The document summarizes Reconstruction and the New South after the Civil War. It describes the huge problems facing the South after the war ended, including widespread ruin and refugees needing food, shelter, and work. It then outlines Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction, the passage of the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery, the rise of Radical Republican control pushing black suffrage and civil rights, the end of Reconstruction leading to the loss of black voting rights and rise of Jim Crow, and the eventual economic recovery of the South in later decades.

1. Reconstruction and the New South

2. Rebuilding the Nation

3.  Huge problems after Civil War ended
 Vast parts of the South were ruined
 Homeless refugees scattered across the South
 Both African American & Whites
 Needed: food, shelter, & work
 Biggest problem
 Suppressing the hard feelings between the North &
South

4.  Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction
 December 1863
 10% of voters need to take loyalty oath to U.S.
 New gov’t could then be formed
 Declare an end to slavery
 Members of state could be sent to Congress to take part
in national gov’t
 Plan included amnesty for former Confederates
 Not for Confederate gov’t leaders or military leaders

5.  Stricter than 10% plan
 50% of voters to swear loyalty oath
 Voluntary Confederate soldiers not allowed to vote for
delegates meeting to form new state constitution
 Lincoln refused the bill & it never became law
 Lincoln thought his lenient plan would promote a
strong Republican party in the South
 Radical Republicans opposed lenient plan & wanted
strict plan
 Thought strict plan would keep Confederates who led the
secession from regaining power

6.  Developed to deal with the needs of freed African
Americans & war refugees after the war
 1st Duty: provide emergency relief
 2nd: set up schools to teach freed slaves to read & write
 African American communities also set up their own
schools & paid for teachers by pooling money
 Many white northern women were teachers as well as
black northern women
 Continue education centers were also started
 Public Education system to education whites & blacks in
most southern states

7.  Bureau also helped freedmen find jobs & resolve
disputes between whites & blacks
 Bureau also set up its own court system to deal with
cheaters

8.  April 14, 1865
 5 DAYS after the war
 John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln at the Ford’s Theater in
Washington
 Shot Lincoln in the head with a single bullet
 Booth later shot & killed after the barn he was hiding in was set on fire
 8 others convicted & 4 were hung for their part in the plot to kill
Lincoln
 Nation shocked by death
 Huge crowds paid their last respects & Lincoln’s body was
transported back to Illinois for burial
 Vice President Andrew Johnson, southern Democrat, became
President
 Showed bitterness toward the Confederacy before & during the war,
many expected him to take a strict approach to Reconstruction

9. The Battle Over Reconstruction

10.  Andrew Johnson
 Proposed lenient plan of Reconstruction
 Put plan into effect himself, did not consult w/
legislators

11.  January 1865
 Congress approved amendment to abolish slavery
throughout the nation
 Banned slavery & forced labor
 Congress had power to make laws to enforce its terms

12.  Amnesty offered
 Southern states could organize new gov’t & elect reps. for
Congress
 Had to abolish slavery & ratify the 13th Amendment
 December 1865
 Most states met Johnson’s requirements
 Senators elected included many former Confederate leaders
 Congress rejected plan
 1st: refused to seat southern senators & reps.
 2nd: two houses appointed a committee to form a new plan for
the South
 Heard testimony about black codes: new laws used by southern
states to control African Americans

13.  Black Codes
 Replaced slavery w/ near slavery
 Caused hard line in Congress
 Radical Republicans
 Wanted to prevent former Confederates from regaining
control over southern politics
 To protect the freedmen & guarantee them a right to
vote

14.  Granted citizenship rights to African Americans and
guaranteed the civil rights of all people except Native
Americans
 Vetoed by Johnson & another bill extending the life of
the Freedmen’s Bureau
 Congress voted to overturn vetoes, & both received 2/3 vote of
each house & became law

15.  All people born or naturalized in the U.S. are citizens
 States may not pass laws that take away a citizen’s
rights; cannot deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property w/o due process of law, or deny equal
protection of the laws.
 Any state that denies the vote to any male citizen over
the age of 21, will have representation in Congress
reduced (not enforced until 1970s)
 Became powerful tool for enforcing civil rights

