Wheels and tyres page 4
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The document discusses different types of tires - radial and cross-ply tires. Radial tires provide better fuel efficiency, handling, and longer lifespan compared to cross-ply tires. It is illegal and dangerous to mix radial and cross-ply tires on the same axle of a vehicle due to their differing characteristics, as it can cause loss of control. The document recommends using all radial tires or putting radial tires on the rear axle and cross-ply tires on the front axle if mixing the two types.
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The document discusses different types of wheels and tires used in vehicles. It describes pressed steel wheels which are inexpensive but allow air flow to cool brakes. Wire spoke wheels are lighter and stronger due to a hub connected to the rim with wires. Cast alloy wheels are made of lightweight metals with ribs that strengthen the wheel. Radial tires have belts and plies that run straight across, making them more stable and fuel efficient with longer life compared to bias ply tires which have plies at angles.
2 tyre
John Dunlop invented the first pneumatic tire in 1888, replacing solid tires. Tires are black because UV stabilizers are added to rubber to absorb harmful UV rays. A tire consists of an outer cover and inner tube that is mounted over a wheel rim. Air inside the tube supports the vehicle's weight and provides cushioning. Desirable tire properties include being non-skidding, wearing uniformly, carrying loads, cushioning impacts, minimizing power consumption, keeping noise low, and maintaining balance.
Wheels and tyres page 3
The pneumatic tire was developed in 1888 by John Boyd Dunlop for bicycles but was quickly adapted for motor vehicles. Tires form the first part of the vehicle's suspension by cushioning it with air to absorb shocks from the road. Early tires used inner tubes but most modern tires are tubeless, which allows them to better seal air and self-seal when punctured. Tires must support the vehicle, provide adhesion, minimize rolling resistance, transmit drive, and absorb shock. The main tire types are radial and cross-ply tires, with radials having plies at 90 degrees to the bead for better road handling.
Wheel And tyres
Khushin Lakshkar completed a summer internship at Khandelwal Motor Agencies in Mathura, where he studied wheels and tyres. His report discusses the differences and functions of wheels and tyres, describing tyre construction methods like tube and tubeless tyres. It also covers tyre properties, classifications including radial and bias ply construction, and maintenance like rotation and inspection. Wheel requirements and types including pressed steel, spoked, and light alloy wheels are also summarized.
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The document discusses various aspects of tires and wheels, including their design and components, types of tires, defects to look for, how to read sidewall information, proper inflation and maintenance. It also covers topics like how ABS, stability control, and suspension work with tires to maximize traction. Tire pressure monitoring systems, wheel specifications, and the proper procedure for changing a tire are additionally explained.
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This document provides an overview of tires, including their history, terminology, types, composition, markings, manufacturing process, and safety. It details how tires evolved from bands of leather to the pneumatic tires invented by John Dunlop in 1888. The document categorizes tires based on tread pattern, use, and whether they contain inner tubes. It also outlines the key components of tires, the manufacturing steps, and important aspects for drivers to check to ensure tire safety.
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This document discusses the history and technology of tires. It begins with definitions of tires and their importance in vehicle performance. Tires originated as bands of leather and the first modern tire was invented in 1888. The document then covers tire terminology, types including summer, winter and all-season tires, tread patterns like ribbed and block shapes, markings that specify dimensions and limitations, composition of rubber compounds and fabrics, the manufacturing process, and modern innovations like run-flat tires.
Tires
This document provides an overview of tire concepts and construction types. It discusses the basic functions of tires as cushions and traction providers between the road and wheel. It describes the main parts of tires including beads, body plies, tread, sidewalls, liners, and belts. It then summarizes the characteristics of bias ply tires, belted bias tires, and radial ply tires, noting that radial tires provide more flexible sidewalls and reduced rolling resistance. The document also reviews tire markings, load indexes, speed ratings, wear indicators, and common tire problems like feathering and cupping.
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The document discusses different types of wheels and tires used in vehicles. It describes pressed steel wheels which are inexpensive but allow air flow to cool brakes. Wire spoke wheels are lighter and stronger due to a hub connected to the rim with wires. Cast alloy wheels are made of lightweight metals with ribs that strengthen the wheel. Radial tires have belts and plies that run straight across, making them more stable and fuel efficient with longer life compared to bias ply tires which have plies at angles.
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John Dunlop invented the first pneumatic tire in 1888, replacing solid tires. Tires are black because UV stabilizers are added to rubber to absorb harmful UV rays. A tire consists of an outer cover and inner tube that is mounted over a wheel rim. Air inside the tube supports the vehicle's weight and provides cushioning. Desirable tire properties include being non-skidding, wearing uniformly, carrying loads, cushioning impacts, minimizing power consumption, keeping noise low, and maintaining balance.
Wheels and tyres page 3
The pneumatic tire was developed in 1888 by John Boyd Dunlop for bicycles but was quickly adapted for motor vehicles. Tires form the first part of the vehicle's suspension by cushioning it with air to absorb shocks from the road. Early tires used inner tubes but most modern tires are tubeless, which allows them to better seal air and self-seal when punctured. Tires must support the vehicle, provide adhesion, minimize rolling resistance, transmit drive, and absorb shock. The main tire types are radial and cross-ply tires, with radials having plies at 90 degrees to the bead for better road handling.
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Khushin Lakshkar completed a summer internship at Khandelwal Motor Agencies in Mathura, where he studied wheels and tyres. His report discusses the differences and functions of wheels and tyres, describing tyre construction methods like tube and tubeless tyres. It also covers tyre properties, classifications including radial and bias ply construction, and maintenance like rotation and inspection. Wheel requirements and types including pressed steel, spoked, and light alloy wheels are also summarized.
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The document discusses various aspects of tires and wheels, including their design and components, types of tires, defects to look for, how to read sidewall information, proper inflation and maintenance. It also covers topics like how ABS, stability control, and suspension work with tires to maximize traction. Tire pressure monitoring systems, wheel specifications, and the proper procedure for changing a tire are additionally explained.
