watergate scandal ; Nixon

1. Chapter 31- 32

2. Counterculture
• Movement who had
grown disillusioned
with the war in
Vietnam
• Instead of challenging
the system, they
turned their backs
on traditional
America
• “Tune in, Turn on,
Drop out”
• Hippies

4. • August 1969
• Farm in upstate New
York
• Music and art fair
• Three days with most
popular bands
– Jimi Hendrix, Janis
Joplin, Grateful Dead
– Peaceful and well
organize

7. Feminism
• Belief women
should have
same equality
with men
– Women were paid less
than men in the
workforce
– Discrimination
– Sexual harassment

8. Betty Friedan
• Wrote Feminine Mystique
– Addressed the treatment of women in the
house and workforce.
– Jobs available are mostly clerical, domestic services, retail
sales, teaching, nurse, social workers
– Were paid less
– Seldom promoted

10. Roe v. Wade (1973)
• Woman’s right to have an abortion

11. Andy
Warhol

13. Rock n’ Roll
• Beatles

14. Nixon Administration
Ch 32

15. New Federalism
• The Great Society Program
gave the Federal too much
responsibility
• To distribute
portion of federal
power to state
and local

16. Stagflation- high
inflation with high
unemployment
CAUSE:
**Increase in foreign
competition
**New workers
(baby boomers)
**Heavy
dependency on oil

17. OPEC
• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
• ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an
efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to
consumers

18. • Realpolitik
– Consideration of
power not ideals
or belief
– Recognize major
Communist
countries
• Détente
– Policy to ease
Cold War
• Nixon -First
President to visit
China and Soviet
– His visits opened up
diplomatic and
economic relations

19. SALT I treatyThe Strategic Arms
Limitation
Talks (SALT)
•limited ICBM
(intercontinental
ballistic missiles)

20. Watergate Scandal

21. The Watergate Complex

22. The President’s men
Played key roles in
1968 election victory
Nixon accused of
abusing his power
by ordering men to
spy on his
Opponents (Dem
Party campaign)
Attempted to cover
up his participation

23. • The President’s Men
– Nixon has small, loyal
group of advisers; like
him, desire secrecy-
– H. R. Haldeman, White
House chief of staff-
– John Ehrlichman, chief
domestic adviser-
– John Mitchell, Nixon’s
former attorney general
• Nixon creates:
– CREEP (Committee to
Reelect the President)
• Special unit to ensure internal
security

24. • THE PLUMBERS
– secret unit that stop leaks (occurs when private information
are leaked to the press)
– Allegedly tuned their activities to political espionage in order
to gain an advantage on the Democratic opposition

25. • At 2:30 AM, June17, 1972
– a guard at Watergate complex caught 5 men breaking into
campaign headquarters of the DNC (Democrat Headquarters)

26. • At 2:30 AM, June17, 1972
– wiretaps (bugs) on the telephones
– James McCord (leader) was a former CIA
– Also security coordinator for CREEP (Committee to Reelect
the President)

27. • Cover up began quickly.
– Shredded all evidence
– Pres. Nixon asked CIA to urge FBI to stop
investigation due to national security
– CREEP gave $450,000 to burglars to buy
their silence

28. • The burglary generate
little interest
• Except two reporters
from Washington
Post would not let it
go:
• Bob
Woodward
• Carl
Bernstein
• The White House
denied each
allegation

29. Trial 1973
• John Sirica- the
Judge
– McCord (leader of burglary) told the
Judge that he lied and hinted that
members of Nixon were involved
– White House involvement
aroused public interest
– Nixon dismissed John Dean,
and announced resignation of
Haldeman, Ehrlichman,
Kleindienst (who replaced
Mitchell)
– Nixon denied any attempt at a
cover-up
– He appointed new AG
(Richardson) and authorized
him to appoint new prosecutor

30. Senate investigate
• May 1973
– Senate began its own
investigation
– A special committee
called White House
officials to give their
testimony
– Millions of American
watched
– James Dean stated that
the President was
involved
– Alexander Butterfield
(Presidential aide)
revealed that Nixon taped
all conversation for his
memoirs

31. The Saturday Night Massacre
• A year long battle for the
“Nixon tapes”
Nixon,
surrender
the tape…
NOW!
• Prosecutor Archibald Cox
Richardson,
I want you to
fire Cox.
Nobody tells
me what to
do.
• Elliot Richardson
• (Attorney General)
NO! I am not
going to do
that. Stop
telling me
what to do. I
RESIGNED!

