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The 18th Century and
The French Revolution
Week 5
Overview
• c. 1670 – 1815
• The Enlightenment
• Agricultural Revolution
• 18th Century Culture
• Political Use of Space
• The French Revolution
• Napoleon
Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, 1808
The Scientific Revolution
• Background
• Empiricism
– Francis Bacon (1561-
1626)
• Astronomy
– Geocentric vs.
Heliocentric Universe
– Copernicus (1473-
1543)
– Galileo Galilei (1564-
1642)
• Professionalism
Henri Testelin, Louis XIV and Colbert
Visit the Academy of Sciences, 1666
The Enlightenment
• Philosophes
• “tabula rasa”
• Government
• Social Contract
• Religion
– Deism
• “Republic of Letters”
• France
• Salons A reading in the salon of Madame
Geoffrin
Anicet Charles Lemonnier, 1812
The Enlightenment
• Europe
– John Locke
– Montesquieu
– Diderot
– Adam Smith
– Marquis de Condorcet
– Voltaire
– Thomas Day
• America
– Benjamin Franklin
– Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity
from the Sky, Benjamin West, 1816
18th Century Agricultural Rev.
• New crops
• New farming
techniques
• Weather
• Enclosures
– Common land
– More efficient farming
– Who owned it?
– downside
• Increase in birthrate
– Plague
Port Meadow, Oxford
Consumer Revolution
• What and Why
• Commodities
– Silver
– Tobacco
– Pelts
– Sugar
– Coffee and Tea
• Gentry and Bourgeoisie
• Wealth
– Finances
• Rise of the Coffeehouse
Gin Lane
by William Hogarth, 1751
Prosperity & Refinement Jean-Étienne Liotard,
Tea Set, 1781-3
A Meeting of a Masonic Lodge in
Vienna, 1790
Women
• History
• Rousseau
– Separate spheres
• Voltaire et al disagreed
• Examples:
– Margaret Cavenidsh (1623-
1673)
– Aphra Behn (1640-1689)
– Mary Astell (1666-1731)
– Mary Wollstonecroft
(1757-1797) – Vindication
of the Rights of Woman
Madame du Pompadour (1721-1764)
by François Boucher, c.1750
The Western World, c. 1788
• European Balance of
Power
• Absolutism
• Mercantilism
• Enlightenment
• American Revolution
The Old Order in France
• Economic Crisis
– Environment
– Wars
– Fiscal system
– Ideas
• Louis XVI (1754-1793, r.1774-
1792)
– Marie Antoinette
• Reform ministers
– Necker’s Report (1781)
• Estates-General, May 1789
The Calling of the Estates, May 1789
• Estates-General
– 1st Estate: the Church
– 2nd Estate: the Nobility
– 3rd Estate: the Commoners
• Debates
– Cahiers de Doléances
• June 17, 3rd Estate votes
itself the National
Assembly
• June 20, Tennis Court
Oath
The Tennis Court Oath by David
Oath of the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David, 1784
Storming of the
Bastille,
July 14, 1789
• King at first supports National
Assembly, but hedges bets
• Fires reform ministers
• Calls up soldiers
• Peasants restless in Paris and
elsewhere
• Bastille
• Prison, symbol
• Weapons
• Nat’l Assembly saved
Key to the Bastille
Timeline of the Revolution
• June 1789 – Sept 1791, National Assembly
• Oct 1791 – Sept 1792, Legislative Assembly
• Sept 1792 – July 1794, National Convention
– April 1793 – July 1794, Committee of Public Safety
• Aug 1794 – Oct 1795, Thermidorian Reaction
• Oct 1795 – Nov 1799, The Directory
• Napoleon
– Nov 1799, Consulate/Triumvirate, “First Consul”
– 1802, Consul for life
– 1804, Emperor
Aftermath
• Declaration of the
Rights of Man and the
Citizen, August 26
• Olympe de Gouges
• Women’s March on
Versailles, October 5
• June 1791, Royal
Family flees
• New Constitution, Sept
1791
The Women’s March
Radicalization
• Legislative Assembly
• Declaration of Pillnitz
– August 1791
– Prussia and Austria
• Radicals:
– Jacobins
– Sans-culottes
• Aug. – Sept. 1792
– Palace of the Tuleries
– September Massacre,
1200 killed
The Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
• The 1st French Republic
– The National Convention
• Jacobins
– Girondists
– The Mountain
• Louis XIV
• Maximilien Robespierre
(1758-1794)
• Committee of Public Safety
• Guillotine: 10,000s killed
– 26 killed/day in Paris,
officially
• Marat (1743-1793)
The Republic of Virtue
• Liberty, Equality and
Fraternity
– “Citizen”
• Scientific Government
• Dechristianization
• Cult of the Supreme Being
• New Calendar
Redrawing the Map of France
The Flags of France
Caravaggio, The Entombment of
Christ, 1603 David, Death of Marat, 1793
A New Calendar!
