The document provides an overview of suspension, steering, and braking systems for automobiles. It discusses the different types of suspension systems including rigid axle, independent suspension, and McPherson strut suspension. It also describes shock absorbers, steering gears and geometry, power steering, automatic transmission, wheel alignment, hydraulic and air brakes. The key components and purposes of each system are outlined.

1. Suspension, Steering and Braking System
(Automobile Engineering)
Easy to Engineering
By Jeegnesh Chauhan

2. Suspension System
• Suspension is term given to the spring, shock
absorbs & linkages that connects a vehicle to it’s
wheels & give relative motion them.
• Purpose:-
- supports the weight
- provides a smooth ride
- keeps tyre in firm contact with road
- isolate from vibration & shock
- good road holding
- allows front wheels to turn side-to-side steering

3. Principle
• When a tyre hits an obstruction, there is a
reaction force. The size of reaction force
depend on the unsprung mass at each
wheel assembly.
• Larger ratio of sprung weight to unsprung
weight less affected to bumps, disc and
other surface imperfection such as small
bridges. It is also impact vehicle control.

4. Suspension types

5. Rigid Axle
Suspension system
• Spring is attached to rigid
beam axle.
• Used for heavy vehicle
like truck.
• Due to scrubbing of tyre
its life is reduce.
• Steering geometry is
change in this system.
• Rigid suspension is
provided.
• Spring is attached to
independent beam axle.
• Use for light vehicle like
truck.
• Here less tyre scrubbing
so tyre life is more.
• Steering geometry
doesn’t change in this
system.
• Softer suspension is
provided.
Independent
Suspension system

7. Fully floating axle
• Weight supported entirely by housing.
• Axle shaft subjected only to torque.
• It’s heavier but much stronger.
• Manufacturing cost is high.

8. Semi Floating Axle
• Weight supported by axle.
• Axle shaft subjected to both bending and torque.
• Fitted on car and light truck.
• Lighter and cheaper to manufacturing.

9. McPherson strut suspension
system
• It is car suspension system
• It is used in modern vehicles.
• Simple in design
• Low manufacturing cost
• Lighter than double wishbone arm system
• Maintenance is less
• More road safety

11. McPherson strut suspension
system
• More vertical space required.
• Not good handling as double wishbone
arm system
• Noise and vibration transmit from road.

12. Shock Absorber
• Shock absorber is device for absorbing the
energy of sudden impulses or shocks in
machinery or structure.
• Primary purpose of shock absorber is to
control spring and suspension movement.
This is accomplished by turning the kinetic
energy of suspension movement into
thermal energy, or heat energy, to be
dissipated through the hydraulic fluid.

13. Classification of Shock Absorber
• Based on operation
1) single action shock absorber
2) multiple action shock absorber
• Based on construction
1) mono tube
2) twin tube
• Based on working medium
1) hydraulic
2) gas filled

14. Telescopic Shock Absorber
• Spring provide flexibility during jumps
while shock absorber provide damping
effect to absorb shock.
• This devise used very commonly
automobile.
• It is hydraulic shock absorber.
• It convert hydraulic energy into thermal
energy.

15. Telescopic Shock Absorber

16. Telescopic Shock Absorber
• In this shock absorber piston compresses
it called as bump stroke and when piston
extended it called as rebound stroke.
• Telescopic shock absorber has two types:
1) mono tube
2) twin tube

17. Steering system
• Steering is the collection of components
and linkages which allows any vehicle to
follow the desired course.
• The primary purpose of the steering
system is to allow the driver to guide the
vehicle.

18. Steering system
• Control front wheel direction
• Transmit road feel to drivers hand
• Absorb most of shock going to steering
wheel
• Allow for suspension action
• Maintain correct amount of effort needed
to turn the wheel

19. Types of Steering Gear
• Worm & roller
• Worm & sector
• Cam & roller
• Cam & peg
• Cam & turn lever
• Screw & nut
• Recirculating ball
• Worm & ball
• Rack &pinion

20. Steering Geometry
• It is also called as angular relationship
between suspension and steering parts,
front wheels & road surface.
1) Camber :- Angle between vertical line
and centre line of tyre from front of
vehicle.
Angle is not more than 2°
Outward – positive
Inward – negetive

21. Steering Geometry
2) Caster :- It is angle between vertical line & king
pin centre line from side.
3) King pin :- it is angle between king pin centre
line & vertical line from front.

22. Steering Geometry
4) Toe in & Toe out :-
• Anti symmetric angle condition in front
wheels is called as Toe.
• In positive toe or toe in, front of the wheel
pointing towards centreline of vehicle.
• In negative toe or toe out, front of the
wheel pointing way from centreline of
vehicle.

