The document discusses different components of a vehicle's suspension system. It begins by defining sprung mass and unsprung mass. Sprung mass refers to parts of the vehicle supported by the suspension, like the body and frame. Unsprung mass includes components below the suspension like wheels. The document then covers various types of springs used in suspension systems, including leaf springs, coil springs, rubber springs, and torsion bars. It also discusses shock absorbers and their purpose of controlling spring motion. Finally, the key functions of a suspension system are outlined as isolating the vehicle from road shocks and providing stability, comfort, and road handling ability.

1. MODULE-II
SUSPENSION
DRIVE LINE

2. Suspension

3. Suspension System
Introduction:
• The automobile frame and body are mounted on the front and rear
axle not directly but through the springs and shock absorbers.
• The assembly of parts, which perform the isolation of parts from the
road shocks, may be in the forms of bounce, pitch and roll is called
suspension system.
Note:
 suspension system consists of a spring and damper.
 The energy of road shock causes the spring to oscillate.
 These oscillations are restricted to a reasonable level by the
damper, which is more commonly called as shock absorbers.

4. • Rotations:
– A roll rotation about x-axis
– A pitch rotation about y-axis.
– A yaw rotation about z-axis.
Vehicle Axis system
Basic suspension movements:
1.Bouncing: The vertical movement of the complete body.
2. Pitching: The rotating movement of all the parts between the spring and road
and the portion of spring weight itself.
3. Rolling: The movement about longitudinal axis produced by the centrifugal
force during cornering.

5. SUSPENSION SYSTEM – LAY OUT

6. Functions of suspension system
1. It prevents the vehicle body and frame from road shocks.
2. It gives stability of the vehicle.
3. It safeguards the passengers and goods from road shocks.
4. It gives the good road holding while driving, cornering and braking.
5. It gives cushioning effect.
6. It provides comfort.

7. Requirements of suspension system
1. There should be minimum deflection.
2. It should be of low initial cost.
3. It should be of minimum weight.
4. It should have low maintenance and low operating cost.
5. It should have minimum tyre wear.

8. VEHICLE MASS
SPRUNG MASS
UNSPRUNG MASS

9. SPRUNG MASS AND UNSPRUNG MASS

10. SPRUNG MASS
• In a vehicle with a suspension, such as an automobile, motorcycle
or a tank, sprung mass (or sprung weight) is the portion of the
vehicle's total mass that is supported above the suspension.
• The sprung weight typically includes the body, frame, the internal
components, passengers, and cargo.
• but does not include the mass of the components suspended below
the suspension components (including the wheels, wheel bearings,
brake rotors, callipers)

11. UNSPRUNG MASS
• In a ground vehicle with a suspension, the unsprung
weight (or the unsprung mass) is the mass of the
suspension, wheels or tracks (as applicable), and other
components directly connected to them, rather than
supported by the suspension.
• Unsprung weight includes the mass of components such
as the wheel axles, wheel bearings, wheel hubs, tires,
and a portion of the weight of driveshafts, springs, shock
absorbers, and suspension links.

12. TYPES OF SUSPENSION SYSTEM
SPRINGS
1.Steel springs
 Leaf spring
 Tapered leaf spring
 Coil spring
 Torsion bar
2.Rubber springs
 Compression spring
 Compression-shear spring
 Steel-reinfoced spring
 Progressive spring
 Face-shear spring
 Torsional shear spring
SHOCK ABSORBERS
 Telescopic
 Lever arm type
INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION
FRONT WHEEL(DEAD)
 Wishbone or parallel link type
 Mac-Pherson strut type
 Vertical guide type
 Trailing link type
 Swinging half-axle type
AIR OR PNEUMATIC
SUSPENSION
AIR SPRING
 Bellow type
 Piston type
HYDROLASTIC
SUSPENSION
STABILIZER OR
ANTI-ROLL BAR

13. LEAF SPRINGS

14. Coil spring is the most common type of spring found on modern vehicles.
Leaf springs are now limited to the rear of some cars.

15. LEAF SPRINGS
• Leaf springs are formed by bending.
• They are made of long strips of steel.
• Each strip is named as Leaf.
• The long leaf is called Master Leaf, and it consists of eyes at its both ends.
• One end is fixed to the chassis frame, the other end is fixed to the shackle spring.
• The spring will get elongated during expansion and shortened during compression.
• This change in length of spring is compensated by the shackle.
• The U-bolt and clamps are located at the intermediate position of the spring.
• The bronze or rubber bushes are provided on both eyes on the master leaf.
• Originally called a laminated or carriage spring

17. MATERIAL FOR LEAF SPRING

18. Types of Leaf Springs
• There are six types of leaf springs
1.Full – elliptic type
2.Semi – elliptic type
3.Quarter – elliptic type
4.Three Quarter – elliptic type
5.Transverse Spring type
6.Helper Spring type

20. 1.FULL ELLIPTIC
• The advantage of this type is the elimination of
shackle and spring.
• The lubrication and wear frequently which are
on of the main draw back of this type of
springs.

21. 2.SEMI – ELLIPTIC
• This type is more popular for rear
suspension are used in 75% of cars.

22. 3.QUARTER – ELLIPTIC
• This type is rarely used in now-a-days.
• It gives very less resistance in road shocks.

23. 4.THREE QUARTER – ELLIPTIC
• This type is rarely used in now-a-days.
• It gives resistance, but occupies more space
than other types.

24. 5.TRANSVERSE SPRING
• This type of spring is arrange transversely
across the car instead of longitudinal direction.
• The transverse spring for front axle, which is
bolted rigidly to the frame at the center and
attached to the axle by means of shackle at
both ends.

25. 6.HELPER SPRING

26. Helper Springs
• The helper springs are used in heavy vehicles
for rear suspension.
• When vehicle fully loaded the main spring as
well as helper spring to come in action and
absorb the road shocks.
• When the load of the vehicle is less, the helper
spring will not act and the main spring only
absorb the road shocks.

27. TAPERED LEAF SPRING

29. COIL SPRING

31. TORSION BAR

32. TORSION BAR
• Torsion bar suspension is used in independent suspension system.
• It is a rod acting in torsion and taking shear stresses only.
• It is made up of heat treated alloy spring steel.
• This bar stores amount of energy nearly as same as coil spring.
• The bar is fixed at one end to the frame, while the other end is fixed to the
end of the wheel arm and supported in the bearing.
• The other end of the wheel arm connected to the wheel hub.
• When the wheel strikes a bump, it starts vibrating up and down, thus
exerting torque on the torsion bar which acts as a spring.

33. RUBBER SPRINGS
Compression spring
Compression-shear spring
Steel-reinfoced spring
Progressive spring
Face-shear spring
Torsional shear spring

34. WORKING

35. RUBBER SPRINGS AND COIL SPRING

36. RUBBER SPRINGS

44. SHOCK ABSORBERS

46. • Shock absorbers - controls unwanted
spring motion through dampening
– compression cycle
– extension cycle
• Limits spring compression-extension
movements to smooth the vehicle’s ride.
• Without shock absorbers, the vehicle
would continue to bounce up and down
long after striking dip or hump in the road.