The End of the Terror
• March 30, 1794 –
Georges Danton
and allies arrested
• June 8, Festival of
the Supreme Being
• July 27, Robespierre
arrested
• Thermidorian
Reaction
France’s Revolutionary Army
Rise of Napoleon
• France’s Revolutionary
Army
– Levée en masse
• Napoleon Bonaparte
(1769-1821)
– Paris, 1795
– Italy, 1796
– Egypt, 1798-1799
• July 21, 1798, Battle of the
Pyramids
Young Napoleon, Baron Gros, 1801
Invasion of Egypt, 1798-1799
The Rosetta Stone, 196 BC
Watteau, Battle of the Pyramids,
1799
Napoleon’s Reign
• 1799, First Consul
• 1804, Emperor
• Concordat with the
Pope
• The Napoleonic Code
• Prefects
• Grand Army
• Continental System
• Urbanism
Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, 1808
Coronation of Napoleon, David, 1805-1808
The First French
Empire at its
Height
Haiti/Saint-Domingue
• Social Unrest
• Revolution, 1791
• Toussaint L’Ouverture
• Slavery abolished, 1793
• Invasion, 1802-1804
– Louisiana
– Massacres
• Results
Napoleon’s Wars
• 1805, Battles of
Trafalgar and Austerlitz
• 1807-1813, Wellington’s
Peninsular War
• 1812, Invasion of Russia
and the War of 1812
• 1814, exiled to Elba
• 1815, Battle of
Waterloo
• Final exile to St. Helena
Napoleon Crossing the Alps, David, 1802

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Week 5 Fr Rev

  • 1. The 18th Century and The French Revolution Week 5
  • 2. Overview • c. 1670 – 1815 • The Enlightenment • Agricultural Revolution • 18th Century Culture • Political Use of Space • The French Revolution • Napoleon Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, 1808
  • 3. The Scientific Revolution • Background • Empiricism – Francis Bacon (1561- 1626) • Astronomy – Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Universe – Copernicus (1473- 1543) – Galileo Galilei (1564- 1642) • Professionalism Henri Testelin, Louis XIV and Colbert Visit the Academy of Sciences, 1666
  • 4. The Enlightenment • Philosophes • “tabula rasa” • Government • Social Contract • Religion – Deism • “Republic of Letters” • France • Salons A reading in the salon of Madame Geoffrin Anicet Charles Lemonnier, 1812
  • 5. The Enlightenment • Europe – John Locke – Montesquieu – Diderot – Adam Smith – Marquis de Condorcet – Voltaire – Thomas Day • America – Benjamin Franklin – Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky, Benjamin West, 1816
  • 6. 18th Century Agricultural Rev. • New crops • New farming techniques • Weather • Enclosures – Common land – More efficient farming – Who owned it? – downside • Increase in birthrate – Plague Port Meadow, Oxford
  • 7.