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This document provides an overview of tires, including their history, terminology, types, composition, markings, manufacturing process, and safety. It details how tires evolved from bands of leather to the pneumatic tires invented by John Dunlop in 1888. The document categorizes tires based on tread pattern, use, and whether they contain inner tubes. It also outlines the key components of tires, the manufacturing steps, and important aspects for drivers to check to ensure tire safety.
Tyre technology
This document discusses the history and technology of tires. It begins with definitions of tires and their importance in vehicle performance. Tires originated as bands of leather and the first modern tire was invented in 1888. The document then covers tire terminology, types including summer, winter and all-season tires, tread patterns like ribbed and block shapes, markings that specify dimensions and limitations, composition of rubber compounds and fabrics, the manufacturing process, and modern innovations like run-flat tires.
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This document provides an overview of tire concepts and construction types. It discusses the basic functions of tires as cushions and traction providers between the road and wheel. It describes the main parts of tires including beads, body plies, tread, sidewalls, liners, and belts. It then summarizes the characteristics of bias ply tires, belted bias tires, and radial ply tires, noting that radial tires provide more flexible sidewalls and reduced rolling resistance. The document also reviews tire markings, load indexes, speed ratings, wear indicators, and common tire problems like feathering and cupping.
Wheels and tyres page 1
The document discusses the requirements and design of road wheels. It notes that wheels must minimize air loss, transmit drive to the road, and be removable. It lists additional requirements like withstanding driving forces. The document describes different wheel rim designs like aluminum alloy, pressed steel, and wire spoke rims, noting advantages of each. It also defines types of rim designs like two-piece, three-piece, and split rims, providing details on each. Finally, it poses and answers questions about wheel requirements and checks.
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This document provides information on different types of tires used in agricultural implements and the differences between radial and bias tires. It discusses solid tires, pneumatic tires including bias ply, bias belted and radial ply constructions. It then focuses on tires used in agricultural implements like tractors and implements. Finally, it details the differences between radial and bias tire constructions, components, and performance, noting that radials provide a softer ride, improved fuel economy, and longer tire life while bias tires sacrifice longevity but offer high load capacity at reduced cost.
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Tyres are ring-shaped components that surround a wheel's rim to transfer a vehicle's load from the axle to the ground and provide traction. The first practical pneumatic tire was invented in 1888 by John Boyd Dunlop. Materials used to make tires include rubber and metal. Tires support the vehicle, provide cushioning, transmit forces, and provide grip for traction and handling. Common tire types include summer, winter, all-season, and all-terrain tires.
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The document provides information about tires, including:
1) John Dunlop invented the first pneumatic tire in 1888, replacing solid tires. Tires provide cushioning and friction to allow vehicles to move and steer while allowing brakes to stop the vehicle.
2) Tires are composed of many materials including rubber, steel, nylon, polyester and carbon black. Approximately 30% of a tire is rubber by weight.
3) Tires are made black by adding carbon black which absorbs harmful UV rays to protect the rubber. Tires have different parts including beads, body plies, tread, sidewalls, and liners.
4) There are different types of tire constructions including bias
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This document discusses wheel and tyre service, repair, and overhaul. It begins by introducing tyres and rims, describing their basic functions and components. It then discusses different types of tyres and their nomenclature systems. The document outlines the tyre construction process and different tread designs. It covers inspection and maintenance practices like checking inflation pressure and wear indicators. Finally, it briefly explains tyre rotation, wheel balancing, and bearing maintenance procedures.
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This document provides information about tyres and tubes for students. It discusses the construction of tyres, including treads, patterns, markings and ratings. It also covers the latest trends like run-flat and airless tyres. The document recommends safety measures for tyres such as checking for proper inflation and balancing to prevent hydroplaning. It concludes with reinforcing the importance of tyre safety and maintenance.
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This document discusses the components and specifications of tires. It describes various tire parts like the tread, sidewall, beads, and materials like cords and elastomers. It provides information on tire ratings for load, speed, and service. Wheel alignment and conditions that affect tire wear like improper inflation pressure or misalignment are also covered. Retreading worn tires is discussed as a way to make commercial vehicle tires more economical.
All types of Tires by Ankush Agrawal
Automobile or Automotive Tires:-
Functions (cushion and traction),
Parts (Beads, Body Plies, Tread, Sidewall, Liner, Belts) Overview of Tyre
Types ( All-terrain Tires, Mud tires, Winter Tires, All weather Tires, performance tires).
Load index and speed rating.
Designation and Dimension of Tires.
length width height diameter type of tires
tire construction :( Bias Ply Tires, Radial Tyres, Belted Bias Tires.)
Advantage and disadvantages of tires construction
Tube type tires
tubless tires
Difference between tubeless and tube type tires
Expiry date of tires
tyre problems
steering geometry leads tire problems
Under inflated tires
over inflated tires
proper inflated tires
Tubeless tires are designed in such a manner that the tire itself functions like a tube. The plies of the tire are similar whether it is a radial tire or a tubeless tire, but the difference is the presence of a inner lining layer that is made up of halogen butyl rubber such as chlorobutyl or bromobutyl rubber. This rubber has a special property of sealing any small puncture caused by a small nail or any other sharp object. This means that even if there is any mishap with a nail and a small puncture is caused by it, the tire seals the leakage itself by closing the leakage and the vehicle can cover distances up to 200 km without having to stop or getting the assistance of a mechanic to get the tire repaired.
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This document discusses the key components and functions of automobile tires. It describes the different types of tire casings, including cross-ply, radial, and belted bias ply tires. Radial tires provide advantages like greater shock absorption, lower rolling resistance, and better steering characteristics compared to cross-ply or bias ply tires. The document also outlines the various materials used in tire construction, factors that affect tire life, common tire issues, and the tire manufacturing process.
