The document discusses organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), which are thin films of organic compounds that emit light when electric current is applied. It provides a brief history of OLED development from the 1950s and describes the basic working principle of OLEDs involving organic semiconductor layers and electrodes. The document also outlines different types of OLEDs and their applications, as well as advantages such as high contrast, flexibility, and energy efficiency compared to LCDs. Potential disadvantages discussed include higher manufacturing costs and limited lifespan.

1. Organic light-emitting
diodes(OLED)
PRESENTED BY
MANVITH

2. OUTLINE
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
 TYPES OF OLED
 APPLICATIONS
 ADVANTAGES
 DISADVANTAGES
 REFERENCE

3. INTRODUCTION
 OLED-Organic Light Emitting Diode
 Organic-Organic materials
 Definition-
Emissive electroluminescent layer is a film
of organic compounds which emits light in
response to an electric current
 Electroluminescent layer – organic
semiconductor material is sandwiched between
two electrodes
 One of these electrodes is transparent

4. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
 Aluminum 8-hydroxyquinolinate - Alq3

5.  Polyaniline

6.  Polyfluorene

7. HISTORY
 First developed in the early 1950’s in France by
applying a high-voltage alternating current field
to crystalline thin films of acridine orange and
quinacrine
 1960’s – AC – driven electroluminescent cells
using doped anthracene was developed
 The first diode device was invented at Eastman
Kodak in the 1980’s by Dr. Ching Tang and Steven
Van Slyke

8.  1990 – electroluminescence in polymers was
discovered
 2000 - Alan J.Heeger & Hideki Shrikawa received
Nobel Prize in chemistry for “The discovery and
development of conductive organic polymer
 2008 – announced the creation of consortium
including Sony, Toshiba to produce OLED screen

9. How OLED works?
 Cathode
 Emissive Layer
 Conductive Layer
 Anode
 Substrate

10. Organic layers:
o Conducting layer - This layer is
made of organic plastic molecules
that transport "holes" from the
anode.
o Eg: polyaniline. Polystyrene.
o Emissive layer - This layer is made
of organic molecules that
transport electrons from the
cathode; this is where light is
made.
o Eg: polyfluorene, Alq3

11. Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the
type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current
flows through the device
Eg: Mg, Al, Ba, and Ca
•
• Substrate - The substrate supports the OLED
Eg: clear plastic, glass, foil
Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds
electron holes) when a current flows through the device
Eg: Indium Tin Oxide

12. 1. Voltage applied across
Cathode and Anode
1. Typically 2V-10V
2. Current flows from cathode
to anode
1. Electrons flow to emissive
layer
2. Electrons removed from
conductive layer leaving holes
3. Holes jump into emissive
layer
3. Electron and hole combine
and light emitted

13. 1. Passive-matrix OLED
2. Active-matrix OLED
3. Transparent OLED
4. Top-emitting OLED
5. Flexible/Foldable OLED
6. White OLED
7. Phosphorescent OLED

14.  Perpendicular
cathode/anode strip
orientation
 Light emitted at intersection
(pixels)
 Large power consumption
 Used on 1-3 inch screens

15.  Full layers of
cathode, anode, organic
molecules
 Thin Film Transistor
matrix (TFT) on top of
anode
 Less power consumed
then PMOLED
 Used for larger displays

16. DIFFERENCE
Passive OLEDs Active OLEDs
• The organic layer is between • Full layers of cathode and
strips of cathode and anode anode
that run perpendicular • Requires less power
• The intersections form the • Higher refresh rates
pixels • Suitable for large screens
• Easy to make
• Use more power
• Best for small screens

17.  Transparent
substrate, cathode and
anode
 Bi-direction light emission
 Passive or Active Matrix
OLED
 Useful for heads-up
display
 Transparent projector
screen
 glasses