32. The Saturday Night Massacre
• A year long battle for the
“Nixon tapes”
• Prosecutor Archibald Cox
Ruckelshaus,
Fire Cox.
• William Ruckelshaus
(Deputy Attorney
General)
OK. Cox,
You’re
FIRED!

33. The Saturday Night Massacre
• A year long battle for the
“Nixon tapes”
Jaworski,
You’re hired.
• Leon Jaworski
• New Prosecutor
Thank you for hiring
me..But I’m sorry Mr.
President, I need to get
the tapes.

34. President Nixon refused to give up the
tapes….Maybe we should impeach him.
That is the only way we can listen in on
his conversation.
House Judiciary Committee

35. • Nixon initially refused to
release the tapes, claiming
they were vital to national
security.
• However, there was an 18 ½
minute gap on one tape.
The Nixon Tapes

36. • In the midst of
Watergate, Vice-
President Spiro
Agnew was forced to
resign because of
improprieties as
governor of
Maryland.
• Gerald Ford became
Vice-President.
Vice-President Resigns

37. • The House Judiciary
Committee (July 27,
1974) approved 3
articles of
impeachment for
Nixon:
1. obstruction of justice
2. abuse of power
3. contempt of Congress
House Judiciary Committee

38. • Before the entire
House voted on the
articles, Richard
Nixon resigned on
August 8, 1974.
• Nixon became the
only President to
resign in American
history.
The President Resigns

42. • January 1973:
– Watergate burglars on trial
– All found guilty
– One claimed White House involved
• Nixon reacts:
– Denied allegation
– Appointed Archibald Cox as
special Watergate prosecutor
• Senate investigates:
– May-Nov. 1973: SenatorSamCox
led televised independent Senate
investigation
– Clearthat seniorWhite House
officials involved
– Three of Nixon’s advisors resigned
– One, John Dean, claimed he
discusses burglary at least 35
times w/Nixon
– Nixon denied any involvement,
fired Dean
Senate
Watergate
Committee

44. • White House Counsel
to President Richard
Nixon from July 1970 -
April 1973.
• He was the first Nixon
administration official
to accuse Nixon of
direct involvement with
Watergate and the
resulting cover-up in
press interviews.
John Dean

45. • Alexander Butterfield
testified before the Senate
Select Committee on
Presidential Campaign
Activities on July 16, 1973.
• His testimony, which
revealed the White
House's taping system,
was a pivotal point in
President Nixon's
presidency.
Alexander Butterfield

46. “The Rosemary Stretch”
• President Nixon’s Secretary Rose Mary Woods claimed she
accidentally recorded over 5 minutes of one of the tapes by
stepping on the ‘record pedal’ of the machine.
• She does not know what happened to the other 13 minutes.

47. Saturday Night Massacre
Nixon’s tapes
•Senate Investigation revealed
Nixon recorded all conversations
in oval office since 1971
•Senate & Cox wanted tapes
•Nixon refused, citing
“presidential privilege”
20 October1973: “Saturday
Night Massacre”
•Nixon ordered Attorney General
to fire Cox
•AG refused, then resigned under
pressure
•New AG fired Cox
•Nixon released some tapes, but
18 ½ crucial minutes had been
“accidentally” erased

48. • Washington Post journalists Bob Woodward and Carl
Bernstein broke the story of the Watergate break-in and
consequently helped bring about the resignation of
United States President Richard Nixon.
Investigative Journalists

49. • Deep Throat is the
pseudonym given to the
secret informant who
provided information to
Bob Woodward of the The
Washington Post.
• The informant provided key
information that showed
the involvement President
Richard Nixon's had
administration in the
Watergate scandal.
Confidential Source
On May 31, 2005, Vanity Fair magazine
revealed that William Felt (a 30 year
FBI agent) was Deep Throat

50. • Official letter of
resignation
from President
Nixon to
Secretary of
State Henry
Kissinger.

