 40 (2): 89-108, 2011
Survey of thrips in Sri Lanka: A checklist of thrips species, their
distribution and host plants
Kalpana Tillekaratne1,2
, J.P. Edirisinghe1
*, C.V.S. Gunatilleke3
and W. A. I. P. Karunaratne1
1
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
2
Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
3
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Accepted 08 November 2011
ABSTRACT
Thrips of Sri Lanka have been poorly studied despite their significance to agriculture and horticulture of
the country. A survey of thrips and their host plants was conducted in several parts of Sri Lanka during
2005-2008, with a view to record the species present, their distribution, host plant relationships and
damage caused. Over 1,000 plant species comprising crops, ornamental plants, weeds, shrubs, and trees
were examined for thrips in 22 study sites, representing a range of habitats in nine districts covering 12
agrochemical regions of the country. Damage in plants due to thrips infestations was documented. This
paper presents a list of 72 thrips species in 45 genera recorded during the survey from 324 host plant
species in 83 plant families. Megalurothrips usitatus, Thrips palmi, and Haplothrips gowdeyi were the
most widely distributed species. The grass infesting Haplothrips spp., several species of Thrips,
Microcephalothrips abdominalis, M. usitatus and Scirtothrips dorsalis are some of the species with a large
number of host records. Thrips simplex in particular was confined to the Upcountry Wet zone, while
Thrips flavus was most widespread in this region and was present on almost all the vegetation. The survey
identified 24 species of thrips represented in 20 genera that were not recorded previously from Sri Lanka.
Majority of the thrips recorded are pest species, cosmopolitan in distribution. The most common damage
due to thrips infestations was discolouration, scarring and browning of leaves and flowers, most
pronounced in cut flowers. The survey updates the information on the Thysanoptera of Sri Lanka and
highlights their importance in agriculture and floriculture.
Key words: agriculture, floriculture, damage, pest species, new records
INTRODUCTION
Thrips (Order Thysanoptera) of the world
comprise 5500 species in 750 genera (Moritz et
al., 2004). They are more common in warmer
tropical parts of the world than in the temperate
regions. About 50% of them are fungal feeders,
while 40% feed on living tissues of
dicotyledonous plants and grasses and the
balance exploit primitive plants or are predatory
(Morse and Hoddle, 2006). Species infesting
higher plants are found on leaves, shoots,
flowers, flower buds, axillary buds, young fruits
and cones of Conifers (Lewis, 1973). Others
inhabit lichens, mosses, ferns, dead tree trunks
and leaf litter (Mound, 2004). Those infesting
living tissues of plants are sap feeders while
flower dwelling species feed on pollen. A few
predate on mites, scale insects and other thrips
(Mound, 2004).
Thrips play destructive as well as beneficial
roles in agriculture. They are plant pests (Lewis,
1973; Morse and Hoddle, 2006) causing scarring
and silvering of leaves, petals and fruits,
premature flower fall, pollen depletion, leaf
shedding and also leaf deformity. They also
form leaf galls (Lewis, 1973; Raman &
Ananthakrishnan, 1984). Furthermore, thrips are
important vectors of tospoviruses that cause
serious crop losses around the world (Mound,
1996; Lewis, 1973). Predatory, species such as
Franklinothrips orizabensis have been used in
the biological control of Scirtothrips persea
(Hoddle et. al., 2004). Thrips are increasingly
being recognized as plant pollinators (Mound,
2004) in plants as diverse as oil palm (Syed,
1979) and rainforest trees (Nyree et al., 2004).
The thrips of the Indian subcontinent have
been extensively documented by
Ananthakrishnan and Sen (1980) and Bhatti
(2004a and b). Ananthakrishnan (1980) gives a
key to all recorded Indian species of thrips and
their host plants. Thrips of Sri Lanka have been
poorly studied despite their significance to
agriculture and horticulture of the country. The
first extensive account of the Order
__________________________________________
*Corresponding author’s email: jpediri@pdn.ac.lk
2. Tillekaratne et al. 90
Thysanoptera in Sri Lanka is by Schmutz (1913)
where a total of 43 species are included.
Thereafter, three Haplothrips species from Sri
Lanka were recorded by Pitkin (1976) with their
distribution and host plants. Many years later,
some of the fungus feeding thrips of Sri Lanka
was discussed in an account of nine genera of
thrips from the Oriental region (Mound and
Palmer, 1983). More recently, Oda et al. (1997)
recorded thrips from ornamental plants in Sri
Lanka. Wijerathna (1999) compiled a list of 18
species of thrips from 28 crop species, along
with many other pests from a wide variety of
crops, largely from unpublished records of the
Department of Agriculture. The
CABI/International crop protection compendium
lists 16 species from Sri Lanka that are common
pest thrips. A comprehensive list of
Thysanoptera of Sri Lanka comprising 78
species in 46 genera was compiled from
published literature and museum records, dating
from 1913 up to the present survey by
Tillekaratne et al. (2007).
Since the pioneering work of Schmutz in
1913 and later by a few others on selected
economic crops, a recent field study has not been
conducted on thrips and their host plants in Sri
Lanka. As thrips have increasingly become pests
of crops, it is important to document the current
distribution and host range of thrips as well as
the damage they inflict. Also, it is important to
know the status of potential pest species since
the early records. The present survey thus
updates the information on the Thysanoptera of
Sri Lanka and highlights their importance in
agriculture and floriculture.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection sites
Field collection of thrips was carried out in 22
sites located in nine administrative districts
covering four climatic zones and 7
agroecological regions of the country. The
selected sites are located at different elevations
in the Dry, Wet, Intermediate and Montane
Zones of the country. Selection of collection
sites was based on accessibility, agroecological
regions, proximity to Agricultural Research
Stations, vegetation type and habitat type.
Financial constrains for travel limited the
number of visits to distant sites. The Northern
and Eastern Provinces of the country were not
included in the survey due to the civil unrest that
prevailed in these areas during the study period.
The locations of the 22 study sites in relation to
the agro ecological regions of the country are
shown in Fig. 1.
Figure 1. Locations of collection sites in relation to agroecological regions of Sri Lanka.
3. A checklist of thrips species of Sri Lanka 91
The 22 collecting sites represented the following
habitat categories:
Agricultural fields (AF)
Agricultural Research Stations, farmer fields and
crop nurseries in Gannoruwa, Maha-
Illuppallama, Sita Eliya, Bandarawela,
Makandura, Angunakolapalassa, Bathalagoda,
Dambulla, Marassana and Naula.
Floricultural fields (FF)
Royal Botanical Gardens at Peradeniya, Hakgala
Botanical Gardens, Peradeniya University Park
and several cut flower farms in Nuwara Eliya
and Bandarawela.
Natural Forests (NF)
Knuckles forest reserve, Sinharaja rain forest,
Badalgamuwa forest reserve, Kanneliya forest
reserve.
Disturbed Habitats (DH)
Road sides, foot paths, home gardens, fallow
rice fields, weedy patches and grasslands in
different collection sites.
Collection of Thrips
At each collection site, natural and cultivated
vegetation (crops, ornamental plants, shrubs and
trees) and weeds were checked for thrips.
Different plant parts were closely examined for
populations of thrips and individuals hand
collected using a fine brush in to the collecting
fluid; a mixture of alcohol, glycerol and acetic
acid (AGA). Thrips on small branches were
collected using a beating tray. At the time of
collection, location of thrips on the plant and the
type of damage observed due to thrips
infestation were recorded. Felled tree trunks,
freshly cut timber, logs and leaf litter were
examined for fungus feeding thrips. Leaf litter
samples collected (50 m2
) were extracted in
Berlese funnels.