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3 tyre types
This document discusses different types of tires. There are two main types - tubed tires which have an inner tube, and tubeless tires which do not have an inner tube. Tubeless tires have advantages like lesser weight, better cooling, lower rolling resistance, and more comfortable ride.
The document also describes different tire constructions - cross-ply/bias ply tires which have fabric plies laid across each other at alternating angles, radial ply tires which have fabric arcs from bead to bead at 90 degree angles, and belted bias ply tires which have belt plies reinforced with wire. Radial ply tires provide benefits like better shock absorption and fuel efficiency compared to cross-ply tires.
Tyre maintenance in open cast mines
Tyres are crucial components for heavy vehicles operating in opencast mines. Proper tyre maintenance is needed to maximize tyre life. Key aspects of tyre maintenance include proper inflation, tyre matching, rotation policies, alignment checks, and repair procedures. Machine maintenance like ensuring proper braking and suspension also impacts tyre life. Operating conditions like underfoot terrain, spillage, and overloading can shorten tyre lifespan. Adhering to best practices for tyre usage, storage, and developing site conditions can extend tyre service life.
4 tyre pressure and defects
Tire pressure should be checked monthly when cold and adjusted according to temperature, as it can affect mileage. Nitrogen is better than oxygen in tires as it leaks out more slowly and prevents rust and oxidation of rubber and steel. Proper inflation prevents uneven and accelerated tire wear from under or over inflation. Tire defects like separations, bulges, cracks or tears can cause safety issues and should be addressed.
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The document discusses the materials used in car tires, including nylon, polyester, rayon, carbon black, and aramid fibers for the carcass and belts. It also discusses the components of tires like raw rubber, steel, and synthetic rubber. The aspect ratio and tire specifications are explained. Factors that affect tire life and common tire issues are outlined. The manufacturing of pneumatic tires filled with compressed air is also briefly discussed.
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Tubeless tires have several advantages over tube tires:
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The document defines and describes the main parts of a tire, including the bead, plies, tread, sidewall, liner, and belts. It discusses different types of tires based on tread pattern (summer, winter, all-season), carcass construction (cross ply, radial ply, belted bias), and whether they use a tube. The main parts of a conventional tube tire and tubeless tire are also outlined. Finally, common tread patterns and important tire markings on the sidewall are briefly mentioned.
Wheels and tyres for automobile
Tyres have several key functions: providing contact with the road surface, acting as the primary suspension, and allowing vehicles to brake, accelerate and steer. They are made up of plies, beads, treads and sidewalls. Radial tyres have plies that run straight across from bead to bead, providing a stable footprint. Proper tyre pressure and tread depth are important to prevent aquaplaning, where a layer of water builds up between the tyre and road surface causing loss of traction.
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Proper tire maintenance is an important safety function often neglected. The importance of properly maintaining your tires cannot be overemphasized. Remember, tires are the only contact between your vehicle and the road.
URL:http://www.nokiantires.com/company/news-article/new-nokian-wr-allweather-tires-forget-the-forecast-2/
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Speed ratings were established to match tire speed capability to vehicle top speed. Ratings are based on lab tests of maximum sustainable speed under load. Despite high ratings, manufacturers do not recommend exceeding legal speed limits. Lower rated tires have reduced handling and safety at high speeds due to increased heat, reduced braking ability, and decreased cornering grip. Tires must match the original vehicle specifications for safety.
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The document discusses the requirements and design of road wheels. It notes that wheels must minimize air loss, transmit drive to the road, and be removable. It lists additional requirements like withstanding driving forces. The document describes different wheel rim designs like aluminum alloy, pressed steel, and wire spoke rims, noting advantages of each. It also defines types of rim designs like two-piece, three-piece, and split rims, providing details on each. Finally, it poses and answers questions about wheel requirements and checks.
Tyres used in agricultural implements
This document provides information on different types of tires used in agricultural implements and the differences between radial and bias tires. It discusses solid tires, pneumatic tires including bias ply, bias belted and radial ply constructions. It then focuses on tires used in agricultural implements like tractors and implements. Finally, it details the differences between radial and bias tire constructions, components, and performance, noting that radials provide a softer ride, improved fuel economy, and longer tire life while bias tires sacrifice longevity but offer high load capacity at reduced cost.
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Tyres are ring-shaped components that surround a wheel's rim to transfer a vehicle's load from the axle to the ground and provide traction. The first practical pneumatic tire was invented in 1888 by John Boyd Dunlop. Materials used to make tires include rubber and metal. Tires support the vehicle, provide cushioning, transmit forces, and provide grip for traction and handling. Common tire types include summer, winter, all-season, and all-terrain tires.
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The document provides information about tires, including:
1) John Dunlop invented the first pneumatic tire in 1888, replacing solid tires. Tires provide cushioning and friction to allow vehicles to move and steer while allowing brakes to stop the vehicle.
2) Tires are composed of many materials including rubber, steel, nylon, polyester and carbon black. Approximately 30% of a tire is rubber by weight.
3) Tires are made black by adding carbon black which absorbs harmful UV rays to protect the rubber. Tires have different parts including beads, body plies, tread, sidewalls, and liners.
4) There are different types of tire constructions including bias
Wheel & Tyre-Service,Repair & Overhaul
This document discusses wheel and tyre service, repair, and overhaul. It begins by introducing tyres and rims, describing their basic functions and components. It then discusses different types of tyres and their nomenclature systems. The document outlines the tyre construction process and different tread designs. It covers inspection and maintenance practices like checking inflation pressure and wear indicators. Finally, it briefly explains tyre rotation, wheel balancing, and bearing maintenance procedures.
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This document provides information about tyres and tubes for students. It discusses the construction of tyres, including treads, patterns, markings and ratings. It also covers the latest trends like run-flat and airless tyres. The document recommends safety measures for tyres such as checking for proper inflation and balancing to prevent hydroplaning. It concludes with reinforcing the importance of tyre safety and maintenance.
