The document summarizes the major events and phases of Reconstruction after the American Civil War from 1865 to 1877. It discusses the debates around rebuilding the South, readmitting Confederate states to the Union, and granting citizenship to freed slaves. It outlines the three phases of Reconstruction under Lincoln, Johnson, and Congressional Republicans. Key events included the passage of the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery, the Black Codes imposed by Southern states, and the ratification of the 14th and 15th Amendments granting citizenship and voting rights to African Americans. Growing corruption and the disputed 1876 presidential election led to the Compromise of 1877 which ended Reconstruction.

1. Reconstruction
Photograph of ruins in Richmond, Virginia, taken in 1865

2. Major Questions After the Civil War
• How should the South be rebuilt?
• How should the states that seceded be brought back into
the Union?
• Should people who fought against the United States be
recognized as citizens? Should they be punished?
• What challenges faced freedmen and women?
• What branch of government should control the process
of Reconstruction?

3. Phases of Reconstruction
1865-1877
1. Wartime/10% (Lincoln)
2. Presidential (Johnson)
3. Congressional/Radical/Military Reconstruction
(Thaddeus Stevens and Rad. Republicans)

5. With malice toward none, with charity for
all, with firmness in the right as God
gives us to see the right, let us strive on to
finish the work we are in, to bind up the
nation's wounds, to care for him who
shall have borne the battle and for his
widow and his orphan, to do all which
may achieve and cherish a just and
lasting peace . . .
- Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865

6. 10% Plan  weak
“Lincoln Governments”
formed in LA, TN, AR
Depended on Union army
Wade-Davis Bill vetoed by
Lincoln

7. 13th Amendment
 Ratified December 1865
 Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as
punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been
duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or
any place subject to their jurisdiction.
 Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.

8. Republicans in the South
 Freedmen’s Bureau:
Former N abolitionists
 Carpetbaggers: northern
missionaries and profiteers
 Scalawags: Southern whites
who joined Republican Party

9. Establishment of Historically
Black Colleges in the South

10. Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)

13. President Andrew Johnson
 Jacksonian Democrat
 Anti-Aristocrat White
Supremacist
 Only punished Confederate
officers and rich upper
class
 Allowed planter elite to
retain political power and
establish black codes

14. Black Codes
 Purpose to restore pre-
emancipation race relations and
guarantee labor
 Forced many blacks to become
sharecroppers

16. Sharecropping

17. Congress Breaks with the President
Congress bars Southern
Congressional delegates
Joint Committee on
Reconstruction created
Johnson vetoed 1866 Civil
Rights Act; Congress
overrode

19. 14th Amendment
Ratified in July, 1868.
* defined natural citizenship
* equal rights
* due process of the law
African American citizens can vote

20. State White Citizens Freedmen
SC 291,000 411,000
MS 353,000 436,000
LA 357,000 350,000
GA 591,000 465,000
AL 596,000 437,000
VA 719,000 533,000
NC 631,000 331,000

22. The 1866 Midterm Election
 Johnson alienated voters
 Republicans won 3-1 majority in Congress!

23. Radical Plan for Readmission
 Civil authorities in South subject to military
supervision
 New state constitutions required to ratify 13th and
14th Amendments and include black suffrage

24. Military Reconstruction Act of 1867
 10 states refuse to ratify 14th = split into 5 military districts

25. President Johnson’s Impeachment
 Tenure of Office Act -
President can’t remove
officials w/o Senate’s
consent
 Johnson removed Stanton
 House impeached 126 – 47
 Acquitted 35-19 (one vote
short) after 11-week trial

28. Grant
Administration
Scandals

29. William “Boss” Tweed,
NYC

30. Ku Klux Klan:
the “Invisible Empire of the South”

31. The Failure of Federal Enforcement
 Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871
CSA = “The
Lost Cause”
Redeemers =
(prewar
Democrats)
restore white
home rule

32. 15th Amendment
 Ratified in 1870.
 The right of citizens of the United
States to vote shall not be denied or
abridged by the United States or by
any state on account of race, color, or
previous condition of servitude.
 Women furious!

33. Northern Support Wanes
1. Republican Scalawags
not committed to
protecting African-
Americans
2. Corruption
3. Labor/management
conflicts
4. Indian Wars in the West
5. Panic of 1873

34. 1876 Presidential Election

35. Compromise of 1877
• Hayes (Rep.) became president
• Federal troops left the South
• Redeemers restore “home rule” of the South
• Solid South