Identification of thrips
Thrips were identified using taxonomic keys,
digital images and descriptions of Mortiz et al.
(2001), Moritz et al. (2004), Ananthakrishnan &
Sen (1980), Palmer (1980), Palmer and Mound
(1978). In addition, keys of Wilson (1975) and
Pitkin (1976) were used for specific subfamilies
and genera. The identity of difficult species and
those previously not recorded form Sri Lanka
were confirmed by Dr. L.A. Mound, Honorary
Research Fellow, CSIRO Entomology,
Australia, and Prof. J. S. Bhatti, New Delhi,
India.
Identification of host plants of thrips
Plants infested with thrips and habouring a
population were considered as host plants. Well
known common cultivated plants and weeds
were identified in the field itself and others
through herbarium specimens identified with
help from the Department of Botany, University
of Peradeniya and the National Herbarium,
Peradeniya.
Identification of thrips damage
In thrips infested plants, different plant parts
such as leaves, flowers, flower buds and fruits
were closely examined for thrips damage and
checked for probable signs of viral infection
such as curling, crumpling and leaf
discolouration. Leaves of plants with
morphologically distinct galls were collected and
examined for thrips.
RESULTS
Thrips recorded during the survey are given in
an annotated, systematic list (Appendix 1)
arranged according to the classification of
Mound and Kibby (1998). The distribution of
each thrips species is stated in relation to the
collection site/agroecological region/climatic
zone. Host plants of each thrips species is
arranged alphabetically according to genera and
species (family). The type of damage in host
plants due to thrips infestation is stated under
each species. Pest thrips species and species
previously not recorded from Sri Lanka are also
indicated.
Thrips species recorded
A total of 72 species of thrips in 45 genera,
belonging to 5 subfamilies were recorded during
the survey. Of them, 57 were identified to
species level, 9 to generic level and 6 to
subfamily level. Subfamily Thripinae included
the most number of species (34) and genera (18).
Subfamily Phlaeothripinae was represented by
16 species in 11 genera making it the second
largest subfamily of thrips, followed by
subfamily Panchaetothripinae that included 12
species in 11 genera. Each of the remaining
subfamilies; Dendrothripinae and Idolothripinae
included only 2- 4 species. Genus Thrips was the
most speciose with 13 species, while each of the
remaining genera was represented by 1-3 species
only.
Among the thrips collected and identified
during the survey are 18 genera and 25 species
not previously recorded form Sri Lanka,
according to the checklist of Tillekratne et al.,
4. Tillekaratne et al. 92
(2007). The 18 newly recorded genera are
Astrothrips, Elixothrips, Oneilliella, Ayyaria,
Arorathrips, Ceratothripoides, Craspedothrips,
Dendrothripoides, Dichromothrips, Ernothrips
Rhamphothrips, Dolichothrips, Gynaikothrips,
Karnyothrips, Membrothrips, Praepodothrips
and Sphingothrips. The identity of these new
genera was confirmed by Prof. J. Bhatti of India
and these genera are also known from India. The
25 new species recorded represented a single
species each in 18 of the new genera together
with Caliothrips luckmanni, 4 species in the
genus Thrips and an unidentified species each in
the genera Gynaikothrips and Haplothrips. The
identity of these newly recorded species too was
confirmed by Prof. J. S. Bhatti and they are also
known from India. No endemic species of thrips
were recorded. Of the recorded genera and
species of thrips, 42 are cosmopolitan pest
species and 5 are potential viral vector species
according to Moritz et al. (2001). The most
common thrips species recorded was
Haplothrips gowdeyi, found on 44 of the 324
host plant species identified and was present in
almost all the collection sites. Thrips palmi was
the second most common species and was
recorded from 43 plant species.
Distribution of thrips
The 22 collection sites are distributed in the Dry
(03 sites), Wet (11 sites), and Intermediate
Zones (08 sites) of the country. Hence, the
survey included more Wet zone collection sites
that resulted in a higher number of thrips species
(234 spp.) and thrips infested plant species (in
68 genera) being recorded from the Wet zone
(Fig. 2). Although, there was a marked
difference in the number of thrips infested plant
species in the 3 climatic zones, the number of
thrips species infesting these plants did not show
a marked difference, but varied from 33 - 48
species in 18-23 genera.
The 22 collection sites came under 7
agroecological regions. Each of these 7
agroecological regions were represented by three
or more collection locations except the Low
Country Wet Zone (1 location) and Upcountry
Intermediate Zone (2 locations). The number of
thrips infested plant species and the number of
thrips species recorded from each collection site
and in each agro ecological region are given in
Table 1. The largest number of thrips species
(175 spp.) and thrips host species (43 spp.) were
recorded from the Mid country Wet zone
In terms of individual collection sites, from
Angunakolapellassa, located in the Low Country
Dry zone, the largest number of thrips (25
species in 15 genera) and host plants (61 species
in 26 families) were recorded. Peradeniya
University Park located in the Midcountry Wet
zone had the second largest collection of thrips
infested plant species and thrips species.
Kahagolla in the Upcountry Intermediate zone
had the third highest number of thrips infested
plants and thrips species.
Thrips flavus in particular was abundant and
widely distributed in the Upcountry Wet zone
collection sites; Hakgala, Nuwara Eliya and, Sita
Eliya (Fig.3). In this agroecological region
almost all flowering plants were infested with
this species. In collection sites of other
agroecological regions this trend was not
observed as shown in Fig.3. Furthermore, Thrips
simplex in particular was recorded only from the
Upcountry Wet zone. In the Dry zone, Retithrips
syriacus was very common on mature leaves.
Many of the collection sites were agricultural
habitats widely distributed in all the climatic
zones, agroecological regions and at several
elevations. The crops grown in these different
agricultural habitats were largely vegetables, a
few fruit crops and rice. These economic plant
categories included the highest number of thrips
infested plant hosts (156 plant species in 50
plant families). Forty five species of thrips in 28
genera infested the agricultural crop species. A
similar number of thrips infested plant species
(151 spp.) were recorded from disturbed habitats
comprising fallow rice fields, home gardens,
weedy patches/scrub and road sides; from where
37 thrips species were recorded. From
floricultural sites, 26 thrips species were
recorded from 75 species of flowers. The natural
forest habitats supported the least number of
thrips host plant species (51 spp.) that harboured
only 26 thrips species.
Host plant relationships of thrips
Over 1000 plant species were examined for
thrips during the study. Thrips were present on
347 plant species. Of them, established
populations of thrips species were present only
in 324 plant species in 83 families. The other 23
plant species harboured only a few individuals of
one or more thrips species. A total of 69 species
of thrips were recorded from 324 plant species in
83 plant families. Of the plant families, Poaceae,
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, ranked first, second and
third, respectively, harbouring the most number
of thrips species and genera. Poaceae with 38
species of grasses and Cyperaceae with 5 species
of sedges harboured 6 different thrips species.
Asteraceae with 38 host plant species harboured
11 different thrips species and Fabaceae with 36
spp. of host plants recorded 16 species of thrips.
5. A checklist of thrips species of Sri Lanka 93
Figure 2. Distribution of thrips species and their host plant species in the major climatic zones of Sri
Lanka. ( ) No. of genera recorded
Table1. Number of thrips species and their host plants in different collection sites, agroecological regions
and habitats.
