The rise of totalitarianism
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Totalitarianism arose in the 1920s-1930s and was characterized by a dictator having complete control over all aspects of society. Totalitarian leaders in Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and Japan came to power by promising to strengthen their countries and restore order. They sought total control over their populations and economies as well as territorial expansion. While Fascist and Communist regimes differed in their economic models, they both featured a totalitarian dictatorship that suppressed individual freedoms and dissent.
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The rise of totalitarianism
- 1. The Rise of Totalitarianism (1920s-1930s)
Editor's Notes
- The term “totalitarian” was created by an Italian journalist protesting Mussolini’s total control of life in Italy…he was beaten to death by Mussolini’s souldiers Black shirts – Mussolini’s personal army made up of veterans and the unemployed….one of their favorite things to do to opponents was forcing castor oil down their throats (which caused diarrhea) Mussolini was an atheist but supported the Catholic Church because of its importance to Italians, because of this the Catholic Church did not oppose him. “ Fascism is not a church, it is more like a training ground.” Being critical of the government was made a crime.
- 70% of the Nazi party was under 40…”Full of idealism, the young had faith that a better world was possible if Hitler took control.” “ [Nazis] do not believe that one soul is equal to another, one man equal to another. It does not believe in rights as such it aims to create the German man of strength, its task is to protect the German people, and all…must be subordinate to this goal.” “ The Nazi government set policies to control everyday life, including gender roles. In June 1933, a bill took effect that encouraged Aryans (those people defined as racially German) to marry and have children. The bill provided for loans to Aryan newlyweds, but only to couples in which the wife left the workforce. The loans were forgiven on the birth of the pair’s fourth child. The ideal woman gave up her job, gave birth to many children, and completely surrendered her will to that of men, allowing her husband to feel powerful despite military defeat and economic depression. A good wife ‘joyfully sacrifices and fulfills her fate,’ as one Nazi leader explained.” Hitler Youth – mandatory organization for children over the age of 10, taught to report any adult suspected of disloyalty Killed not only Jews, but the handicapped and elderly
- “ Denounced as enemies of the state, whole families were robbed of their possessions, left to starve, or even murdered outright.” Of those sent to the “gulags” …”some one million died annually as a result of harsh conditions, which included insufficient food, inadequate housing, and 12-16 hour days of crushing physical labor. Regular beatings and murders of prisoners rounded out Gulag life, as it too became another aspect of totalitarian violence.”
- By 1936-1937, Japan was spending 47% of its budget on weapons
- Japan’s invasion of China and their brutality prompted the US to put an embargo on airplane parts going to Japan