Introduction to Learning and Learning Theory used on Oxford Brookes University's First Steps in Teaching and Learning Course http://www.brookes.ac.uk/services/ocsld/staffcourses/newlecturers/first-steps.html
Reflective practice is a discipline that ensures we give adequate time and attention to reflection in the learning cycle. It is necessary for the development of wisdom, and wisdom is necessary for effective change.
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Delivered as part of our Conference with Confidence series, this interactive workshop will help you to understand the theory of reflective practice, how to overcome barriers to integrate it into your everyday role and offer a chance to practice reflective writing. All skills that come in handy when preparing those conference abstracts… It is also useful if you are thinking of undertaking any level of professional qualification such as CILIP Chartership or Fellowship of the Higher Education Academy.
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Reflective practice is a discipline that ensures we give adequate time and attention to reflection in the learning cycle. It is necessary for the development of wisdom, and wisdom is necessary for effective change.
A great deal of your time university will be spent thinking; thinking about what people have said,
what you have read, what you yourself are thinking and how your thinking has changed. It is
generally believed that the thinking process involves two aspects: reflective thinking and critical
thinking. They are not separate processes; rather, they are closely connected (Brookfield 1987).
Visible Thinking is a broad and flexible framework for enriching workplace learning in the content areas and fostering team members’ intellectual development at the same time.
The central idea of Visible Thinking is very simple: making thinking visible.
In this presentation, Abhishek tries to explore how Visible Thinking can be applied in an organisation.
Conference with Confidence: Reflective Practice Workshop Claire Sewell
Being a reflective practitioner is something which doesn’t come naturally to all of us but it is a surprisingly easy skill to develop. As well as helping you to think critically about your own personal development, undertaking reflection can help library staff to improve their service and deal with user feedback in a constructive way.
Delivered as part of our Conference with Confidence series, this interactive workshop will help you to understand the theory of reflective practice, how to overcome barriers to integrate it into your everyday role and offer a chance to practice reflective writing. All skills that come in handy when preparing those conference abstracts… It is also useful if you are thinking of undertaking any level of professional qualification such as CILIP Chartership or Fellowship of the Higher Education Academy.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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3. Programme
• What is Learning?
• Core Concepts for Teaching in
HE
• Planning & Running Sessions
• Next Steps
4. Aims
• Introduce the group to one another
• Provide basic guidance on
Learning theories
Objective-led teaching
• Practice a small piece of “microteaching”
• Address some of your practical challenges of teaching
5. Your Objectives
• With partner, pairs or a three
• What do you hope to be able to DO better as a
result of this course
7. Objective led
• Objectives define students
knowledge, understanding, intellectual and
subject specific skills at each level.
• Objectives clarify the purpose of the course – for
you and your students
• Objectives help you decide and prioritise which
topics to teach, and in what depth
• Objectives help define appropriate teaching and
learning strategies
• Thinking about how students demonstrate their
learning leads naturally to purposeful assessment
tasks
8. Objectives
What do I hope you will be able to do better as a result of this
morning‟s sessions?
• Describe some approaches to learning
• Write [effective] learning outcomes
• Elaborate/develop [some] “effectiveness criteria” for
teaching
9. Learning
“I want to talk about learning. But not the
lifeless, sterile, futile, quickly forgotten stuff that is crammed in
to the mind of the poor helpless individual tied into his seat by
ironclad bonds of conformity! I am talking about LEARNING -
the insatiable curiosity that drives the adolescent boy to absorb
everything he can see or hear or read about gasoline engines
in order to improve the efficiency and speed of his 'cruiser'. I
am talking about the student who says, "I am
discovering, drawing in from the outside, and making that
which is drawn in a real part of me." I am talking about any
learning in which the experience of the learner progresses
along this line: "No, no, that's not what I want"; "Wait! This is
closer to what I am interested in, what I need"; "Ah, here it is!
Now I'm grasping and comprehending what I need and what I
want to know!” Carl Rogers
Rogers, C. and Freiberg, H. J. (1993) Freedom to Learn (3rd edn.)
10. My Learning and view of students learning
With a partner, discuss and produce a joint „poster‟ on the following:
• How do you learn best?
• How [have / will] your own learning
experiences influence(d) how you teach?
• What strategies and techniques [do you /
would you] employ to help students learn?
