A Century of Crisis
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The document summarizes key events and effects of major 20th century conflicts and human rights issues: World War I was caused by militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism, and led to the Treaty of Versailles, depression, and WWII. World War II was caused by fascism in Germany and Italy and Japan's imperialism, and led to the UN, Nuremberg trials, creation of Israel, and Cold War divisions. The Cold War was caused by competing ideologies following WWII and ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Major human rights issues discussed include the Ukrainian famine under Stalin, apartheid in South Africa ended by Mandela, the Rwandan genocide, killings in Cambodia and Myanmar
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The document summarizes the key events and developments of the early Cold War between 1945-1960. It describes the ideological struggle between the Soviet/Eastern Bloc who wanted to spread communism worldwide, and the US/Western democracies who sought to contain communism. This led to espionage, an arms race, proxy wars, and the bipolarization of Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact. The Cold War was characterized by conflicts over Germany, an escalating nuclear arms race, containment efforts in Asia including the wars in China and Korea, and tensions with the USSR under Eisenhower including the U-2 incident. Cuba also became involved after Fidel Castro took power and formed an alliance with the Soviet Union.
Chapter 31 and 18
The document summarizes events at the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War. It discusses how tensions between the US and Soviet Union led to the Iron Curtain dividing Europe. It also describes the US policy of containment to resist Soviet expansion, the Truman Doctrine to provide aid to Greece and Turkey, and the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe's economies. Finally, it summarizes the crisis in Berlin where the Soviets blocked land access to the city, requiring the Berlin Airlift to supply it by air until the blockade ended in 1949.
World War 2
World War II began in the 1930s due to tensions leftover from WWI and the rise of totalitarian regimes in Germany, Italy and Japan. The US initially remained neutral but joined the Allies after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. The war was fought on two major fronts in Europe and the Pacific and ended with the Allies' victory in 1945. However, the postwar period saw increased tensions between the US and Soviet Union that became known as the Cold War, characterized by espionage, military buildups and proxy wars between the two superpowers.
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This document provides background information on the rise of totalitarian regimes in Europe and Asia in the 1930s, including the regimes led by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union, Benito Mussolini in Italy, and Adolf Hitler in Germany. It then discusses the early years of World War II, including Germany's rapid military conquests across Europe in 1939-1941. It also covers the debate in the United States over intervention in the war prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, which prompted America's entry into the war. Finally, it summarizes the initial challenges faced by the Allies in 1942 as Japan expanded its territory rapidly in the Pacific.
Unit 5 review
This document provides an overview of decolonization movements in Africa from the 1950s-1960s. It discusses how nationalist movements led by western-educated elites used both non-violent (Ghana, India) and violent (Algeria, Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya) means, as well as a combination (Egypt, South Africa), to gain independence from European colonial powers. Decolonization resulted in most of British-ruled Africa becoming independent by 1963, though white-minority rule continued in places like Southern Rhodesia and South Africa for decades.
World wars compared
This document provides an overview comparison of World War I and World War II. It discusses the causes, warfare, and results of each war. For causes, it describes the alliances, nationalism, militarism, and imperialism that led to WWI, as well as resentment over the Treaty of Versailles that contributed to WWII. The document outlines the major military powers and theaters of each war. It also summarizes the tactics, weapons, and global scale of the two conflicts as well as the political, social, and economic impacts including reshaped borders, governments, and emergence of new powers.
World War 2 presentation
World War 2 was a global war fought from 1939 to 1945 involving nearly every country. It began when Nazi Germany invaded Poland in 1939, leading Britain and France to declare war on Germany. The two opposing alliances were the Axis powers of Germany, Italy, Japan and others against the Allied powers including the US, Britain, France, USSR and others. Major battles included Stalingrad, Berlin and Britain. Germany surrendered in 1945, while Japan surrendered after the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The outcomes included Germany's division and Europe's political division between Western free countries and Eastern communist nations.