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This document discusses the components and specifications of tires. It describes various tire parts like the tread, sidewall, beads, and materials like cords and elastomers. It provides information on tire ratings for load, speed, and service. Wheel alignment and conditions that affect tire wear like improper inflation pressure or misalignment are also covered. Retreading worn tires is discussed as a way to make commercial vehicle tires more economical.
All types of Tires by Ankush Agrawal
Automobile or Automotive Tires:-
Functions (cushion and traction),
Parts (Beads, Body Plies, Tread, Sidewall, Liner, Belts) Overview of Tyre
Types ( All-terrain Tires, Mud tires, Winter Tires, All weather Tires, performance tires).
Load index and speed rating.
Designation and Dimension of Tires.
length width height diameter type of tires
tire construction :( Bias Ply Tires, Radial Tyres, Belted Bias Tires.)
Advantage and disadvantages of tires construction
Tube type tires
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Difference between tubeless and tube type tires
Expiry date of tires
tyre problems
steering geometry leads tire problems
Under inflated tires
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Tubeless tires are designed in such a manner that the tire itself functions like a tube. The plies of the tire are similar whether it is a radial tire or a tubeless tire, but the difference is the presence of a inner lining layer that is made up of halogen butyl rubber such as chlorobutyl or bromobutyl rubber. This rubber has a special property of sealing any small puncture caused by a small nail or any other sharp object. This means that even if there is any mishap with a nail and a small puncture is caused by it, the tire seals the leakage itself by closing the leakage and the vehicle can cover distances up to 200 km without having to stop or getting the assistance of a mechanic to get the tire repaired.
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This document discusses the key components and functions of automobile tires. It describes the different types of tire casings, including cross-ply, radial, and belted bias ply tires. Radial tires provide advantages like greater shock absorption, lower rolling resistance, and better steering characteristics compared to cross-ply or bias ply tires. The document also outlines the various materials used in tire construction, factors that affect tire life, common tire issues, and the tire manufacturing process.
Difference between tubes and tubeless tyres
Tubeless tyres and tubed tyres are the two major choice people have but before making a selection of either of the two types it is important to understand the nitty-gritties of the same
3 tyre types
This document discusses different types of tires. There are two main types - tubed tires which have an inner tube, and tubeless tires which do not have an inner tube. Tubeless tires have advantages like lesser weight, better cooling, lower rolling resistance, and more comfortable ride.
The document also describes different tire constructions - cross-ply/bias ply tires which have fabric plies laid across each other at alternating angles, radial ply tires which have fabric arcs from bead to bead at 90 degree angles, and belted bias ply tires which have belt plies reinforced with wire. Radial ply tires provide benefits like better shock absorption and fuel efficiency compared to cross-ply tires.
Tyre maintenance in open cast mines
Tyres are crucial components for heavy vehicles operating in opencast mines. Proper tyre maintenance is needed to maximize tyre life. Key aspects of tyre maintenance include proper inflation, tyre matching, rotation policies, alignment checks, and repair procedures. Machine maintenance like ensuring proper braking and suspension also impacts tyre life. Operating conditions like underfoot terrain, spillage, and overloading can shorten tyre lifespan. Adhering to best practices for tyre usage, storage, and developing site conditions can extend tyre service life.
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Tire pressure should be checked monthly when cold and adjusted according to temperature, as it can affect mileage. Nitrogen is better than oxygen in tires as it leaks out more slowly and prevents rust and oxidation of rubber and steel. Proper inflation prevents uneven and accelerated tire wear from under or over inflation. Tire defects like separations, bulges, cracks or tears can cause safety issues and should be addressed.
3 tyre materials
The document discusses the materials used in car tires, including nylon, polyester, rayon, carbon black, and aramid fibers for the carcass and belts. It also discusses the components of tires like raw rubber, steel, and synthetic rubber. The aspect ratio and tire specifications are explained. Factors that affect tire life and common tire issues are outlined. The manufacturing of pneumatic tires filled with compressed air is also briefly discussed.
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1) They can be driven at lower pressures and seal small punctures with liquid sealant, allowing drivers to continue trips without needing a tire change.
2) Tubeless tires are lighter weight since they do not contain an inner tube, improving fuel efficiency.
3) Puncture repairs are simpler with tubeless tires as the tire does not need to be removed from the wheel.
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The document defines and describes the main parts of a tire, including the bead, plies, tread, sidewall, liner, and belts. It discusses different types of tires based on tread pattern (summer, winter, all-season), carcass construction (cross ply, radial ply, belted bias), and whether they use a tube. The main parts of a conventional tube tire and tubeless tire are also outlined. Finally, common tread patterns and important tire markings on the sidewall are briefly mentioned.
Wheels and tyres for automobile
Tyres have several key functions: providing contact with the road surface, acting as the primary suspension, and allowing vehicles to brake, accelerate and steer. They are made up of plies, beads, treads and sidewalls. Radial tyres have plies that run straight across from bead to bead, providing a stable footprint. Proper tyre pressure and tread depth are important to prevent aquaplaning, where a layer of water builds up between the tyre and road surface causing loss of traction.
Tyre and skid marks
This document discusses tyre and skid marks which are important evidence in criminal investigations. It describes how tyre impressions and tread patterns can help identify vehicles involved in crimes. Skid marks created when brakes are applied provide information about a vehicle's speed. The length of skid marks depends on factors like vehicle weight, road conditions, tyre condition and braking efficiency. Careful measurement and analysis of tyre and skid marks is important for determining vehicle details and reconstructing criminal events.
Tire Safety and Maintenance
Proper tire maintenance is an important safety function often neglected. The importance of properly maintaining your tires cannot be overemphasized. Remember, tires are the only contact between your vehicle and the road.
