The document explains the concept of a kernel in operating systems, comparing it to a car's engine, essential for functionality but not directly interactive. It details the roles of a kernel such as system calls, process management, and memory management, and mentions that various operating systems like Linux, Ubuntu, and Android are built on different kernels. The document also notes that the majority of supercomputers utilize the Linux kernel, developed by Linus Torvalds.

1. What is a Kernel?

2. This assembly is responsible for the movement of car and various other
functions but we cannot travel in it as it has no seats or exteriors.
This is a Kernel

3. We make exteriors and seats so that we can interact with the car.
This is an OS

4. Kernel vs OS
• This engine is analogous to kernel. Without it
operating system is nothing. More formally, we can
also call kernel a type of micro OS that handles all the
very important functions.
• While the main OS contains various other functions
and kernel in the same way the car has shafts and
tyres for rotations.

5. Kernel is present inside Operating System
• Same engine can be used to create different car models.
• Similarly same kernel can be used to create different OS.
• Example- Linux kernel is used to create following OS
-Ubuntu
-Fedora
-Solaris
-Android etc.

6. What does Kernel do?
• System calls
• Process management
• Memory management
• File system
• Device drivers
• Network

7. Different OS and their Kernels
Mac
Windows
Android
XNU
Windows NT
Linux
X is Not Unix

8. • 90% of world’s most powerful supercomputers run on GNU linux.
• All top 10 supercomputers run on Linux Kernel.
• Linus Torvalds is the founder of Linux.
• He developed the Linux OS by reading the book that we are reading
right now.
Operating System –Design & Implementation
-Andrew S. Tanenbaum
Facts GNU is Not Unix

9. Architecture of Kernel

10. Architecture of Kernel

11. Thank you 