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This document discusses fieldwork and data recording practices in qualitative research. It defines fieldwork as observing and collecting data about people and environments in natural settings rather than controlled labs. Field research aims to understand people in natural environments. Data recording preserves the data collected and can include checklists, notes, audio/video. Field notes are personal and include descriptions, methods, reflections. Conducting field research involves building a team, collecting data on site, analysis, and communicating results. Advantages are studying real-world contexts with fewer variables and deep understanding, while disadvantages are expense, bias, difficulty controlling variables.
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This document provides an overview of field research. It defines field research as collecting information outside of a laboratory or workplace through interviews and observations in a natural setting. It discusses the importance of field notes, which record observations and experiences. There are different types of field notes, including job notes, field notes proper, methodological notes, and journals/diaries. The document also outlines the process for conducting field research, including assembling a team, conducting site visits, analyzing data, and presenting results.
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This document discusses various methods for collecting primary data, including surveys, interviews, telephone surveys, mail surveys, observation, and experiments. It provides details on each method, such as how surveys involve asking questions of respondents, interviews can be personal or focus groups, telephone surveys are conducted by phone, and mail surveys are done through postal mail. It also discusses challenges with each method like response rates for mail surveys and controlling external factors for experiments.
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Primary data is collected directly by the researcher through methods like observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. Observation can be structured, unstructured, participant, non-participant, controlled, or uncontrolled. Interviews can be personal, telephone-based, structured, unstructured, focused, clinical, or non-directive. Questionnaires are effective when respondents are educated and cooperative but have a low response rate. Schedules require enumerators to ask respondents questions from a form and record their answers.
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This document discusses various methods of data collection. It describes primary data collection methods like personal interviews, questionnaires, and observation. It also discusses secondary data collection from published sources like government publications and commercial research, as well as unpublished sources. The key differences between primary and secondary data are described, such as primary data being real-time while secondary data is from the past. Popular data storage methods include databases, spreadsheets, and statistical programs. The document emphasizes that the best data collection method depends on the research problem and available resources.
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Questionnaires and schedules are commonly used methods for collecting primary data. Questionnaires involve sending a standardized set of questions to respondents to answer on their own and return. Schedules are similar but involve an enumerator personally collecting responses by asking questions directly and filling out the schedule. Both methods can be used for descriptive or explanatory research and involve designing valid and reliable questions, representative sampling, and defining relationships between variables. Questionnaires are cheaper but have higher non-response rates while schedules provide more complete information through personal contact but are more expensive due to field workers.
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This document discusses various methods for collecting primary data, including surveys, interviews, telephone surveys, mail surveys, observation, and experiments. It provides details on each method, such as how surveys involve asking questions of respondents, interviews can be personal or focus groups, telephone surveys are conducted by phone, and mail surveys are done through postal mail. It also discusses challenges with each method like response rates for mail surveys and controlling external factors for experiments.
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1. Fieldwork involves learning activities conducted outside the classroom to gather new information. Various methods are used to collect primary and secondary data, including observation, questionnaires, interviews, records analysis, sampling, and measurement.
2. The key steps in fieldwork include pre-field preparation, pilot study, data collection, and follow-up. Data collection methods have advantages and disadvantages that researchers must consider for their specific studies.
3. Presenting findings involves organizing, analyzing, and communicating the data through written reports, displays, presentations and other methods. Careful planning is needed to address challenges that may arise during fieldwork.
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The five main steps to collecting qualitative data are identifying participants, gaining access and permissions, determining what information is needed, designing collection instruments, and administering data collection while attending to ethics. Common methods of collection include observations, interviews, documents, and audiovisual materials. Proper protocols and procedures must be followed to accurately gather and record information from participants.
Elicitation
Elicitation refers to obtaining data from subjects through procedures like standardized tests, questionnaires, and interviews. Surveys are a commonly used descriptive method in educational research and can vary in scope from large governmental investigations to small single-researcher studies. Questionnaires are a popular means of collecting written data through open-ended and closed-ended questions from subjects. Interviews can range from unstructured to semi-structured to structured based on their formality, and involve eliciting data from one person by another through in-person encounters. Both tape-recording and note-taking during interviews have strengths and weaknesses for preserving data.
What is qualitative research? Discuss the methods of qualitative research.pdf
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to understand meanings, experiences, and perspectives of research subjects. It uses methods like field observations, focus groups, and case studies. Field observations involve observing research subjects in natural settings either covertly or overtly. Focus groups involve interviewing 6-12 people in a group setting led by a moderator. Qualitative research provides descriptive insights but results are not generalizable.
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โ โุฅุถุบ ุจูู ุฅูุฏููู
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2- ุชุญุชูู ุนูู 78 ุฑุณู
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what is fieldwork
- 1. What is Fieldwork and recording of field data; practices in Qualitative Research Safi Ullah M.Phil library & information Science AIOU islamabad
- 2. Table of Contents ๏ What is field work ๏ Field work in qualitative research ๏ Data recording ๏ Data recording tools ๏ Field notes ๏ Steps in conducting field research ๏ Advantages and Disadvantages
- 3. Field work ๏ Field work is the process of observing and collecting data about people, cultures, and natural environments. Field work is conducted in the wild of our everyday surroundings rather than in the semi-controlled environments of a lab or classroom.
- 4. Fieldwork in qualitative research ๏ Field research is defined as a qualitative method of data collection that aims to observe, interact and understand people while they are in a natural environment.
- 5. Data Recording ๏ The general purpose of data recording is to set in writing and assure the preservation of the data collected in the course of field or laboratory studies.
- 6. Data Recording ๏ Data recording in participant observation ๏ Data recording in interview ๏ Data recording focus group discussion
- 7. Data Recording Tools ๏ Check list ๏ Stenography ๏ Video camera ๏ Audio recording device ๏ Hand written notes
- 8. Field Notes ๏ The ways in which you take notes during an observational study is very much a personal decision developed over time as you become more experienced in observing.
- 9. Kinds of field notes Types of Field Notes Brief Description Jot Notes (bit) Key words or phrases are written down while in the field. Field Notes Proper A description of the physical context and the people involved, including their behavior and nonverbal communication. Methodological Notes New ideas that the researcher has on how to carry out the research project. Journals and Diaries These notes record the ethnographer's personal reactions and assessments of life and work in the field.
- 10. Steps in Conducting Field Research ๏ Build the Right Team ๏ Recruiting People for the Study ๏ Data Collection Methodology ๏ Site Visit ๏ Data Analysis ๏ Communicating Results
- 11. Advantages of Field Research ๏ The advantages of field research are: ๏ It is conducted in a real-world and natural environment where there is no interfering of variables and the environment. ๏ Due to the study being conducted in a comfortable environment, data can be collected even about additional topics. ๏ The researcher gains a deep understanding into the research subjects due to the proximity to them and hence the research is extensive, thorough and accurate.
- 12. Disadvantages of Field Research ๏ The disadvantages of field research are: ๏ The studies are expensive and time-consuming and can take years to complete. ๏ It is very difficult for the researcher to distance themselves from a bias in the research study. ๏ The notes have to be exactly what the researcher says but the nomenclature is very tough to follow. ๏ It is an interpretive method and this is subjective and entirely dependent on the ability of the researcher. ๏ In this method, it is impossible to control external variables and this constantly alters the nature of the research
- 13. Thanks