URL:http://www.nokiantires.com/company/news-article/new-nokian-wr-allweather-tires-forget-the-forecast-2/
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5. Use valve caps on tires at all times as required to prevent air loss and potential tire failure.
What are the Benefits of a Tire Rotation in a Car
Rotating car tires systematically is very crucial in terms of safety. Tire rotation is a part of the car aftercare regimen that is associated with different advantages. Tire rotation is absolutely a money saver as it leads to even tire wear, decreased vibration, and longer life-expectancy of the rubber. You can have a better handling and smooth driving experience with a vehicle having regularly rotated tires. Thus, rotate tires regularly and decrease the amount of work that the set of four tires take for your car to drive.
Mech disc brakes ppt
The document summarizes disk brakes, including how they work by squeezing an attached metal disc in a hydraulic caliper to slow a vehicle's wheels. It discusses the history of disk brakes, from animal-drawn vehicles relying on animals to accelerate and decelerate, to the more complex mechanical braking systems as technology advanced. The document also outlines the key advantages of disk brakes like improved efficiency, ability to withstand higher loads, and longer service life compared to drum brakes. Types of disk brakes include fixed and floating caliper designs, with floating calipers used commonly in passenger vehicles and air-actuated sliding calipers often used in commercial vehicles.
Differential Gear train
Car wheels spin at different speeds, especially when turning. It is known that each wheel travels a different distance through the turn, and that the inside wheels travel a shorter distance than the outside wheels. Since speed is equal to the distance traveled divided by the time it takes to go that distance, the wheels that travel a shorter distance travel at a lower speed. Also note that the front wheels travel a different distance than the rear wheels.
Brakes
This document provides an overview of braking systems, including drum brakes and disc brakes. It describes the basic components and functioning of brakes, how braking converts kinetic energy to heat, and the requirements of effective braking. Drum brakes use brake shoes that expand inward or outward to create friction with the brake drum. Disc brakes use calipers and pads that clamp onto a brake disc attached to the wheel. The document compares advantages and disadvantages of drum brakes versus disc brakes.
Factors affecting tyre life-1.ppt
There are several factors that can affect tyre life. Some factors are unavoidable like seasonal and climatic conditions or the type of work and roads. Other factors are avoidable through proper maintenance like wheel alignment, balancing, inflation pressure, and driving habits. Maintaining proper inflation pressure can improve tyre life significantly while under inflation reduces tyre life by up to 50%. Proper tyre fitment and avoidance of misalignment, irregular wear, and overloading can also extend tyre life.
TIRE TREAD WEAR & CAUSES
Tire tread wear is normal with use, but can occur irregularly due to factors like improper inflation pressure or wheel alignment issues. Checking tread depth regularly allows early detection of needed maintenance. The minimum tread depth is 2/32 of an inch, at which point tires should be replaced. Improper inflation can cause uneven wear, while alignment problems lead to specific wear patterns like heel-toe wear from misaligned toes. Maintaining proper pressure and checking alignment prevents early or irregular tire tread wear.
Conflicting nature between 2 wheel and 4 wheels drivetrain.ppt
This will help you to understand different wheel drive theories, why 2 wheel drive or 4 wheel drivetrain is used, and the conflicting nature between the two.
mech Disc brakes ppt.pptx
Disk brakes work by squeezing a metal disc attached to the wheel hub using a hydraulic caliper. They provide more efficient braking than drum brakes due to better heat dissipation and a larger friction surface. The document discusses the history and mechanics of disk brakes, comparing different types used in passenger cars and commercial vehicles. Disk brakes offer improved performance under high speeds and loads but require more complex maintenance than drum brakes.
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BRAKES PPT.........................................
BRAKES PPT.........................................
Design of Bevel Gears for Automotive Differentials and a Brief Study
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Tire rotation basics patterns, frequency & cost
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Conflicting nature between 2 wheel and 4 wheels drivetrain.ppt
More from Rob Ansell
Wheels and tyres pages 8 and 9
This document discusses wheels and tires. It describes two main types of tire pressure monitoring systems that use either the ABS system or direct sensors in the wheel rims. It also discusses two types of run-flat tires that use thicker sidewalls or support rings to drive on a flat tire. Space saver tires are used to save space in the vehicle boot. Hub bearings can be ball, roller, taper roller, or plain bearings and are checked for wear by feeling for play.
Wheels and tyres page 7
The document discusses tire safety legislation and proper tire inspection and wheel balancing. It notes that police have powers to prosecute drivers with illegal tires, including tires with tread depth less than 1.6mm or cuts over 25mm. A thorough tire inspection requires tools like a jack, tread gauge, and torch. An unbalanced wheel assembly can negatively impact a vehicle's handling, stability, and tire wear due to uneven centrifugal forces on the rotating assembly. Dynamic balancing is best for vehicles since it spins the wheel at high speeds to measure imbalance compared to static balancing.
Wheels and tyres page 6
The document discusses tyre sizes and aspect ratios. It explains that tyre sizes are denoted by a series of numbers on the sidewall. Today, tyres often have different widths and heights, and this size differentiation is expressed as an aspect ratio. The aspect ratio is the ratio of the tyre's height compared to its width, expressed as a percentage. The document provides an example tyre size and explains what each number in the size designation represents, such as width, aspect ratio, rim diameter, load index, and speed rating. It also discusses causes of different tyre wear problems like under inflation and over inflation.
Wheels and tyres page 5
Tyres have a load index rating that indicates their load carrying capacity, with a higher number meaning a greater capacity. They also have a speed rating using letters, with higher letters indicating a higher maximum safe speed. Using a tyre with too low a load or speed rating could cause overloading or overheating and result in failure like a blowout. Tread wear indicators are used to visually check the tread depth remains above the minimum legal limit.