Collection site & Agroecological region (Habitats) No. of host species
(Families)
No. of Thrips species
(Genera)
Low Country Dry Zone 94 (34) 33 (19)
Angunakolapellassa (AF, DH) 61 (26) 26 (15)
Dambulla (AF, DH) 21 (11) 14 (10)
Maha Illuuppallma (AF, DH) 38 (20) 23 (16)
Low Country Intermediate Zone 26 (14) 20 (12)
Badalgamuwa (NF) 01 (01) 01 (01)
Bathalagoda (DH) 13 (05) 10 (07)
Makandura (AF, DH) 12 (08) 11 (08)
Low Country Wet Zone 04 (02) 02 (02)
Kanneliya (NF) 04 (02) 02 (02)
Mid Country Intermediate Zone 48 (21) 22 (12)
Knuckles (NF, AF) 35 (19) 16 (09)
Matale (AF, DH) 11 (08) 12 (10)
Naula (AF, DH) 07 (03) 05 (05)
Mid Country Wet Zone 175 (51) 43(21)
Gannoruwa (AF) 21 (13) 12 (08)
Marassana (AF, DH) 32 (13) 11 (05)
Meewathura (AF) 20 (10) 15 (07)
Peradeniya Botanical gardens (FF) 40 (24) 21 (13)
Peradeniya University park (FF, DH) 59 (26) 21 (13)
Sinharaja (NF, AF) 21 (12) 13 (09)
Udunuwera (DH) 11 (05) 05 (04)
Up Country Intermediate Zone 58 (24) 26 (17)
Bidunuweva (AF) 16 (08) 14 (10)
Kahagolla (AF, DH) 48 (23) 21 (15)
Up Country Wet Zone 69 (35) 23 (11)
Hakgalle (FF, DH) 39 (24) 16 (08)
Nuwera Eliya (AF, DH, FF) 27 (15) 08 (04)
Sita Eliya (AF, DH, FF) 22 (16) 15 (10)
AF - Agricultural fields, DH – Disturbed habitats, NF –Natural forests, FF-Floriculture fields
7. Figure 3. Number of host plant species infested by different thrips species in selected collection sites; (a) Hakgala, (b) Nuwara Eliya, (c) Sita Eliya,
(d) Bandarawela, (e) Matale, (f) Meewathura, (g) Dambulla and (h) Makandura.
AchecklistofthripsspeciesofSriLanka95
8. Tillekaratne et al. 96
Haplothrips ganglbaueri had the widest host
range (49 spp.) present in Poaceae and
Cyperaceae and similarly, Anaphothrips
sudanensis was confined to a few grasses (3
spp.). From Poaceae was also recorded
Arorathrips mexicanus. Other thrips species
specific to certain plant families were:
Megalurothrips usitatus and Ayyaria
chaetophora to Fabaceae, Sphingothrips
trachypogon to Ebenaceae, Thrips simplex to
Iridaceae and Microcephalothrips abdominalis
to Asteraceae. Genus Thrips had a wide host
range infesting diverse families and genera of
plants. Thrips flavus, T. florum, T. hawaiiensis
and T. palmi in particular were recorded from
over 40 host plant species and are the most
polyphagous thrips species.
Leaf litter samples yielded mostly larval
stages of thrips making identification difficult
and in several samples none were found. The
leaf litter dwelling thrips recorded were fungal
feeding Apelaunothrips sp. and the predatory
Karnyothrips melaleucus.
Thrips damage
Different types of feeding damages were
observed in thrips infested plants. Silvering,
browning and discolouration of flowers and
leaves were the most common types of damage
observed. Certain species caused leaf deformity
and/or premature flower fall. Thrips responsible
for such damage belonged to the genera
Frankliniella and Thrips. Thrips hawaiiensis
caused premature flower loss. Infestations by
Scirtothrips dorsalis caused young leaves of
plants to curl and turn yellow. Gall formation
was not so common in crops, but thrips in the
family Phlaeothripidae produced leaf galls,
particularly in Ficus spp. Feeding by
Gynaikothrips ficorum, Gigantothrips tibialis
and Liothrips karnyi resulted in leaf galls (Fig.
4). Androthrips flavipes infesting Piper, is
considered a predator of gall iducing thrips.
Bronzing in leaves was yet another type of
damage observed in thrips infested plants; five
species, Ayyaria chaetophora, Dendrothripoides
Dendrithrips innoxius, Pseudodendrothrips
ornatissimus, Scirtothrips dorsalis and Thrips
palmi were responsible for this damage.
Figure 4. Leaf fold damge in Ficus bengamina due to infestation by Gynaikothrips ficorum (Inset).
9. A checklist of thrips species of Sri Lanka 97
DISCUSSION
The survey represents the very first
comprehensive collection of thrips from
different habitats and regions in selected
locations of Sri Lanka. It also enabled updating
previous thrips records and their host plants,
since the initial work on thrips in Sri Lanka by
Schmutz (1913) and a few studies thereafter. A
large number of the newly recorded and
previously recorded thrips species being pests of
cosmopolitan distribution is of concern. A likely
factor that may be responsible for their spread is
the cut flower and foliage trade that operates
across trans-boundaries, which have become
important export commodities in the developing
and developed world. The degree to which pest
species of thrips are emerging can only be
estimated if baseline information is available on
existing species in a country. This study
attempted to fulfill this task through collections
made in selected locations.
The number of thrips species recorded
through the survey is relatively small in
comparison to the fauna of neighbouring India
where 625 species have been reported
(Ananthakrishnan and Muraleeedharan, 1974).
The 24 species recorded for the first time in Sri
Lanka also occur in India. Furthermore, of the
recorded thrips, 53 species in 41 genera are
shared with India. However, Thrips parvispinus
recorded during this survey is not represented in
India (Ananthakrishnan & Sen, 1980; Bhatti,
1990).
Although, the survey documented host plants
and localities of the 72 species of thrips, no
specific association between them was evident.
Hence, no clear pattern of distribution in relation
to host plants of the thrips was recognized. It is
hoped that this survey would be an impetus for
more intensive collections islandwide with the
emphasis on agricultural and floricultural areas.
Symptoms of viral infection in thrips infested
plants are often difficult to detect, as plants with
nutrient deficiencies too tend to show similar
symptoms. Therefore, without detailed
investigations it is not correct to confirm viral
symptoms. Tospoviruses are considered to
depend on thrips for their existence in nature.
Only 9 (0.2%) of the 5,500 known species of
thrips have been shown to be associated with
viral diseases (Mound, 1996). During the survey
although 5 potential viral vector species were
recorded, symptoms of viral disease was not
observed.
In the subfamily Phlaeothripinae about 300
species are known to induce galls on nearly 300
angiosperm species (Raman and
Ananthakrishnan, 1984). Galls of four main
morphotypes are induced by thrips. They are leaf
fold galls, leaf rolled galls, ceratoneon pouch
galls, axillary bud galls and convoluted leaf
galls (Lewis, 1973, Ananthakrishna & Raman,
1989). Of them, leaf fold galls, leaf rolled galls
and convoluted leaf galls were observed in
plants (Appendix 1) infested by 5 thrips species
in the subfamily Phlaeothripinae. Most thrips
induced galls were infested with one or more
secondary thrips species. But they are relatively
fewer than the gall making thrips. Androthrips
flavipes recorded on Piper nigrum was one such
species of predatory thrips of gall forming thrips.
Of the 180 pest thrips of the world (Moritz et
al., 2001), 14 were recorded from vegetable
crops during the study. Majority of the thrips
species infesting vegetables were specific to the
crop host rather than to the habitat or location.
Leaf curl in chilli was widespread whenever
infestations of Scirtothrips dorsalis were present
as evident from previous work in Sri Lanka by
Gunawardena (2002) and the world (Edwards
and Dixon, 2005). Host records of thrips and
their damage reported from vegetable crops in
this study agree well with findings made in other
countries (Moritz et al., 2004), inferring the
cosmopolitan nature of their distribution in
relation to common vegetable crops of the
world.