  • 8. Consumer Revolution • What and Why • Commodities – Silver – Tobacco – Pelts – Sugar – Coffee and Tea • Gentry and Bourgeoisie • Wealth – Finances • Rise of the Coffeehouse
  • 9. Gin Lane by William Hogarth, 1751
  • 10. Prosperity & Refinement Jean-Étienne Liotard, Tea Set, 1781-3
  • 11. A Meeting of a Masonic Lodge in Vienna, 1790
  • 12. Women • History • Rousseau – Separate spheres • Voltaire et al disagreed • Examples: – Margaret Cavenidsh (1623- 1673) – Aphra Behn (1640-1689) – Mary Astell (1666-1731) – Mary Wollstonecroft (1757-1797) – Vindication of the Rights of Woman Madame du Pompadour (1721-1764) by François Boucher, c.1750
  • 13. The Western World, c. 1788 • European Balance of Power • Absolutism • Mercantilism • Enlightenment • American Revolution
  • 14. The Old Order in France • Economic Crisis – Environment – Wars – Fiscal system – Ideas • Louis XVI (1754-1793, r.1774- 1792) – Marie Antoinette • Reform ministers – Necker’s Report (1781) • Estates-General, May 1789
  • 15. The Calling of the Estates, May 1789 • Estates-General – 1st Estate: the Church – 2nd Estate: the Nobility – 3rd Estate: the Commoners • Debates – Cahiers de Doléances • June 17, 3rd Estate votes itself the National Assembly • June 20, Tennis Court Oath
  • 16. The Tennis Court Oath by David
  • 17. Oath of the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David, 1784
  • 18. Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789 • King at first supports National Assembly, but hedges bets • Fires reform ministers • Calls up soldiers • Peasants restless in Paris and elsewhere • Bastille • Prison, symbol • Weapons • Nat’l Assembly saved
  • 19. Key to the Bastille
  • 20. Timeline of the Revolution • June 1789 – Sept 1791, National Assembly • Oct 1791 – Sept 1792, Legislative Assembly • Sept 1792 – July 1794, National Convention – April 1793 – July 1794, Committee of Public Safety • Aug 1794 – Oct 1795, Thermidorian Reaction • Oct 1795 – Nov 1799, The Directory • Napoleon – Nov 1799, Consulate/Triumvirate, “First Consul” – 1802, Consul for life – 1804, Emperor
  • 21. Aftermath • Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, August 26 • Olympe de Gouges • Women’s March on Versailles, October 5 • June 1791, Royal Family flees • New Constitution, Sept 1791
  • 23. Radicalization • Legislative Assembly • Declaration of Pillnitz – August 1791 – Prussia and Austria • Radicals: – Jacobins – Sans-culottes • Aug. – Sept. 1792 – Palace of the Tuleries – September Massacre, 1200 killed
  • 24. The Reign of Terror (1793-1794) • The 1st French Republic – The National Convention • Jacobins – Girondists – The Mountain • Louis XIV • Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) • Committee of Public Safety • Guillotine: 10,000s killed – 26 killed/day in Paris, officially • Marat (1743-1793)
  • 25. The Republic of Virtue • Liberty, Equality and Fraternity – “Citizen” • Scientific Government • Dechristianization • Cult of the Supreme Being • New Calendar
  • 26. Redrawing the Map of France
  • 27. The Flags of France
  • 28. Caravaggio, The Entombment of Christ, 1603 David, Death of Marat, 1793
  • 30. The End of the Terror • March 30, 1794 – Georges Danton and allies arrested • June 8, Festival of the Supreme Being • July 27, Robespierre arrested • Thermidorian Reaction
  • 32. Rise of Napoleon • France’s Revolutionary Army – Levée en masse • Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) – Paris, 1795 – Italy, 1796 – Egypt, 1798-1799 • July 21, 1798, Battle of the Pyramids Young Napoleon, Baron Gros, 1801
  • 33. Invasion of Egypt, 1798-1799 The Rosetta Stone, 196 BC Watteau, Battle of the Pyramids, 1799
  • 34. Napoleon’s Reign • 1799, First Consul • 1804, Emperor • Concordat with the Pope • The Napoleonic Code • Prefects • Grand Army • Continental System • Urbanism Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, 1808
  • 35. Coronation of Napoleon, David, 1805-1808
  • 36. The First French Empire at its Height
  • 37. Haiti/Saint-Domingue • Social Unrest • Revolution, 1791 • Toussaint L’Ouverture • Slavery abolished, 1793 • Invasion, 1802-1804 – Louisiana – Massacres • Results
  • 38. Napoleon’s Wars • 1805, Battles of Trafalgar and Austerlitz • 1807-1813, Wellington’s Peninsular War • 1812, Invasion of Russia and the War of 1812 • 1814, exiled to Elba • 1815, Battle of Waterloo • Final exile to St. Helena Napoleon Crossing the Alps, David, 1802

Editor's Notes

  1. Redrawing the Map of France, 1789–1791 Before 1789, France was divided into provinces named after the territories owned by dukes and counts in the Middle Ages. Many provinces had their own law codes and systems of taxation. Determined to install uniform administrations and laws for the entire country, the National Assembly divided the provinces into eighty-three departments, with names based on their geographical characteristics: for example, Seine-Inf, Seine-et-Oise, and Seine-et-Marne for areas containing the Seine River and Pyrénées-Orientales, Hte-Pyrénées, and Basses-Pyrénées for regions with the Pyrénées Mountains.