1. The Battle Over Reconstruction

2. A Growing Conflict
 Andrew Johnson
 Proposed lenient plan of Reconstruction
 Put plan into effect himself, did not consult w/
legislators

3. 13th Amendment
 January 1865
 Congress approved amendment to abolish slavery
throughout the nation
 Banned slavery & forced labor
 Congress had power to make laws to enforce its terms

4. Johnson’s Plan
 Amnesty offered
 Southern states could organize new gov’t & elect reps. for
Congress
 Had to abolish slavery & ratify the 13th Amendment
 December 1865
 Most states met Johnson’s requirements
 Senators elected included many former Confederate leaders
 Congress rejected plan
 1st: refused to seat southern senators & reps.
 2nd: two houses appointed a committee to form a new plan for
the South
 Heard testimony about black codes: new laws used by southern
states to control African Americans

5.  Black Codes
 Replaced slavery w/ near slavery
 Caused hard line in Congress
 Radical Republicans
 Wanted to prevent former Confederates from regaining
control over southern politics
 To protect the freedmen & guarantee them a right to
vote

6. Civil Rights Act of 1866
 Granted citizenship rights to African Americans and
guaranteed the civil rights of all people except Native
Americans
 Vetoed by Johnson & another bill extending the life of
the Freedmen’s Bureau
 Congress voted to overturn vetoes, & both received 2/3 vote of
each house & became law

7. 14th Amendment
 All people born or naturalized in the U.S. are citizens
 States may not pass laws that take away a citizen’s
rights; cannot deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property w/o due process of law, or deny equal
protection of the laws.
 Any state that denies the vote to any male citizen over
the age of 21, will have representation in Congress
reduced (not enforced until 1970s)
 Became powerful tool for enforcing civil rights

8. Radical Reconstruction
 1866 election
 Rioters & police killed many African Americans in
southern cities
 Led Congress to push for a stricter form of
Reconstruction

9. Radicals In Charge
 Radical Republicans
 Won support to begin strict reconstruction
 Reconstruction Act of 1867
 Removed gov’t of all southern states that did not ratify
14th Amendment
 Imposed military rule & divided states into five military
districts
 Before returning to Union, each state had to write new
state constitution & ratify 14th Amendment
 Also had to let African Americans vote

10. Time of Hope and Advancement
 African Americans
 Were elected as sheriffs, mayors
 18 served in Congress
 Radical Reconstruction
 Southern states opened public schools, legislators spread tax
money more evenly, & made fairer voting rules, gave property
rights to women, states rebuilt bridges, roads & buildings
 Republican Party built a strong following from 3 groups
 Scalawags: southern whites who had opposed secession
 Freedmen voters
 Carpetbaggers: name given by southerners to northern whites who
went south to start businesses or pursue political office

11. 15th Amendment
 Approved in 1869
 Barred all states from denying African American males
the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude
 Did not prevent states from requiring voters to own
property or pay a voting tax

12. Ku Klux Klan
 Secret societies created by white shut out of power to
terrorize African Americans & their white allies
 Would threaten African American voters, burn crosses
in their yard
 When threats failed they would: whip, torture, shoot, or
hang African Americans & white Republicans
 Congress responded to violence w/ new laws
 Ku Klux Klan Acts of 1870 & 1871
 Barred use of force against voeters