There is a paucity of published information
on thrips damage to cut flowers in Sri Lanka.
According to Halstead et al. (2000) in USA, the
major pest thrips of rose, asters and
chrysanthemum is Frankliniella occidentalis, the
Western Flower Thrips. This species had been
previously recorded from Sri Lanka on other
plant hosts and not from cut flowers. The thrips
species on gladiolus and anthuriums are very
specific to their host and are found in all parts of
the world where these plants are grown. In
countries where gerberas are grown, heavy
infestations of thrips have been reported (Spiers
et al., 2008), while in Sri Lanka the damage
appears minimal with only small populations of
thrips being recorded. It is important to conduct
regular islandwide surveys of thrips to track the
spread of thrips species, especially the pest
species and new introductions into an island
nation across trans-boundaries.
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
It is through the support of many individuals and
institutions that this study was made possible.
Deputy Directors of Regional Agricultural
Research Stations in Sita Eliya (Dr. Mangalika
10. Tillekaratne et al. 98
Nugaliyadde), Angunukolapelessa, Bathalagoda,
Bandarawela, Maha Iluppallama, Makandura
and Gannoruwa (Ms. I. Wahundeniya); Director,
Royal Botanical Gardens and Deputy Director of
the Hakgala Botanical Gardens supported us in
collecting thrips from their respective areas.
Agricultural Extension Officer at Nuwara Eliya
helped in collecting thrips from cut flower farms
and parks and Ms. Dayani Karunanayake of
Horticultural Research Development Institute
(HORDI) provided thrips found on anthuriums.
It is with the ready help of Dr. L. A. Mound,
Honourary Research Fellow, CSIRO,
Entomology Australia and Prof. J.S. Bhatti, New
Delhi, India that the identity of difficult thrips
specimens and the newly recorded species for
Sri Lanka were confirmed. The staff of the
National Herbarium, Peradeniya and Dr. Asanga
Weearatunge, formerly of the Dept. of Botany,
University of Peradeniya helped with the
identification of plant specimens. Ms. Shanthi
Dharmaratne of the Dept. of Zoology assisted
with slide mounting of specimens and also
provided specimens from her collection. Mr.
Niroshan Samarasinghe is acknowledged for the
photography. Mr. Dileepa Wattegama assisted us
with field work. Permission was granted by the
Forest Department and the Department of
Wildlife Conservation to collect specimens and
to send selected thrips specimens abroad for
confirmation of their identity. The study was
made possible through funding from the
National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka
(Grant No.RG/2005/EB/05)
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Appendix 1. Systematic list of Thysanoptera1
recorded during the survey with details of distribution, host
records, and damage.
SUBORDER TEREBRANTIA2
Family Thripidae3
– Subfamily Panchaetothripinae4
1. ** †Astrothrips tumiceps Karny 1923 – Angunakolapellassa
Dacus carota L. (Apiaceae), Elusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (Poaceae).
2. †Caliothrips indicus (Bagnall 1913) – Maha-Illuppallama & Peradeniya
Leaves of grasses (Poaceae).
3. *Caliothrips luckmanni Willson 1975 - Angunakolapelassa
Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae).
Damage: Brown and white marks on leaves.
4. ** †Elixothrips brevisetis Bagnall 1919 - Peradeniya
Clerodendrum infortunatum L. (Verbenaceae).
5. Helionothrips brunneipennis (Bagnall 1915) – Makandura and Peradeniya
Litsea glutinousa (Lauraceae), Michelia nilagirica Zenker (Magnoliaceae), Neolitsea cassia
(Lauraceae).
Damage: Scarring and browning of leaves and the whole plant becomes severely affected.
6. †Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché 1833) (Green house thrips) - Gannoruwa, Hakgala, Sita Eliya,
Meewathura and Kahagolla
Annona muricata L.(Annonaceae), Averrhoa carambola L.(Oxalidaceae), Elaeocarpus montanus
Thw. (Elaeocarpaceae), Euodia lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) Merr. (Rutaceae), Glochidion
pycnocarpum (Muell.Arg.) Bedd. (Euphorbiaceae), Gossypium arboreum L. (Malvaceae),
Pelargonium graveolens L’Hérit. (Geraniaceae), Persea americana Miller (Lauraceae),
Ternstroemia gymnathera (Wight & Arn.) Beddome (Theaceae).
Damage: Scaring and browning of leaves and buds.
1
Thysanoptera, conventionally treated as an insect order, have been considered as superorder (Bhatti 1986,
1988, 1994, 2003) to include two orders Terebrantia and Tubulifera, which have been treated by other
authors as suborders of order Thysanoptera.
2
Since 1979 (Bhatti 1979a, Mound et al. 1980) the Terebrantia had been divided into 7 families:
Uzelothripidae, Merothripidae, Aeolothripidae, Stenurothripidae / Adiheterothripidae, Thripidae,
Hemithripidae / Fauriellidae, and Heterothripidae, included in 4 superfamilies: Uzelothripoide,
Merothripoidea, Aeolothripoidea, Thripoidea (Bhatti 1979a). An eighth family Melanthripidae was added
(Bhatti 1990) under Aeolothripoidea.
More recently, the Terebrantia have been classified into 10 superfamilies comprising 28 families (Bhatti
2006).
3
Following Priesner (1949), the family Thripidae was divided into two subfamilies Thripinae and
Panchaetothripinae, until Bhatti (1979b, 1989) recognized four subfamilies under Thripidae.
Subsequently (Bhatti 2006) members of Thripidae were classified into 12 different families in 10
superfamilies based essentially on previously unknown structural features.
4
The genera of Panchaetothripinae in the present list are included in six different families under three
superfamilies in Bhatti (2006). Dendrothripoidea (Retithripidae: Retithrips), Rhipiphorothripoidea
(Rhipiphorothripidae: Rhipiphorothrips), Thripoidea (Caliothripidae: Caliothrips. Heliothripidae:
Elixothrips, Helionothrips, Heliothrips, Oneilliella, Selenothrips. Panchaetothripidae: Panchaetothrips.
Tryphactothripidae: Astrothrips, Tryphactothrips).
13. A checklist of thrips species of Sri Lanka 101
7. †Panchaetothrips indicus Bagnall 1912 - Matale and Angunakolapellassa
Alpinia calcarata Roscoe (Zingiberaceae), Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae), Elettaria
cardamomum (L.) Maton (Zingiberaceae).
Damage: white streaks and patches on leaves.
8. †Retithrips syriacus Mayet 1890 (Castor thrips)- Angunakolapellassa and Maha- Illuppallama
Gossypium arboreum L. (Malvaceae), Rosa indica L. (Rosaceae), Ricinus communis L.
(Euphorbiaceae), Tinospora cordifolia (Wild.) Hook. f. & Thoms. (Menispermaceae), Terminalia
arjuna (Roxb.)Wight & Arn.( Combretaceae), Vitis vinifera L. ( Xyridaceae).
Damage: cloudy scarring, browning patches and discolouration in leaves.
9. Rhipiphorothrips pullchellus (Morgan 1913) - Peradeniya and Sinharaja forest
Clerodendrum tomentosum R.Br.( Verbenaceae), Clitoria guianensis var. guianensis
(Aubl.)Benth. (Fabaceae), Cissus trilobata Lam.(Vitaceae), Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers
(Lythraceae).
10. †Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard 1901) -Red banded thrips - Angunakolapellassa, Maha-
Illuppallama, Makandura, Kahagolla and Bindunuwewa
Annona reticulata L. (Annonaceae), Nephelium lappaceum L. (Sapindacaeae), Vitis vinifera L.
(Xyridaceae), Lactuc sativa L. (Asteraceae).
