Totalitarian governments led by dictators rose to power in Germany, Italy, Japan, and the Soviet Union in the early 20th century. Joseph Stalin established a communist totalitarian state in the Soviet Union through collectivization of farms and purges that killed millions. Benito Mussolini created a fascist state in Italy and invaded Ethiopia. Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany through his charismatic speeches and established the Nazi Party as a totalitarian dictatorship. In Japan, militarism increased under Prime Minister Hideki Tojo as Japan expanded its empire into Manchuria and China. The League of Nations failed to stop several acts of aggression in the 1930s.

1. Rise of Dictators
Chapter 24

2. Totalitarian Government
Government maintains complete control
over its citizens.

3. Soviet Union (USSR/Russia)
•
•
•
•
Assassinated Monarchy (Romanovs) –
led to revolution
1924, V.I. Lenin dies
Joseph Stalin
Communist party.
Five Year plan
– All economic activity
under state
– Abolished private
ownership and made
collectives farms
– Individuals have no
rights

4. • By 1937, Worlds 2nd largest industrial
power, to the U.S.
– But at the cost of enormous human life.
– The Purge = “or eliminated
anyone who threatened his
power”Historians estimate that Stalin
was responsible for the deaths of 8-13
million people, millions more by famine.
– Individuals have no rights, and government
suppresses all opposition.

5. Italy
• Benito Mussolini
– Fascist State
– Power rest with
a single strong
leader and small
group of party
members.
– Absolute obedience to
the state
Italy wants peace,
work, and calm. I will
give these things with
love if possible, with
force if necessary.

6. • Italy Wants to build
empire in Africa
– ordered invasion in
Ethiopia
– No match for Italy’s
planes and tanks
– League condemn
attack BUTdid
NOTHING
Haile Selassie(African
leader)
“It isustoday. It willbe
you tomorrow.”

7. Japan
• Emperor Hirohito
– Figure head
• General Hideki
Tojo
– Prime Minister
– Military Leader
– Establish
Militarism

8. • Wanted Pacific
Empire
– Want morespace
– Want more raw
materials
– Want more
market

9. Japan invades Manchuria
•
•
TheJapanese blew up the
train that carried
Japanese ambassadors
Claiming Chinese
sabotage of a railway, the
Japanese army occupied
Manchuria.
• League ask USfor help-
USrefused
– League did nothing
• They renamed it Manchukuo and put
the deposedChineseEmperor Pu Yi up
asa figure head.

10. Appeasement
Non-aggression pact
World War II
Leader:
Government:
Leader:
Government

11. Gradual Japanese advances.
• TheJapanesearmy gradually crept
Southward, through China, fighting all the
way.
Japanese soldiers ‘conquer’the Great Wall
1933

12. Marco Polo Bridge (July 1937)
• Japanesearmy clashed with the Chineseat the gates of
Beijing
• Led to full-scale warfare
• League/ US did nothing

13. Rape of Nanking (Dec 1937)
•
•
Sixweekscampaign of
terror
Knownas“Forgotten
Holocaust”
• 80,000 women and girls were
raped, mutilated ormurdered
• Usedfor bayonet practice,
• Decapitated in beheading
contests
• Burned to death
• Machine gun in thousand
• Tortured, buried alive
• Medical experiments
• Unborn babies hacked out of
womb or bayonet for sport
• League /US did
nothing

14. United States in Depression
Dawes Plan
– Giving economic
aid to Germany
– Halted when
Depression hit

15. United States in Depression
Dawes Plan
– Giving economic
aid to Germany
– Halted when
Depression hit

16. Depression hit the world

17. Germany
• Adolf Hitler

18. • Has talent as an
orator
• Became their leader
• Created the symbol
Swastika
Nazi Party

19. Munich Beer Hall
• October 30, 1923
• Hitler held a rally
and declared
revolution
• Led 2000 men in take over of Bavarian
Government

20. Mein Kampf
• My Struggle”
– German’s as master
race
– Other race inferior –
need to destroy (Jews,
Slavs, gypsies, homos)
– Need dictatorship to
rule
– Germany need
Lebernsraum (living
space)
– Treaty of Versailles
was unfair

21. Germany in Depression
Hitler talked about
bringing glory back to
the “Fatherland”
Constantly blamed Jews for Germany’s
problems,
Used popularity to
seize power legally
Nazi Party:
– 1930 = 18% of vote
– 1932 = 30% of vote
– Hitler becomes
Chancellor in 1933

22. Dictator (Fuhrer)
• “Reichstag fire”
(parliament
building) gives
Hitler total power
• People’s civil rights
were suspended
• Created secret
police – Gestapo
• Numbered almost 400,000 by
1932

23. Absolute Power
• German
economy was
improving,
people were
happy
• Began
rearming
German Army

25. Nation: Nation: Nation: Nation:
Leader: Leader: Leader: Leader:
Empire: Empire: Empire: Empire:
Aggression: Aggression: Aggression: Aggression:

26. Toeasetension in
Pacific
– UScalled meeting and
passed
• Five Power Treaty
– Banned constructionof
large warships
» Japan build smaller
warships
• Four Power Treaty
– Respectterritorial
rights
• Nine Power Treaty
– Accept Open Door
Policy

27. • Kellogg-
Briand Pact
– Outlaw war
EXCEPTself-
defense