Wheels and tyres page 2
The one-piece rim is commonly used today and has integral design features regardless of the material it is made from. The wheel rim must allow the tire to seal and maintain pressure while allowing easy mounting and removal. The well enables tire removal and replacement by allowing one bead to stretch into it. The flange prevents the tire from coming off the rim. Some rims have added safety ridges in the taper to stop tire detachment if a puncture occurs.
Ignition systems page 13
A stroboscopic timing lamp is used to check ignition timing. Mechanical contact breaker distributors don't stay accurate for long, wear out quickly, and require frequent servicing. An engine with over-retarded ignition can run after being switched off or overheat, while one with over-advanced ignition causes detonation and poor running. Ignition coils use mutual induction to step up the voltage from 12V to the higher voltage needed to create a spark.
Ignition systems page 12
Ignition maps stored in an ignition ECU contain factory programmed ignition timing settings for different engine speeds and loads. During engine design, manufacturers calculate the optimal timing for power, economy, and other factors. Graphs show timing advance curves for mechanical distributors and electronic ignition maps. Ignition maps provide more accurate timing across conditions than mechanical distributors, improving performance and economy. The latest ignition systems use individual coils for each cylinder, generating over 40,000 volts for better running and starting.
Ignition systems page 11
Distributorless ignition systems utilize special coils instead of a distributor to deliver sparks. Each coil fires alternately to produce sparks for two cylinders simultaneously, with one spark igniting normally and the other being "wasted" in the exhaust stroke cylinder where it has no effect. Programmed ignition systems use an ECU to alter ignition timing based on engine speed and load conditions stored in maps to match a wide range of operating conditions.
Ignition systems page 10
Spark plugs ignite the fuel mixture in an engine. They produce a high-voltage spark that jumps the air gap between the electrodes, igniting the petrol and air. The insulator and ceramic materials allow the spark plug to withstand the high voltages and temperatures involved. The plug reach must be correctly sized so the spark can jump the gap to ignite the fuel without damaging the piston. Different plug designs alter the heat path to suit various engine applications.
Ignition systems page 9
The high tension leads connect the distributor cap to the spark plugs and coil. They are highly insulated wires to keep the high voltage inside and reduce radio interference. There are three common types of high tension leads: copper core, graphite core, and reactive cable. It is important that the spark does not leak to earth before reaching the spark plug, otherwise the plug will not fire the fuel mixture. Spark tracking can cause an engine to not run by providing a path for the spark to leak to earth instead of jumping the spark plug gap.
Ignition systems page 8
The optical pulse generator consists of a shutter connected to a distributor shaft cam. When the distributor rotates, the shutter interrupts a light beam between a light emitting diode and photo transistor. This produces a signal that is passed to the control module to determine engine speed and position. The control module amplifies and switches the primary signal from the trigger systems and can vary the dwell angle. It is located near the distributor to simplify wiring and improve reliability.
Ignition systems page 7
The document discusses different ignition system trigger types. It describes three main types of pulse generators: Hall effect, inductive, and optical. The inductive type works by inducing an alternating current in a coil from a rotating iron magnet rotor. The faster the rotor spins, the higher the frequency and voltage output. The Hall effect type uses a magnet and Hall chip, where the magnetic flux is diverted away from the chip by a passing vane, turning the chip on and off. It provides a timing signal to a transistor that switches the primary circuit.
Ignition systems page 6
The ignition timing must be advanced to allow time for the fuel to fully combust before maximum cylinder pressure is reached slightly after top dead center. As engine speed increases, the crankshaft rotates through each cycle faster, so the ignition timing needs to be advanced earlier in the cycle using a centrifugal advance mechanism. At lower engine speeds and partial throttle openings, vacuum control is used to further advance the timing for complete combustion with a weaker air-fuel mixture that burns more slowly.
Ignition systems page 5
The document discusses dwell angle, which is the amount of degrees of rotation of the distributor cam that the contact breaker points are closed. A typical dwell angle setting for a four cylinder engine is approximately 50 degrees. It provides an example of a four cylinder vehicle with a dwell angle of 50 degrees, in which the points would be open for 160 degrees and closed for 200 degrees per rotation. It asks how many cylinders an engine with four cams on the rotor would have, and notes it would be four cylinders. The document discusses issues that can occur with too large or too small of an air gap at the contact breaker points. It also lists three disadvantages of contact breaker points compared to a modern electronic ignition system.
Ignition systems page 4
Contact breaker points are no longer used in modern vehicles but can still be found in some older vehicles. Contact breaker points are used to switch the primary circuit of the ignition coil on and off, causing the magnetic field to collapse rapidly and inducing a high voltage in the secondary circuit. Modern vehicles do not use this system because the mechanical contact breaker points have a limited lifespan and are replaced by electronic ignition systems which do not wear out.
Ignition systems page 3
The document discusses ignition coils and ballast resistors. It provides details on how ignition coils work, producing high voltage sparks from a lower primary voltage using electromagnetic induction. It notes that ignition coil output is influenced by primary voltage, contact points, and winding conditions. A ballast resistor is used to offset the battery drain from starting, maintaining sufficient primary voltage for good sparking when starting. It works by bypassing the resistor once the engine is running to provide full battery voltage to the primary coil winding.
Ignition systems page 2
The ignition system has two circuits: the primary and secondary. The primary circuit charges and discharges the coil. This discharge induces a high voltage in the secondary circuit, which creates the spark at the spark plug. To jump a 0.6mm air gap requires 2000-3000 volts, while inside an engine cylinder requires over 8000 volts. Higher compression engines may require up to 20,000 volts. The vehicle's 12 volt system steps up the voltage through mutual induction in the coil, where a magnetic field built up in the primary windings collapses rapidly into the secondary windings, discharging high voltage to the spark plug.