11. Tryphactothrips rutherfordi (Bagnall 1915) – Peradeniya
Nauclea orientalis (L.) L (Rubiaceae), Passiflora edulis Sims. (Passifloraceae)
Michelia champaca L. (Magnoliaceae).
12. **Oneilliella sp. - Peradeniya.
Clerodendrum infortunatum L. (Verbenaceae).
Family Thripidae – Subfamily Dendrothripinae5
13. †Pseudodendrothrips ornatissimus Schmutz 1913 – All climatic zones
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Moraceae).
Damage: Brown patches on leaves.
14. †Dendrothrips sexmaculatus Bagnall 1916 – Peradeniya
Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Rausch. (Flacourtiaceae).
Family Thripidae – Subfamily Thripinae
15. †Anaphothrips sudanensis Trybom 1911 – Bathalagoda, Kahagolla and Maha Illuppallma
Eleusine coracana (L.), Elusine indica (L.) Gaertn. and Eragostis uniloides (Retz.) (Poaceae).
16. ** † 6
Arorathrips mexicanus Crawford 1909 - Dry zone and Intermediate zones
Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. (Poaceae), Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (Poaceae), Sesamum
indicum L. (Pedaliaceae), Chloris barbata Sw, (Poaceae), Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.
(Poaceae), Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Kuntze. (Amaryllidaceae), Coccinia grandis (L.) J.
Voight (Cucurbitaceae).
5
Included in family Dendrothripidae of superfamily Dendrothripoidea in Bhatti (2006).
6
Included in family Chirothripidae of superfamily Thripoidea in Bhatti (2006).
14. Tillekaratne et al. 102
17. ** †Ayyaria chaetophora Karny 1927 - Kahagolla and Angunakolapellassa
Arachis hyphogaea L., Glycine max (L.) (Merr.), Phaseolus vulgaris L. Vigna radiata L.(
Wilczek), Vigna unguiculata sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc. (Fabaceae), Tagetes erecta L.
(Asteraceae), Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae).
18. ** †Ceratothripoides claratris (Shumsher 1946) - Angunakolapellassa and Maha Illuppallama.
Capsicum annum L. (Solanaceae), Coccinia grandis (L.) J.Voight (Cucurbitaceae), Solanum
trilobatum L. (Solanaceae), Solanum macrocarpon L. (Solanaceae).
19. †Chaetanaphothrips orchidii Moulton 1907 - Peradeniya and Bandarawela
Anthurium andraeanum Linden (Araceae)
Damage: White streaks on unopened flowers and leaves, discolouration of spathe.
20. †Chaetanaphothrips signipennis Bagnall 1914 – Angunakolapelassa
Musa paradisiaca L. (Musaceae).
21. ** †Craspedothrips minor (Bagnall 1923) – Angunakolapellassa, Maha-Illuppallama, Kahagolla and
Dambulla
Cassia occidentalis L. (Fabaceae), Gloriosa superba L. (Colchicaceae), Gmelina asiatica L.
(Verbenaceae), Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae).
22. ** † 7
Dendrothripoides innoxius (Karny 1914) - Angunakolapelassa and Kahagolla
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. and Ipomoea indica (Burm.f.) Merr.(Convolvulaceae).
Damage: Bronzing of leaves.
23. **Dichromothrips smithi (Zimmermann 1900) - Sinharaja forest Arundinia graminifolia (D.Don)
Hochr (Orchidaceae).
24. **Ernothrips sp.- Kahagolla and Nuwara Eliya
Hedyotis sp. (Rubiaceae), Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Kuntze (Amaryllidaceae).
25. †Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom 1910) – (Common blossom thrips) – all climatic zones
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Malvaceae), Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall.ex
Nees (Acanthaceae), Aporusa lindleyana (Wight)Baill. (Euphorbiaceae), Arachis hyphogaea L.
(Fabaceae), Capsicum annum L.(Solanaceae), Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn.
(Fabaceae), Gloriosa superba L. (Colchicaceae), Gmelina asiatica L. (Verbenaceae), Hibiscus
vitifolius L. (Malvaceae), Zinnia sp., (Asteraceae), Impatiens repens Moon (Balsaminaceae),
Ipomoea indica (Burm.f.) Merr. (Convolvulaceae), Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae), Osbeckia
octandra (L.) DC. (Melastomataceae), Solanum macrocarpon L. (Solanaceae), Solanum
violaceum Ortega.(Solanaceae), Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb.ex Rottler) (Acanthaceae), Zinnia
sp. (Asteraceae).
Damage: Scarring, browning and discolouration of flowers.
26. †Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande 1895) (Western flower thrips)
Angunakolapellassa, Bathalagoda, Maha- Illuppallama and Knuckles forest
Ageratum conyzoides L., (Asteraceae), Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laub.
(Pontederiaceae), Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Nelumbonaceae), Solanum violaceum Ortega
(Solanaceae).
Damage: Scarring, browning and discolouration of flowers.
27. †Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall 1913) – All agroecological regions
Arachis hyphogaea L. (Fabaceae), Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.(Fabaceae), Cassia auriculata L.
(Fabaceae), Cleome chelidonii L.f. (Capparaceae), Crotolaria juncea L. (Fabaceae), Crotolaria
micans Link (Fabaceae), Crotolaria sp.1 (Fabaceae), Desmodium heterophyllum (Willd.)DC.
(Fabaceae), Erythrina variegata L. (Fabaceae), Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. (Fabaceae),
Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz (Malpighiaceae), Phaseolus lunatus L. (Fabaceae), Phaseolus
vulgaris L. (Fabaceae), Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.)Benth. (Fabaceae), Sesbania grandiflora
15. A checklist of thrips species of Sri Lanka 103
(L.) Poir. (Fabaceae), Vigna mungo (L.) (Fabaceae), Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Fabaceae),
Vigna unguiculata sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc. (Fabaceae).
Damage: Scarring, browning and discolouration of flowers and buds.
28. †Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford 1910) (Composite Thrips)
All agroecological regions
Ageratum conyzoides L., Bellis perennis L., Bellis sp., Bidens pilosa L., Bidens sp., Callistephus
chinensis (L.) Nees, Chrysanthemum segetum L., Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet, Cosmos
sulphureus Cav., Dahlia hortensis, Emilia exserta Fosberg, Emilia speeseae Fosberg, Eregeron
sublyratus DC., Euandatorium inulifolium HBK, Euphotorium odaratum L.Gerbera jamesonii
Adlam, Helianthus annuus L., Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet, Mikania cordata (Burm.)
(Asteraceae), Solidago canadensis L., Spilanthes calva DC, Spilanthes jabadicensis A.H.Moore,
Tagetes erecta L, Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray, Tridax procumbens L., Wedelia
chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. (Asteraceae).
Damage: Scarring, browning and discolouration of flowers.
29. † 7
Neohydatothrips samayunkur Kudô 1995 – (Marigold thrips) Bandarawela
Tagetes erecta L (Asteraceae).
30. ** †Rhamphothrips pandens Sakimura 1983 - Knuckles forest, Kahagolla and Maha Illuppallama
Cassia occidentalis L. (Fabaceae), Clerodendrum tomentosum R.Br. (Verbenaceae), Clitoria
guianensis var. guianensis (Aubl.) Benth. (Fabaceae), Hibiscus vitifolius L. (Malvaceae),
Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers (Lythraceae).
31. †Sciothrips cardamomi (Ramakrishna 1935) (Cardamom thrips) - Matale and Knuckles Region
Elettaria cardamomum (L.)Maton (Zingiberaceae).
Damage: Streaking and wilting of cardamom leaves.