51. • On September 8, 1974,
President Ford issued
Proclamation 4311,
which gave Nixon a
full and unconditional
pardon for any crimes
he may have
committed against the
United States while
President.
Controversial Pardon

52. Explanation of Pardon
• In a televised broadcast to the nation, Ford explained
that he felt the pardon was in the best interests of the
country, and that the Nixon family's situation "is a
tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on
and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I
have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I
must."

54. Gerald
Ford- 38th
President

55. “I’m a Ford, Not a Lincoln
• Pardoned Nixon to
move the country
beyond Watergate
• Offered Amnesty
(general pardon for
offenses) to people
who dodged draft
during Vietnam War

56. Helsinki
Accord
• Ford followed the easing of Cold War
– Pushed negotiation with China and Soviet
• Series of
agreements that
promised greater
cooperation
between nations
(35 nations signed)

57. Jimmy Carter- 39th

58. Carter considered the energy
crisis the most important issue
facing the nation. A large part of
the problem, the president
believed, was America’s reliance
on imported oil.
Carter urged his fellow
Americans to cut their
consumption of oil and gas.
Out of the battle came the
National Energy Act. The act
placed a tax on gas-guzzling
cars, removed price controls on
oil and natural gas produced in
the United States,
and extended tax credits for the
development of alternative
energy. With the help of the act,
as well as voluntary conservation
measures

59. His administration included more African Americans and women than any
before it. In 1977, the president appointed civil rights leader Andrew Young
as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. Young was the first African
American to hold that post. To the judicial branch alone, Carter appointed 28
African Americans, 29 women (including 6 African Americans), and 14
Latinos.

60. Advancing Human Rights Foreign Policy
• President Carter cut off
military aid to Argentina
and Brazil, countries that
had good relations with
the United States but had
imprisoned or tortured
thousands of their own
citizens.
• Carter established the
Bureau of Human Rights in
the State Department.
• 2002 won Nobel Peace
Prize for his lifelong
commitment to human
rights

61. Camp David Accords
• Carter helped forged
peace between Israel
(Menachem Begin) and
Egypt (Anwar-el-Sadat)
• First signed peace with
an Arab country
• Israel agreed to
withdraw from Sinai
Peninsula
• Egypt recognized Israel
as an official nation

62. Soviet-Afghanistan War -1979
• Afghanistan, an Islamic
country, run by a
Communist, pro-Soviet
government
• Muslim rebel rose to
overthrow government
• Soviet afraid of Muslim take
over- invaded Afghanistan
• Rebels used guerrilla tactics
and knowledge of terrain
• US support by boycott of
1980 Olympics; embargo
sales
• Soviet withdraw 1989

63. • Revolution broke out in Iran
• Rebels replaced Shah
(Mohammed Reza Pahlavi)
with Ayatollah Ruholla
Khomeini
• Established state based on
strict rules of Qu’ran (Islam)
• US allowed Shah to enter
due to medical illness
• The act angered rebels and
seized US embassy taking
52 US hostage
• Hostages was finally
released 1981
Iran Hostage Crisis 1979

64. Iran hostage crisis

65. Environmental Concerns
• Rachel Carson published
Silent Spring
• Warned against use of
pesticides
• Danger to poisoning food and
killing animals
• Earth Day (April 22)
– more than 10,000 schools and
2,000 colleges hosted some type
of environmental-awareness
activity and spotlighted such
problems as pollution, the growth
of toxic waste, and the earth’s
dwindling resources.

66. Environmental Protection Agency
• consolidated 15
existing federal
pollution programs
• power to set and
enforce pollution
standards, to conduct
environmental
research, and to assist
state and local
governments in
pollution control.

67. Three Mile Island
• America realized the drawbacks to its heavy dependence on foreign oil for energy, nuclear
power seemed to many to be an attractive alternative.
• Opponents of nuclear energy warned the public against the industry’s growth. They contended
that nuclear plants, and the wastes they produced, were potentially dangerous to humans and
their environment.
• The reactor overheated after
its cooling system failed, and
fear quickly arose that
radiation might escape and
spread over the region.
• low-level radiation actually did
escape from the crippled
reactor. Officials evacuated
some residents, while others
fled on their own.

68. Three Mile Island 1979

69. Chernobyl
1986

77. Global distribution of radioactive