Ignition systems page 1
The document discusses ignition systems for internal combustion engines. It explains that the main purpose of an ignition system is to provide a spark in the combustion chamber towards the end of the compression stroke to ignite the air-fuel mixture. It outlines the two main categories of ignition systems with camshaft-driven distributors: contact breaker point systems and contactless electronic systems. The contact breaker system uses a mechanical switch to operate the ignition coil, while the electronic system uses electrical components. It also includes diagrams of a four-cylinder coil ignition system and questions about the functions of its components.
Cables page 111 in book
The selection of cables and insulation for vehicles depends on the voltage and current to be carried. Cables are often bundled together in a harness for easier installation and to reduce breakage risks. Individual cables are color-coded to identify their path. Cable thickness determines current capacity, with a 0.30mm cable rated for 0.5 amps. Starter motors convert electrical to mechanical energy to crank the engine. They typically use inertia or pre-engagement designs.
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【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
一比一原版(AUT毕业证)奥克兰理工大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
AUT毕业证【微信95270640】奥克兰理工大学毕业证购买,办理AUT成绩单,AUT毕业证制作【Q微信95270640】《奥克兰理工大学毕业证》，AUT毕业证购买，AUT学位证，奥克兰理工大学学位证《AUT成绩单制作》【AUT毕业证文凭 AUT本科 澳洲学历认证原版制作《diploma certificate degree transcript 》【留信网认证，本科，硕士，海归，博士，排名，成绩单】代办国外（海外）澳洲、韩国、加拿大、新西兰等各大学毕业证。 ?我们对海外大学及学院的毕业证成绩单所使用的材料，尺寸大小，防伪结构（包括：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。 文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）都有原版本文凭对照。
[留学文凭学历认证(留信认证使馆认证)奥克兰理工大学毕业证成绩单毕业证证书大学Offer请假条成绩单语言证书国际回国人员证明高仿教育部认证申请学校等一切高仿或者真实可查认证服务。
多年留学服务公司,拥有海外样板无数能完美1:1还原海外各国大学degreeDiplomaTranscripts等毕业材料。海外大学毕业材料都有哪些工艺呢？工艺难度主要由：烫金.钢印.底纹.水印.防伪光标.热敏防伪等等组成。而且我们每天都在更新海外文凭的样板以求所有同学都能享受到完美的品质服务。
国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理方法：
1客户提供办理奥克兰理工大学奥克兰理工大学毕业证成绩单信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
— — — — 我们是挂科和未毕业同学们的福音我们是实体公司精益求精的工艺！ — — — -
一真实留信认证的作用(私企外企荣誉的见证):
1：该专业认证可证明留学生真实留学身份同时对留学生所学专业等级给予评定。
2：国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书这个入网证书并且可以归档到地方。
3：凡是获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内将在公安部网内查询个人身份证信息后同步读取人才网入库信息。
4：个人职称评审加20分个人信誉贷款加10分。
5：在国家人才网主办的全国网络招聘大会中纳入资料供国家500强等高端企业选择人才。电总将小方桌搁在门口看书写作业有一次山娃坐在门口写作业写着写着竟伏在桌上睡着了迷迷糊糊中山娃似乎听到了父亲的脚步声当他晃晃悠悠站起来时才诧然发现一位衣衫破旧的妇女挎着一只硕大的蛇皮袋手里拎着长铁钩正站在门口朝黑色的屋内张望不好坏人小偷山娃一怔却也灵机一动立马仰起头双手拢在嘴边朝楼上大喊：“爸爸爸——有人找——那人一听朝山娃尴尬地笑笑悻悻地走了山娃立马“嘭的一声将铁门锁死心却咚咚地乱跳当山娃跟父亲有
原版制作(Exeter毕业证书)埃克塞特大学毕业证完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Exeter毕业证书)埃克塞特大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
一比一原版(AIS毕业证)奥克兰商学院毕业证成绩单如何办理
AIS毕业证【微信95270640】《如何办理AIS毕业证奥克兰商学院文凭学历》【Q微信95270640】《奥克兰商学院文凭学历证书》《奥克兰商学院毕业证书与成绩单样本图片》毕业证书补办 Fake Degree做学费单《毕业证明信-推荐信》成绩单，录取通知书，Offer，在读证明，雅思托福成绩单，真实大使馆教育部认证，回国人员证明，留信网认证。网上存档永久可查！
如果您是以下情况，我们都能竭诚为您解决实际问题：【公司采用定金+余款的付款流程，以最大化保障您的利益，让您放心无忧】
1、在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业，拿不到官方毕业证+微信95270640
2、面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到奥克兰商学院奥克兰商学院毕业证学历书；
3、不清楚流程以及材料该如何准备奥克兰商学院奥克兰商学院毕业证学历书；
4、回国时间很长，忘记办理；
5、回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
6、企事业单位必须要求办理的；
面向美国乔治城大学毕业留学生提供以下服务:
【★奥克兰商学院奥克兰商学院毕业证学历书毕业证、成绩单等全套材料，从防伪到印刷，从水印到钢印烫金，与学校100%相同】
【★真实使馆认证（留学人员回国证明），使馆存档可通过大使馆查询确认】
【★真实教育部认证，教育部存档，教育部留服网站可查】
【★真实留信认证，留信网入库存档，可查奥克兰商学院奥克兰商学院毕业证学历书】
我们从事工作十余年的有着丰富经验的业务顾问，熟悉海外各国大学的学制及教育体系，并且以挂科生解决毕业材料不全问题为基础，为客户量身定制1对1方案，未能毕业的回国留学生成功搭建回国顺利发展所需的桥梁。我们一直努力以高品质的教育为起点，以诚信、专业、高效、创新作为一切的行动宗旨，始终把“诚信为主、质量为本、客户第一”作为我们全部工作的出发点和归宿点。同时为海内外留学生提供大学毕业证购买、补办成绩单及各类分数修改等服务；归国认证方面，提供《留信网入库》申请、《国外学历学位认证》申请以及真实学籍办理等服务，帮助众多莘莘学子实现了一个又一个梦想。
专业服务，请勿犹豫联系我
如果您真实毕业回国，对于学历认证无从下手，请联系我，我们免费帮您递交
诚招代理：本公司诚聘当地代理人员，如果你有业余时间，或者你有同学朋友需要，有兴趣就请联系我
你赢我赢，共创双赢
你做代理，可以帮助奥克兰商学院同学朋友
你做代理，可以拯救奥克兰商学院失足青年
你做代理，可以挽救奥克兰商学院一个个人才
你做代理，你将是别人人生奥克兰商学院的转折点
你做代理，可以改变自己，改变他人，给他人和自己一个机会的笑连连说记得记得但别忘了拿奖状进城啊考试一结束山娃就迫不及待地给父亲挂电话：爸我拿奖了三好学生接我进城吧父亲果然没有食言第二天就请假回家接山娃离开爷爷奶奶的那一刻山娃又伤心得泪如雨下宛如军人奔赴前线般难舍和悲壮卧空调大巴挤长蛇列车山娃发现车上挤满了叽叽喳喳的同龄人皆一脸惊喜地四处瞅山娃不认识他们也无暇去套近乎一味地跟着父亲昼夜兼程第二天凌晨就辗转到了父亲的城哇父亲的城真的好大好美哟走出广州火车方
What do the symbols on vehicle dashboard mean?