32. †Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood 1919 (Chilli thrips )– All climatic zones
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Malvaceae), Amaranthus spinosus L (Amaranthaceae),
Capsicum frutescens L. (Solanaceae), Capsicum annum L. (Solanaceae), Citrus limon (L.) Burm.
f. (Rutaceae), Dacus carota L. (Apiaceae), Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey (Cucurbitaceae),
Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton (Zingiberaceae), Euodia lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) Merr.
(Rutaceae), Fragaria vesca L. (Rosaceae), Limonia acidissima L. (Rutaceae), Mangifera indica
(L.) (Anacardiaceae), Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal (Annonaceae), Psidium guajava L.
(Myrtaceae), Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae), Rosa indica L. (Rosaceae), Solanum tuberosum
L. (Solanaceae), Spondias cytherea Sonn. (Anacardiaceae).
Damage: Curling of leaves, bronzing and deformity of leaves.
33. †Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall 1913) (Rice thrips)-Bathalagoda, Maha Illuppallma and
Knuckles region
Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae).
Damage: Streaking of leaves and wilting of seedlings.
34. †Thrips coloratus Schmutz 1913 - Meewathura and Knuckles forest
Mangifera indica (L.) (Anacardiaceae), Eupatorium odaratum L. (Asteraceae).
35. †Thrips flavus Schrank 1776 – Wide spread in Upcountry Wet zone
Agapanthus umbellatus L’Hérit.(Agapanthaceae), Alstroemeria sp. (Alstroemeriaceae), Amaryllis
belladonna L. (Liliaceae), Azalea japonica Gray (Ericaceae), Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. &
Bonpl. Ex Willd.) (Bercht.& Presl.) Solanaceae, Caliandra surinemensis Benth. (Fabaceae),
Calicarpa sp. (Verbenaceae), Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees (Asteraceae), Canna generalis L.
(Cannaceae), Cestrum elegans (Brongn.) Schlecht. (Solanaceae), Chrysanthemum segetum L.
(Asteraceae), Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon (Verbenaceae), Eupatorium sp. (Asteraceae),
7
Included in family Sericothripidae of superfamily Thripoidea in Bhatti (2006).
16. Tillekaratne et al. 104
Gerbera sp. (Asteraceae), Gladiolus sp. (Iridaceae), Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser.
(Hydrangeaceae), Impatiens hawkeri Bull. (Balsaminaceae), Lilium candidum L. (Liliaceae),
Limonium sp. (Plumbaginaceae), Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. (Brassicaceae), Lupinus sp.
(Fabaceae), Miconia calvescens DC. (Melastomataceae), Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal
(Annonaceae), Ornithogalum thyrsoides Jacq. (Hyacinthaceae), Petunia x hybrida (Solanaceae),
Phlox amoena Sims. (Polemoniaceae), Pyrus communis L. (Rosaceae), Rosa indica L.
(Rosaceae), Spiraea cantoniensis Lour. (Rosaceae), Xerochrysum bracteata (Vent.)Tzvelev.
(Asteraceae), Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. (Araceae).
Damage: Scarring, browning and discolouration of flowers.
36. †Thrips florum Schmutz 1913 – Wet and Intermediate zones
Acacia pennata (L.) Wild. (Fabaceae), Aleurites montana (Lour.) E. Wilson (Euphorbiaceae),
Amherstia nobilis Wall. (Fabaceae), Brunsfelsia latifolia Benth. (Solanaceae), Callistephus
chinensis (L.) Nees (Asteraceae), Canna generalis L. (Cannaceae), Cassia didymobotrya Fresen.
(Fabaceae), Celosia argentia L (Amaranthaceae), Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck. (Rutaceae), Citrus
medica L.(Rutaceae), Clerodendrum splendens G.Don ex James (Verbenaceae), Coccinia grandis
(L.) J.Voight (Cucurbitaceae), Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae), Couroupita surinamensis Mart.ex
O. Berg (Lecythidaceae), Crotolaria pallida Ait. (Fabaceae), Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis
(Rubiaceae), Gloriosa superba L. (Verbenaceae), Hedyotis fruticosa L. (Rubiaceae), Helicteres
isora L. (Sterculiaceae), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.(Malvaceae), Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.)
Ser. (Hydrangeaceae), Ipomoea indica (Burm.f.) Merr. (Convolvulaceae), Lantana camera L.
(Verbenaceae), Leea indica (Burm.f.)Merr. (Leeaceae), Lilium candidum L. (Liliaceae),
Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv (Brassicaceae), Ludwigia peruviana(L.)Hara (Onagraceae),
Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae), Pentas lanciolata coccinea (Rubiaceae), Saraca asoca
(Roxb.) Wilde (Fabaceae), Spathiphyllum sp. (Araceae), Spathodea campanulata Beauv.
(Bignoniaceae), Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) Nicholson, Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth
(Bignoniaceae), Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Merr. (Apocynaceae), Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae).
37. †Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan 1913) - Wet and Intermediate zones
Brunfelsia latifolia Benth. (Solanaceae), Camellia sinensis (L.) kuntze (Theaceae), Canna
generalis L(Cannaceae) Chrysanthemum segetum L.(Asteraceae), Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck.
(Rutaceae), Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f. (Rutaceae), Citrus medica L. (Rutaceae), Citrus
megaloxylocarpa var. pennivesculata Lush. (Rutaceae), Citrus reticulata Blanco (Rutaceae),
Cleome chelidonii L.f. (Capparaceae), Euphatorium sp. (Asteraceae), Gardenia jasminoides J.
Ellis (Rubiaceae), Impatiens balsamina L. (Balsaminaceae), Malvaviscus penduliflorus Mocino.
& Sesse. Ex. DC. (Malvaceae), Mangifera indica (L.), (Anacardiaceae), Melilotus indicus (L.)
All. (Fabaceae), Muntingia calabura L. (Tiliaceae), Musa paradisiaca L. (Musaceae), Persea
americana Miller (Lauraceae), Pseudocalymma alliaceum (Lam.) Sandwith (Bignoniaceae),
Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), Rosa indica L. (Rosaceae), Saraca thaipingensis Prain
(Fabaceae), Sarca asoca (Roxb.) de Wild (Fabaceae), Syzigium sp. (Myrtaceae),Ocimum
tenuiflorum L. (Lamiaceae).
Damage: Scarring, browning and discolouration of flowers.
38. *Thrips levatus Bhatti 1980 – Peradeniya
Napoleona imperialis Pal de Beauv. (Lecythidaceae).
39. * †Thrips orientalis (Bagnall 1915) - All agroecological regions
Carissa carandas L. (Apocynaceae), Carissa spinarum L. (Apocynaceae), Dichrostachys
cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. (Fabaceae), Ervatamia divaricata (L.) Burkill (Apocynaceae),
Jasminum grandiflorum L. ( Oleaceae), Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. (Oleaceae), Kopsia fruticosa
(Ker-Gawl.) A.DC. (Apocynaceae), Phyllanthus emblica L. (Euphorbiaceae), Vitex negundo L.
(Verbanaceae).
40. †Thrips palmi Karny 1925 - All agroecological regions
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Malvaceae), Amaranthus spinosus L.
(Amaranthaceae), Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench (Lamiaceae), Bellis sp. Callistephus
chinensis (L.) Nees (Asteraceae), Canvalia ensiformis (L.)DC. ( Fabaceae), Capsicum annum L.
(Solanaceae), Capsicum frutescens L. (Solanaceae), Celosia argentia L. (Amaranthaceae),
17. A checklist of thrips species of Sri Lanka 105
Chrysanthemum segetum L. (Asteraceae), Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae), Cucumis melo L.