16.  1866 election
 Rioters & police killed many African Americans in
southern cities
 Led Congress to push for a stricter form of
Reconstruction

17.  Radical Republicans
 Won support to begin strict reconstruction
 Reconstruction Act of 1867
 Removed gov’t of all southern states that did not ratify
14th Amendment
 Imposed military rule & divided states into five military
districts
 Before returning to Union, each state had to write new
state constitution & ratify 14th Amendment
 Also had to let African Americans vote

18.  African Americans
 Were elected as sheriffs, mayors
 18 served in Congress
 Radical Reconstruction
 Southern states opened public schools, legislators spread tax
money more evenly, & made fairer voting rules, gave property
rights to women, states rebuilt bridges, roads & buildings
 Republican Party built a strong following from 3 groups
 Scalawags: southern whites who had opposed secession
 Freedmen voters
 Carpetbaggers: name given by southerners to northern whites who
went south to start businesses or pursue political office

19.  Approved in 1869
 Barred all states from denying African American males
the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude
 Did not prevent states from requiring voters to own
property or pay a voting tax

20.  Secret societies created by white shut out of power to
terrorize African Americans & their white allies
 Would threaten African American voters, burn crosses
in their yard
 When threats failed they would: whip, torture, shoot, or
hang African Americans & white Republicans
 Congress responded to violence w/ new laws
 Ku Klux Klan Acts of 1870 & 1871
 Barred use of force against voeters

21. The End of Reconstruction

22.  Radical Republicans
 Support declined
 People focused more on their own lives
 Grant’s Scandals
 Poor public office appointments
 Corruption of appointees
 Grant
 Claimed no part in scandals, but reputation was hurt
 Won reelection in 1872, but Northerners lost faith in
Republicans & their policies

23.  Amnesty for Confederates?
 Northerners & Southerners both wanted the withdrawal
of federal troops & amnesty for Confederates
 1869
 Republican opponents: began taking back the south one
state at a time
 Chipped away at African Americans rights

24.  End of Reconstruction resulted from this election
 Choice of President decided by Congress
 Due to election returns
 Deal made between Republicans & Democrats
 Republicans: Rutherford B. Hayes; would continue reconstruction
 Democrats: Tilden; would end reconstruction
 Won popular vote; 20 electoral votes disputed; one vote short of 185 needed to
win electoral college
 Special Commissions
 15 members appointed by Congress
 Most were Republicans
 20 electoral votes given to Hayes
 Democrats did not fight decision because Hayes told them privately he
would end reconstruction
 Once in office Hayes removed federal troops from the South

25.  End of Reconstruction
 African Americans lost political & civil rights
 Several techniques used to stop blacks from voting
 Poll tax: must pay a tax before voting; kept poor whites & freedmen
from voting
 Literacy test: required to read & explain section of Constitution
 Grandfather clause allowed illiterate white males to vote; test
avoided if father or grandfather had been eligible to vote on Jan. 1,
1867
 Segregation: enforced separation of races; barred mixing of races in
almost every aspect of life, know as Jim Crow laws (born in separate
hospitals, buried in separate cemeteries, separate playgrounds,
restaurants, & schools, travel on specific seats on streetcars or take
black streetcars); Laws were upheld in local courts

26.  1896
 Supreme Court upheld segregation laws
 Plessy v. Ferguson
 Homer Plessy arrested for sitting in a coach marked for whites
only
 Court upheld Louisiana law of segregated streetcars
 Ok if they were equal
 Separate but equal rule was in effect until the 1950s
 Facilities were rarely equal

27.  Poverty forced freedmen & poor whites to become
sharecroppers
 Work the land for the farmer in return for a share in the value
of the crop
 Landlord
 Supplied living quarters, tools, seed, & food on credit
 Crops were harvested & sold and amount given to
sharecroppers was figured out
 In times of bad harvests or low crop prices sharecroppers often
earned enough money to pay what they owned landlords
 Locked into a cycle of debt

28.  South’s economy began to recover
 1880s
 New industries
 Agriculture in the South recovered, especially cotton production
 Tobacco production also increased
 Southern investors started or expanded industries
 Textile industry became important part of economy
 South began to develop their natural resources
 New mills to use South’s iron, timber, & oil
 South no longer dependent on cotton