23. Steering Geometry

24. Steering Geometry
5) Steering :- it is used to give non linear movement
and direction to the vehicle depending upon the
driver commands.
6) Scrub radius :- It is distance in front view between
king pin axis & centre of the contact path of wheel.

25. Power steering
• It helps drive to steer easily by reducing
the steering effort of steering wheel.
• Hydraulic or electric actuator added to
control the energy to steering mechanism.
• In this system continuously operating
pump is provided.
• When Steering wheel turn valve is
operated & hydraulic pressure start to
move steering system.

26. Power steering

27. Automatic transmission
• Change gear ratio automatically as vehicle
accelerate & de-accelerate.
• Free from shift gear manually.
• No clutch pedal in this system

29. Automatic transmission
Components of gear box :-
• Planetary gear sets – various gear ratio
can achieve and reverse also possible
• Torque converter – transmit torque instead
of clutch
• Hydraulic system – pressurised fluid used
to control clutches & gear sets
• Governor & modulator – monitor speed &
determine when gear will shift

30. Wheel alignment
• It concerned with wheels being perpendicular
to the surface of the road & that the wheels
are parallel to each other so car drive evenly.
• Proper alignment can also allow quickly stop
& shorter distance to cause the stop.
• Various angle of alignment :-
caster, camber, toes, steering axis, turning
radius and scrub radius.

31. Wheel alignment Equipment
• Laser wheel alignment
• 3D wheel aligner
• Computerised CCD aligner
• Automatic wheel alignment machine etc.

32. Brakes
• It is mechanical devise used to prevent
motion of moving body or wheel in vehicle
like car, planes, bus, truck etc.
• Tightened or pressed with body to
decelerate.
• It generate intense heat & some noise.

33. Classification of brakes
• Based on power used
1) Mechanical
2) Hydraulic
3) Air brake
4) Vacuum
5) Power assisted hydraulic brake
6) Magnetic
7) Electrical
• Based on application
1) Hand brake
2) Foot brake

34. Classification of brakes
• Based on braking contact
1) Internal expanding
2) External expanding
• Based on base force applied
1) Single acting
2) Double acting
• Based on operation
1) Manual
2) Servo
3) Power operation

35. Brake Fading
• Due to long application of brakes their
effectiveness reduce its called fading of
brakes.
• Due to excessive temperature it also
happen.
• Temperature rise upto 250°C during
barking.
• Fast wear & lining of brake fade

36. Wheels skidding
• A skid occurs when applied brakes so
hard & one or more wheel lock. Then if
we accelerate then vehicle slip it is
called skid.

37. Disc Brake
• Disc shape rotor used
• It uses clamp called
caliper to hold friction
pads
• Good braking in high
temperature
• Better heat dissipation
• Fast braking
• Cost high
• Used in modern bikes &
car
• Cylindrical drum used
• It uses expanding
hydraulic cylinder to
press the friction material
• Less braking in high
temperature
• Slow heat dissipation
• Slow braking
• Less cost
• Used in truck, bus etc
Drum Brake

39. Hydraulic
braking
• Used in light vehicle
• Car, light truck etc.
• As working medium
hydraulic fluid used
• Less space required
• Less stopping power
• Less safety
• Less cost
• High maintenance
• Used in heavy vehicle
• Tractor tailor, bus etc
• As working medium
air used
• More space required
• High stopping power
• High safety
• High cost
• Low maintenance
Air
braking

40. Hydraulic Brake
• A hydraulic brake is an arrangement of braking
mechanism which uses brake fluid, typically
containing glycol ethers or diethylene glycol, to
transfer pressure from the controlling
mechanism.
• Hydraulic brakes are used to stop or slow
moving systems. These braking mechanism
consist of brake types such as drum brakes, disk
brakes, band brakes and cone brakes.

41. Hydraulic Brake Components
• Brake pipes
• Master cylinder
• Disc- brake
• Drum brake
• Wheel cylinder
• Brake pedal
• Pushrod
• Drums

42. Hydraulic Brake Components

43. Air Brake
• An air brake or, more formally, a
compressed air brake system, is a type of
friction brake for vehicle in which
compressed air pressing on a piston is
used to apply the pressure to the brake
pad needed to stop the vehicle.
• Air is available everywhere in atmosphere
so the brake can never run out of its
operating.

44. Air Brake Components
• Air compressor
• Governor
• Air storage tank
• Air tank drains
• Safety valve
• Brake pedal
• Alcohol evaporator

45. Air Brake Components

46. Thank you
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