(Cucurbitaceae), Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae), Cucurbita pepo L. (Cucurbitaceae), Dacus
carota L. (Apiaceae), Eleusine coracana (L.) (Poaceae), Fragaria vesca L. (Rosaceae), Gerbera
jamesonii Adlam (Asteraceae), Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae), Hippeastrum puniceum
(Lam.) Kuntze (Amaryllidaceae), Ipomoea batatas (L.)Lam. (Convolvulaceae), Limonium sp.
(Plumbaginaceae), Luffa acutangula (L.)Roxb.( Cucurbitaceae), Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.Roemer
(Cucurbitaceae), Momordica charantia L.( Cucurbitaceae), Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae),
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Lamiaceae), Phaseolus lunatus L. (Fabaceae), Phyllanthus emblica L.(
Euphorbiaceae), Pteridium sp. (Dennstaedtiaceae), Pyrus communis L. (Rosaceae), Solanum
macrocarpon L. (Solanaceae), Solanum mauritianum Scop. (Solanaceae), Solanum sp.
(Solanaceae), Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae), Solanum violaceum Ortega. (Solanaceae),
Stachytarpheta urticaelifolia (Salisb.) Sims (Verbenaceae), Strobilanthes calycina Nees
(Acanthaceae), Strobilanthus sp. (Acanthaceae), Vigna mungo (L.) (Fabaceae), Vigna radiata
L.(Wilczek) (Fabaceae), Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walp. (Fabaceae), Vigna unguiculata
sesquipedalis(L.) Verdc. (Fabaceae), Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. (Araceae).
Damage: Scarring, browning and discolouration of flowers and leaves.
41. * †Thrips parvispinus (Karny 1922) - Makandura, Marassana and Peradeniya
Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae), Verbena bonariensis L. (Verbenaceae).
42. †Thrips simplex (Morison 1930) (Gladiolus Thrips) – confined toUpcountry Wet zone
Aristea ecklonii Baker (Iridaceae), Canna generalis L. (Cannaceae), Gladiolus sp. (Iridaceae),
Watsonia pyramidata (Iridaceae), Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. (Araceae).
Damage: Scarring, browning and discolouration of flowers and leaves in Gladiolus.
43. * †Thrips subnudula (Karny 1926) - All agroecological regions
Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss.ex Schult. (Amaranthaceae), Calotropis gigantean (L.) R.Br.
(Asclepidaceae), Cinnamomum verum J.Presl. (Lauraceae), Mangifera indica (L.)
(Anacardiaceae), Mimosa pudica L. (Fabaceae), Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson.
(Anacardiaceae).
44. * †Thrips sumatrensis Priesner 1934 – All agroecological regions
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. (Fabaceae), Canna generalis L. (Cannaceae), Dahlia hortensis
(Asteraceae), Dahlia pinnata Cav. (Asteraceae), Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.)Walp. (Fabaceae),
Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae), Ludwigia decurrens Walt. (Onagraceae), Melastoma
malabathricum L.(Melastomataceae), Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. (Fabaceae), Sarca asoca
(Roxb.) de Wild (Fabaceae), Sesamum indicum L. (Pedaliaceae), Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir.
(Fabaceae), Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth (Bignoniaceae), Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae), Zinnia sp.
(Asteraceae).
Damage: Scarring, browning and discolouration of flowers.
45. †Thrips tabaci Lindeman 1889 (Onion thrips) - Wet and Intermediate zones
Allium cepa L. (Alliaceae), Allium ampeloprasum L. (Alliaceae), Bellis sp. (Asteraceae),
Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees (Asteraceae), Chrysanthemum segetum L. (Asteraceae), Cleome
chelidonii L.f. (Capparaceae) Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet (Asteraceae), Dianthus
caryophyllus L. (Caryophyllaceae), Euphatorium sp. (Asteraceae), Gypsophila paniculata L.
(Caryophyllaceae) Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. (Hydrangeaceae), Limonium sp.
(Plumbaginaceae) Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae), Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Lamiaceae),
Spathiphyllum sp. (Araceae).
Damage: Streaking and spots in leaves of onion and leeks.
46. Thrips sp.1- Mid and Upcountry Wet zone and Upcountry Intermediate zone
Aleurites montana (Lour.) E. Wilson (Euphorbiaceae), Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br.
(Apocynaceae), Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. (Nyctaginaceae), Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br.
(Asclepidaceae), Cinnamomum verum J. Presl (Lauraceae), Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck.
(Rutaceae), Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae), Connarus monocarpus L. (Connaraceae), Couroupita
surinamensis Mart. ex Berg (Lecythidaceae), Mangifera indica (L.) (Anacardiaceae), Persea
18. Tillekaratne et al. 106
americana Miller (Lauraceae), Plumbago auriculata Lam. (Plumbaginaceae), Saraca
thaipingensis Prain (Fabaceae).
47. Thripinae sp.1 - Sinharaja forest
Schumacheria castaneifolia Vahl. (Dilleniaceae).
48. Thripinae sp.5 - Peradeniya
Sarca asoca (Roxb.) de Wild (Fabaceae).
SUBORDER TUBILIFERA8
Family Phlaeothripidae- Subfamily Idolothripinae
49. Diaphorothrips unguipes Karny 1920 - Peradeniya
Bark of freshly felled trunk of Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae).
Fungus feeding species.
50. Dinothrips spinosus (Schmutz 1913) - Peradeniya and Hakgala
Albizia sp. (Fabaceae), Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Moraceae), Ficus exasperata Vahl.
(Moraceae). Fungus feeding species
51. Elaphrothrips greeni (Bagnall 1914) - Peradeniya
Fungus feeding species
52. Elaphrothrips malayensis (Bagnall 1909) - Matale and Knuckles forest range
Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae).
Damage: Leaf galls, Fungus feeding species.
Family Phlaeothripidae – Subfamily Phlaeothripinae
53. Androthrips flavipes Schmutz 1913 – Matale
Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae)
Damage: Leaf galls, a predatory species.
54. **Apelaunothrips sp. - Monaragala and Kokagala
In leaf litter, fungus feeding species.
55. ** Dolichothrips sp. - Dry, Wet and Intermediate zones
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet (Malvaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Bridelia retusa (L.)
A. Juss. (Euphorbiaceae), Ficus exasperata Vahl (Moraceae), Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Muell.
Arg., (Euphorbiaceae), Melastoma malabathricum L. (Melastomataceae), Terminalia bellirica
(Gaertn.) Roxb. (Combretaceae).
56. Gigantothrips tibialis Bagnall 1921 - Knuckles Forest and Matale
Ficus benjamina L. (Moraceae) and Careya arborea Roxb. (Lecythidaceae).
Damage: Leaf galls in F. benjamina. Scarring, browning and discolouration of leaves in
C. arborea.
8
Conventionally, the Tubulifera are classified into a single family Phlaeothripidae, which is divided into
two subfamilies, Idolothripinae and Phlaeothripinae, based on the width of maxillary stylets, 5-15 µm in
the former and 3-5 µm in the latter. Based on the structure of the wing surface, Bhatti (1991) considers
that these two groups are paraphyletic. And 14 families have been included in Tubulifera (Bhatti 1988,
1992, 1995, 1998a–d).
19. A checklist of thrips species of Sri Lanka 107
57. ** †Gynaikothrips ficorum (Marchal 1908) - Mid country Wet zone
Ficus benjamina L. (Moraceae) & Thunbergia sp. (Acanthaceae).
Damage: Leaf galls.
58. *Gynaikothrips sp. - Sita Eliya.
Euodia lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) (Rutaceae).
Damage: Leaf fold galls.
59. †Haplothrips ceylonicus Schmutz 1913 – Hakgala, Maha Illuppallma and Peradeniya
Achyranthus aspera L. (Amaranthaceae), Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss.ex Schult.