Ever been troubled by the blinking sign and didn’t know what to do?
Here’s a handy guide to dashboard symbols so that you’ll never be confused again!
Save them for later and save the trouble!
Digital Fleet Management - Why Your Business Need It?
Fleet management these days is next to impossible without connected vehicle solutions. Why? Well, fleet trackers and accompanying connected vehicle management solutions tend to offer quite a few hard-to-ignore benefits to fleet managers and businesses alike. Let’s check them out!
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AadiShakti Projects ( Asp Cranes ) Raipur
Welcome to ASP Cranes, your trusted partner for crane solutions in Raipur, Chhattisgarh! With years of experience and a commitment to excellence, we offer a comprehensive range of crane services tailored to meet your lifting and material handling needs.
At ASP Cranes, we understand the importance of reliable and efficient crane operations in various industries, from construction and manufacturing to logistics and infrastructure development. That's why we strive to deliver top-notch solutions that enhance productivity, safety, and cost-effectiveness for our clients.
Our services include:
Crane Rental: Whether you need a crawler crane for heavy lifting or a hydraulic crane for versatile operations, we have a diverse fleet of well-maintained cranes available for rent. Our rental options are flexible and can be customized to suit your project requirements.
Crane Sales: Looking to invest in a crane for your business? We offer a wide selection of new and used cranes from leading manufacturers, ensuring you find the perfect equipment to match your needs and budget.
Crane Maintenance and Repair: To ensure optimal performance and safety, regular maintenance and timely repairs are essential for cranes. Our team of skilled technicians provides comprehensive maintenance and repair services to keep your equipment running smoothly and minimize downtime.
Crane Operator Training: Proper training is crucial for safe and efficient crane operation. We offer specialized training programs conducted by certified instructors to equip operators with the skills and knowledge they need to handle cranes effectively.
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At ASP Cranes, customer satisfaction is our top priority. We are dedicated to delivering reliable, cost-effective, and innovative crane solutions that exceed expectations. Contact us today to learn more about our services and how we can support your project in Raipur, Chhattisgarh, and beyond. Let ASP Cranes be your trusted partner for all your crane needs!
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Wheels and tyres page 4
- 1. Wheels and Tyres Page 4
- 2. 3 groups, each group to research a given topic and feed back to the group Group 1 characteristics of a radial ply tyre Group 2 characteristics of a cross ply tyre Group 3 reasons why cross ply and radial ply tyres cant be mixed in some circumstances
- 3. Characteristics of radial and cross ply tyres are very different. So much so that it is illegal to mix them in differing layouts.
- 4. State characteristics of radial tyres: • Lower rolling resistance so fuel consumption is improved • Better handling than a crossply tyre • Approximately 80% longer life than a cross ply tyre
- 5. State characteristics of cross ply tyres: • Lighter steering at slow speeds • Don’t provide good adhesion when cornering when compared to radial ply tyres – vehicle will drift easier with cross ply tyres
- 6. Which tyre is the most desirable for use on modern vehicles and why? • Radial ply tyres are more desirable • Better road holding • Better fuel consumption • Better life expectancy
- 7. Below is a mix of tyres on various vehicles, state whether the tyre combinations are legal or illegal:
- 8. Legal or illegal? Illegal
- 9. Legal or illegal? Illegal
- 10. Illegal or legal? Legal
- 11. Legal or illegal? Legal This is an odd combination, this is legal because of the number of tyres on the rear axle giving more surface area in contact with the road surface, so less likely to get over steer. It is illegal to mix cross plies and radial on the rear axle because as the radial tyres deflect the cross ply tyres will be over loaded.
- 12. State why it is considered dangerous to mix radial and cross ply tyres in certain combinations: • Because of the steering and road holding characteristics between the two tyres • Radial ply tyres are better at road holding than cross plies • Understeer is more desirable than over steer, so if the two are to be mixed the radials must be fitted to the rear
- 13. Questions 1. What tyres are considered to be the best? 2. Name 2 advantages of radial ply tyres over cross ply tyres 3. Why is it illegal to mix cross ply and radial ply tyres on the same axle? 4. If you have 2 radial ply tyres and 2 cross ply tyres how can they all be fitted to the vehicle legally? 5. What steering situation is considered to be the most desirable under or over steer, and why?
- 14. Answers 1. Radial ply tyres 2. Better fuel efficiency, last longer, better road holding 3. Because of the different handling characteristics of the two types of tyre would make it unsafe 4. Radials to the rear, cross plies to the front 5. Under steer is most desirable because it is deemed easier to control – so is safer