This document discusses co-limitation of nitrogen and phosphorus in northern hardwood forests. It summarizes previous research showing N and P co-limitation based on fertilization studies. Co-limitation is defined as a larger productivity response to adding N and P together versus individually. The project aims to determine if northern hardwood forests are co-limited by N and P, and if soil nutrient interactions contribute to any co-limitation. Studies are being conducted at multiple sites testing the effects of N, P, and N+P additions on tree growth and soil nutrients. Preliminary results suggest forests are mostly P-limited, but N and P interactions could induce sequential limitations over time through microbial uptake effects.