(Amaranthaceae), Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. (Amaranthaceae), Calicarpa sp. (Verbenaceae),
Carex kyllingia Endl. (Cyperaceae), Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle (Poaceae), Eleusine
coracana (L.) (Poaceae), Eupatorium riparium Regel (Asteraceae), Hemigraphis alternata
(N.L.Burm.) (Acanthaceae), Hyptis capitata Jacq. (Lamiaceae), Impatiens balsamina L.
(Balsaminaceae), Laurentia longifolia (L.) Endl. (Campanulaceae), Pennisetum polystachion (L.)
Shult (Poaceae), Petiveria alliaceae L. (Phytolacaceae), Wendlandia bicuspidate Wight & Arn.
(Rubiaceae).
60. †Haplothrips ganglbaueri Schmutz 1913 – All agro ecological regions
Ageratum houstonianum Miller (Asteraceae), Carex kyllingia Endl. (Cyperaceae), Carex
leucantha Arn.ex Boott (Cyperaceae), Bothricholoa pertusa (L.) A.Camus (Poaceae), Brachiara
milliformis (Poaceae), Brachiaria sp. (Poaceae), Celosia argentia L (Amaranthaceae), Celosia
sp.(Amaranthaceae), Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae), Cyperus difformis L. (Cyperaceae),
Cyperus iria L. (Cyperaceae), Cyperus pilosus Vahl (Cyperaceae), Dactyloctenium aegyptium
(L.) Willd.(Poaceae), Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler (Poaceae), Digitaria marginata? (Poaceae),
Dimeria alata ?(Poaceae), Echinichola crusgalli (L.) P.Baeauv. (Poaceae), Echinochola colona
(L.) Link (Poaceae), Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (Poaceae),
Eleusine sp. (Poaceae), Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees (Poaceae), Eragrostis diplachnoides
Steud.(Poaceae), Eregeron sublyratus DC. (Asteraceae), Eragostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex
Steud. (Poaceae), Ischaemum ciliare Retz. (Poaceae), Leptochola chinensis (L.) Nees (Poaceae),
MI 1-Introduced grass (Poaceae), Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae), Panicum maximum Jacq. (Poaceae),
Eulalia trispicata (Schult.) Henrard (Poaceae), Panicum repens L. (Poaceae), Panicum sp.
(Poaceae), Paspalum conjugatum Berguis (Poaceae), Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Shult
(Poaceae), Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton (Poaceae), Sacciolepsis indica L. (Chase)
(Poaceae), Sesamum indicum L. (Pedaliaceae), Setaria barbata (Lam.) Kunth (Poaceae), Setaria
geniculata auct. non (Wild.) Beauv. (Poaceae), Setaria palledifusa (Poaceae), SR 9-Unidentified
(Cyperaceae), Stachytarpheta urticaelifolia (Salisb.) Sims (Verbenaceae), Symplocos
cochinchinensis ((Lour.) S. Moore (Symplocaceae), Themeda triandra Forssk (Poaceae),
Themeda villosa (Poir.) A. Camus (Poaceae), Zea mays L. (Poaceae).
61. †Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin 1908) - All agro ecological regions
Acacia pennata (L.) Wild. (Fabaceae), Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae), Ageratum
conyzoides L. (Asteraceae), Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Malvaceae), Amaranthus
spinosus L. (Amaranthaceae), Asteracantha longifolia Nees. (Acanthaceae), Axonopus affinis
Chase (Poaceae), Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.Beauv. (Poaceae), Basilicum polystachyon (L.)
(Moench) (Lamiaceae), Bidens pilosus L. (Asteraceae), Bidens sp. (Asteraceae), Catharanthus
roseus (L.) G. Don (Apocynaceae), Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) Murr. (Verbenaceae), Callistephus
chinensis (L.) Nees (Asteraceae), Capsicum frutescens L. (Solanaceae), Catharanthus roseus (L.)
G. Don (Apocynaceae), Canna generalis L. (Cannaceae), Celosia argentia L. (Amaranthaceae),
Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq. (Meliaceae), Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith (Zingiberaceae),
Cestraum elegans (Brongn.) Schlecht. (Solanaceae), Dahlia x hortensis (Asteraceae),
Elephantopus scaber L. (Asteraceae), Emilia exserta Fosberg (Asteraceae), Emilia zeylanica
C.B.Clarke (Asteraceae), Erigeron sublyratus DC. (Asteraceae), Eupatorium sp. (Asteraceae),
Euphorbia sp. (Euphorbiaceae), Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. (Convolvulaceae), Gerbera
jamesonii Adlam (Asteraceae), Gomphrena globosa L. (Amaranthaceae), Hediyotis trimenii Deb
& Dutta (Rubiaceae), Melilotus indicus (L.) All. (Fabaceae), Mimosa invisa Mart. (Fabaceae),
Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), Mimosa pudica L. (Fabaceae), Psidium guajava L.
(Myrtaceae), Persicaria capitata (Buch Ham. in D.Don) H. Gross (Polygonaceae), Phyllanthus
20. Tillekaratne et al. 108
deblis Klein ex Willd (Euphorbiaceae), Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae), Saraca asoca (Roxb.)
de Wild (Fabaceae), Solidago canadensis L. (Asteraceae), Spilanthes iabadicensis A.H.Moore
(Asteraceae), Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl (Verbenaceae), Strobilanthes sexennnis Nees
(Acanthaceae), Tagetes erecta L. (Asteraceae), Themeda tremeula (Steud.) Hack. (Poaceae),
Tridax procumbens L. (Asteraceae), Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. (Asteraceae), Vetiveria
zizanioides (L.) Nash (Poaceae), Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. (Asteraceae).
62. Haplothrips sp.3 - Mid country and Upcountry
Amaranthus spinosus L. (Amaranthaceae), Canna generalis L. (Cannaceae), Cestrum elegans
(Brongn.) Schlecht. (Solanaceae), Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae), Cymbopogon nardus (L.)
Rendle (Poaceae ), Mangifera indica(L.) (Anacardiaceae), Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae),
Tagetes erecta L. (Asteraceae).
63. **Karnyothrips melaleucus Bagnall 1911 - Peradeniya
Collected from leaf litter, a predatory species.
64. Liothrips floridensis (Watson 1913) - Peradeniya
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl (Lauraceae).
Damage: Scarring and browning of leaves.
65. †Liothrips karnyi (Bagnall 1914) - Wet zone
Piper nigrum L (Piperaceae).
Damage: Leaf galls.
66. ** Membrothrips sp. – Dambulla, Matale, MahaIlluppallma, Meewathura and Peradeniya
Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. (Oleaceae), Tectona grandis L.f. (Verbenaceae).
67. ** Praepodothrips sp. - Gannoruwa, Marassana and Naula
Lycopersicon esculentum Miller (Solanaceae).
68. ** Sphingothrips trachypogon (Karny 1923) - Peradeniya
Diospyros atrata (Thw.) Alston, Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel (Ebenaceae).
Damage: Scarring and browning of leaves.
69. Phlaeothripinae sp.1 - Peradeniya and Sinharaja forest
Vateria copallifera (Retz.) Alston, Vateria copallifera (Retz.) Alston (Dipterocarpaceae).
70. Phlaeothripinae sp.2 - Sinharaja forest
Syzygium alubo Kosterm (Myrtaceae).
71. Phlaeothripinae sp.3 - Peradeniya
In leaf litter, fungus feeding species.
72. Phlaeothripinae sp.4 - Peradeniya
In leaf litter, fungus feeding species.
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* Species previously not recorded from Sri Lanka (25 species in 18 genera)
** Genera previously not recorded from Sri Lanka (18 genera)
† Pest thrips species (42) based on Moritz et al. (2001)