18.  Non-transparent
 Transparent Cathode
 Used with Active Matrix
Device
 Smart card displays

19.  Flexiable metallic
foil or plastic
substrate
 Light weight and
ultra thin
 Reduce display
breaking

20.  Emits bright white light
 Replace fluorescent lights
 Reduce energy cost for
lighting
 True Color Qualities
 Environmental friendly

21. 7. Phosphorescent OLED
 Use the principle of electroluminescence to convert
100% of electrical energy into light
 Good energy efficiencies
 Reduce heat generation
 Operate at very low voltage
 Long operating life time
 Environmental friendly

22. Display sources
Mobile phones
Keyboards
Digital watches
Light sources

23. • Each key can be programmed
to perform a series of functions
• Keys can be linked to
applications
• Display
notes, numerals, special
symbols, etc...

24. Sony
• Released XEL-1 in February 2009.
• First OLED TV sold in stores.
• 11'' screen, 3mm thin
• Rs.2,50,000
• Weighs approximately 1.9 kg
• Wide 178 degree viewing angle
• 1,000,000:1 Contrast ratio

25. ADVANTAGES OF OLEDs
OLED Displays Vs. LCD and Plasma
 Much faster response time
 Consume significantly less energy
 Wider viewing angles
 Thinner display
 Better contrast ratio
 Safer for the environment
 Has potential to be mass produced inexpensively
 OLEDs refresh almost 1,000 times faster then LCDs

26. OLED Lighting Vs. Incandescent and Fluorescent
 Cheaper way to create flexible lighting
 Requires less power
 Better quality of light
 New design concepts for interior lighting

27. ADVANTAGES
 Brightness
 Contrast
 Viewing angles
 Power consumption
 Light weight
 Better power efficiency
 Response time

28. OLED Displays Vs. LCD and Plasma
• Cost to manufacture is high
• Constraints with lifespan
• Easily damaged by water
• Limited market availability
OLED Lighting Vs. Incandescent and Fluorescent
• Not as easy as changing a light bulb

29.  Lifetime
 White, Red, Green  46,000-230,000
hours
 About 5-25 years
 Blue  14,000 hours
 About 1.6 years
 Expensive
 Susceptible to water

30. Lighting
• Flexible / bendable lighting
• Wallpaper lighting defining new ways to light a space
• Transparent lighting doubles as a window
Cell Phones
• Nokia 888

31. Reference
 Advanced microsystem for automotive applications by Sven
Kruger, Wolfgang Gessner, Springer- Verlag Heidelberg, New York
2001 page no62.
 Organic molecule solids by M. Schwoerer, Hans
Christoph, Wolf, Wiley vch verlag publishers ,New York,2007,page
389
 Physics of organic semiconductors by Wolf Gang Brutling ,VBH
publishers, New York,1999, page no 451
 Highly efficient OLED,S with phosphorescent Materials by Hartmut
Versin, Wiley Publishers New York 2000, page no 121
 Organic electronic materials by Riccardo
Farchichi,G.Grosso,2000, page no 135
 Active matric OLED displayers by Michael Kroger,Cuviller Verlay
publishers ,2007, page no 4
 Organic light emitting divices by Joseph Shinar-Springer- Verlag, New
York, 2004, page no 150

32.  Organic light emitting material and devices by Zhigang
Li, Hong Meng CRC publishers, New York, 2005, page no
34
 Semiconductor devices by Kanaan Kano,Prentice Hall of
india PVT,New delhi,2005,Page no 429
 Printing unit and Organic light emitting diodes by Jan
Kalinowski,
 Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials by A. J.
Heeger, in W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundstrom, B. Ranby, oxford
university press, 1993.page no.234
 manufacturing line for manufacturing flexible organic El
display by kenichi kuba etal, Pub no. US2005/0016405

33. http://www.cepro.com/article/study_future_
bright_for_oled_lighting_market/
http://www.oledresearch.com/oleds/oledshistory.html
www.oled-info.com
http://optics.org/cws/article/industry/37032
http://jalopnik.com/5154953/samsung-transparent-
oled-display-pitched-as-automotive-hud