11. Some models / theories of learning
• Learning Cycles
• Approaches to Learning
• Process / product
• Deep / Surface
• Social Learning
13. Conceptions of Learning
1. Learning as a quantitative increase in knowledge. Learning
is acquiring information or „knowing a lot‟.
2. Learning as memorising. Learning is storing information that
can be reproduced.
3. Learning as acquiring facts, skills, and methods that can be
retained and used as necessary.
4. Learning as making sense or abstracting meaning. Learning
involves relating parts of the subject matter to each other
and to the real world.
5. Learning as interpreting and understanding reality in a
different way. Learning involves comprehending the world
by reinterpreting knowledge.
How do your definitions fit with these?
14. Deep and surface
• Surface learning
– Rote learning or memorisation
• Deep learning
– Learning with understanding
• 2 examples follow:
– How would you characterise these?
– Discuss with your neighbour(s)
• MARTON F and SÄLJÖ (1976) "On Qualitative Differences in Learning — 1:
Outcome and Process" Brit. J. Educ. Psych. 46, 4-11
15. The first time I read it I really came away with the
feeling I hadn’t actually got anything from it ... A few of
the things I would just skim through it and got
completely the wrong meaning, just because I assumed
it would be a different meaning ... I thought ... I must be
reading it wrong or something. So I just read through it
a second time very slowly. Sometimes I would read it
aloud, that kind of helped ... It was very much easier to
understand ... I think actually this time I understood
what they were talking about rather than just made up
what they were talking about by making little references
back to it …
16. There’ll be a topic in the book which the question
comes under, and then you hunt through that
section to see if they’ve got any... Hopefully, they’ll
have the exact question and you can copy it
straight down without doing any work at all ...
Usually you have to hunt out the various related
equations, then you just apply these to the
problem. That’s all really.
17. Strategic learning
• Well-organised form of Surface approach; the
motivation is to get good marks.
• Learning construed as a game: acquisition of
technique improves performance.
• Insofar as learning is not a game, it breaks
down.
• Atherton J S (2011) Learning and Teaching; Deep and Surface
learning [On-line: UK] retrieved 19 September 2011 from
http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/deepsurf.htm
18. The lecturer told us his marking scheme, and 16 of the
possible 20 marks went for the design, building and
performance of the bridge. It was a model bridge, and
only 4 marks, 20% of the marks, were available for the
report. So obviously I didn’t put much effort into that at
all ... I’m well aware that I’m here to get a degree you
know, you don’t write what you think, you write what
the tutor wants you to think. And in engineering in
general there’s not much room for that. I think there
would be a lot more room for it in subjective things,
and I would do it even more then, presumably.
19. Kolb‟s experiential learning cycle In practice and
also in the
„microteaching‟
What we hope you
do when you teach Concrete
Experience
Active Reflective
Experimentatio Observation
n
Abstract
Conceptualis-
“Theories” – ation This is what we want
your own and to encourage
others‟
Reproduced with acknowledgement to James Atherton (2009)
20. Product and Process
• Learning as Process
• Learning as Product or outcome
• Learning and teaching as a subject of
inquiry, a field or discipline in its own right
– pedagogy, andragogy
21. Social Learning
Q: Is learning purely a possession of the individual
that can be found inside their heads?
• Learning is in the relationship between people
• We educate for learners to become part of a
community of practice, e.g. a disciplinary
community. (See Lave & Wenger)
• There is a connection between knowledge and
activity
22. Summary
• Deep, surface & strategic
• Learning Cycles
• Process and product
• Social and individual
23. Summary: good practice
• encourage student-tutor contact
• encourage student-student co-operation
• encourage active learning
• give prompt feedback
• emphasise time on task
• have and communicate high expectations
• respect diverse talents and ways of
learning
(Chickering & Gamson, 1987)
independent of the mode of engagement
Editor's Notes
How do your definitions link to these?
Intention to understand ideas for oneselfRelating ideas to previous knowledge and experienceLooking for patterns and underlying principlesChecking evidence and relating it to conclusionsExamining logic and argument cautiously and criticallyBecoming actively interested in the course content
Intention to cope minimally with course requirementsStudying without reflecting on purpose or strategyTreating the course as unrelated bits of knowledgeMemorising facts and procedures routinelyFinding difficulty in making sense of new ideasFeeling undue pressure and worry about work
Intention to achieve the highest possible gradesPutting consistent effort into studyingFinding the right conditions and materials for studyingManaging time and effort effectivelyBeing alert to assessment requirements and criteriaGearing work to the perceived preferences of lecturers