World wars compared
The document provides an overview of World War I and World War II, comparing their causes, warfare, and results. It notes that both wars were global conflicts caused by militarism, nationalism, and alliances that pulled nations in. World War I saw trench warfare while World War II featured mobile battle tactics and new weapons. Both wars redrew borders and led to the fall of old empires, though World War II also saw the rise of the United States as a superpower and the start of the Cold War between Western nations and the Soviet Union.
Between the wars
Between the 1920s and 1930s, several attempts were made to prevent future wars in Europe after World War 1, but they faced challenges. The Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawed war but lacked enforcement. The League of Nations struggled due to its diverse membership and lack of enforcement powers. Meanwhile, countries like Germany, Italy, and Spain faced economic and political instability during this interwar period known as the "Age of Anxiety."
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17 wwii 1 2day
World War II began in 1939 after Germany invaded Poland. Key events leading up to the war included the rise of nationalist dictators like Hitler in Germany, Mussolini in Italy, and Stalin in the Soviet Union. These totalitarian leaders exploited economic instability and popular discontent following World War I and the Great Depression to consolidate power. Hitler steadily expanded German territory through the late 1930s, and the failed policy of appeasement by Britain and France emboldened Germany and led to the invasion of Poland and start of World War II.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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A Century of Crisis
- 1. R E V I E W # 9 Conflict
- 2. World War I Causes WWI Effects Europe 1914- 1919 •Militarism (Industrial Rev.) •Alliances •Imperialism •Nationalism •Assassination of archduke Ferdinand in the Balkan powder keg •Germany blamed Treaty of Versailles Depression Hitler/WWII •New countries in Eastern Europe •League of Nations created but very weak •Mandates created in Middle East •Kemal Ataturk modernizes Turkey
- 3. World War II Causes WWII Effects World 1939- 1945 •Fascism in Germany/ Italy •Hitler breaks Treaty of Versailles but… appeasement •Asia—Japan imperialistic– needs natural resources Rape of Nanjing in China •Creation of United Nations •Nuremberg Trials holds individuals responsible •Holocaust Creation of Israel •Cold War Germany and Korea divided •Japan democracy •Indian and African independence movements
- 4. The Cold War Causes Cold War Effects •World War II ended European supremacy •Dropping of A-bomb of Hiroshima and Nagasaki •Competing ideologies •Yalta Conference •Cuban Missile Crisis •Divided Germany •Korean and Vietnam War •Space Race •Arms Race (Nuclear Proliferation) •Iron Curtain: • W. Europe =democracy • E. Europe =communism •*Soviet Union collapses with Gorbachev’s glasnost and perestroika
- 5. Human Rights Violations What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? UN document stating that all human beings are born free and equal with dignity and rights
- 6. Human Rights Violations Ukraine South Africa Rwanda •Stalin implements Five Year Plan and collective farms •Kulaks (wealthy, industrialized farmers) in Ukraine protest •Forced famine •Imperialism = white control of South Africa •Apartheid in South Africa (separation of the races) •Nelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu use civil disobedience to end it •Berlin Conference (1884) causes ethnic conflict •Hutu extremists attack Tutsi minorities •1 million dead in 100 days UN •Mass migration
- 7. Human Rights Violations Cambodia Myanmar Sudan •American forces leave Vietnam •Communist rebels in the Khmer Rouge under Pol Pot come to power •1 million Cambodians killed to rid of Western influence •Military junta takes over upon independence •Poverty and ethnic tension •Dissenters and Muslim Rohingya attacked •Aung San Suu Kyi = democracy •Arab Muslims attacking Black Muslims in Darfur (South Sudan) • Refugee crisis as people flee Darfur •Sudan rich in oil = no U.N. intervention
- 8. Modern Crisis in the Middle East Secular vs. Traditional Palestine/ Israel The 21st Century •Islamic Fundamentalism (struggle between Western vs. traditional Islam •Examples: Iranian Revolution with rise of Ayatollah Khomeini •Taliban in Afghanistan •Anti-Semitism •UN partitions Palestine in 1947 •Desire for homeland = Jewish and Arab nationalism •Extremists preventing peace process •9/11 attacks led to increase US presence in Middle East (Iraq and Afghanistan) •Led to women’s rights but more anti- West sentiments