The French Revolution began in 1789 and overthrew the French monarchy and established a republic. It was inspired by liberal and radical ideas from the Enlightenment and profoundly altered modern history by replacing absolute monarchies with republics and democracies. The Revolution started with the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 and continued until Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power. It had far-reaching social and political impacts in France and beyond.
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The French Revolution:
- The causes of the revolution
- Maximilien Robespierre and the Reign of terror
- Fall of the Jacobins
- Rise of the Directory
- Napoleon Bonaparte
French Revolution a chapter of grade IX. This power point presentation gives detailed information about the chapter. I hope all students will benefit from this presentation.
This Is My PPT Made On Chapter "The French Revolution". Hope You Liked It. If You Like It Than Please Follow Me On Twitter: @Rahlblue17
Like My FB Page: Facebook.com/RahulBaskeyYT
Sub In YT: YouTube.com/cRahulBaskey
The French Revolution:
- The causes of the revolution
- Maximilien Robespierre and the Reign of terror
- Fall of the Jacobins
- Rise of the Directory
- Napoleon Bonaparte
French Revolution a chapter of grade IX. This power point presentation gives detailed information about the chapter. I hope all students will benefit from this presentation.
This slideshare will help you to know abouth the Main topics of this Chapter of class IX easily..you willl learn the concepts more easily...Hope It helped...!!!
In this slide give you the information about french revolution
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Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
PRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATION
French revolution
1.
2. INTRODUCTION
The French Revolution was a period of far-
reaching social and political upheaval
in France and its colonies beginning in
1789. The Revolution overthrew the
monarchy, established a republic,
catalyzed violent periods of political
turmoil, and finally culminated in a
dictatorship under Napoleon who brought
many of its principles to areas he
conquered in Western Europe and beyond.
Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the
Revolution profoundly altered the course
of modern history, triggering the global
decline of absolute monarchies while
replacing them with republics and liberal
democracies. The revolution began with
the siege of Bastille on July 14, 1789 and
continued until the rise of Napoleon
Bonaparte to power. Historians widely
regard the Revolution as one of the most
important landmarks in human history.
3. NEW WORDS OR GLOSSARY
Manor – An estate consisting of the lord’s lands and his
mansion
Negroes – A term used for the indigenous people of
Africa south of the Sahara. It is a derogatory term not
in common use any longer,
Tithes – A tax levied by the church, comprising one-
tenth of the agricultural produce
Treason – Betrayal of one’s country or government to
the state
Taille – Tax to be paid directly to the state
Convent – Building belonging to a community devoted
to a religious life
4. CAUSES OF FRENCH REVOLUTION
SOCIAL INEQUALITY IN FRANCE DUE TO THE ESTATES SYSTEM
TAX BURDEN ON THE THIRD ESTATE
THE RISE OF THE BOURGEOISIE
IDEAS PUT FORWARD BY ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHERS
FINANCIAL CRISIS CAUSED DUE TO COSTLY WARS
DRASTIC WEATHER AND POOR HARVESTS IN THE PRECEDING
YEARS
THE RISE IN THE COST OF BREAD
INEFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP OF LOUIS XV AND LOUIS XVI
PARLEMENTS’ SUCCESSFUL OPPOSITION TO REFORMS
THE EXTRAVAGANT LIFESTYLE OF THE FRENCH MONARCHY
6. TIME LINE OF EVENTS
• Call of the Estates Generals (May 5, 1789)
• Tennis Court Oath (June 17, 1789)
• Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789).
• Declaration of the Rights of Man (August 26, 1789)
• March on Versailles (October 5, 1789)
• Civil Constitution of the Clergy (July 12, 1790)
• Royal Family attempts to flee (June 20, 1791)
• Execution of the King (January 21, 1793)
• Reign of Terror (September 1793- July 1794)
• Execution of Robespierre (July 27 1794)
7. SOCIETY OF ESTATES
During the eighteenth century the French Society was divided
into three groups. These groups were called estates. The
three types of groups were - First estate, Second estate and
Third estate.
• First Estate: Clergy belonged to 1st estate of then French
Society. Clergy were the group of persons who were invested
with special functions in the church,e.g. fathers, and other
members of church.
• Second Estate: Nobility belonged to 2nd estate of then French
Society. Nobility was hereditary and hence a person could get
nobility by birth. However, new members were also awarded
nobility by monarchy after paying heavy taxes or outstanding
service to the monarchy, i.e. nobility could be purchased also.
• Third Estate: The 3rd estate of then French society was
further divided into three categories. Big businessmen,
merchants, court officials, lawyers, etc. belonged to the first
category of 3rd estate. Peasants and artisans belonged to the
second category. And small peasants, landless labours and
servants belonged to third category, and were considered as
the lowest class in the society. Members of the third state had
to pay all types of taxes including tithes and taille.
8. SUBSISTENCE CRISIS
Subsistence crisis means an extreme situation
where the basic means of livelihood are
endangered. During the Old Regime, subsistence
crisis frequently occurred in France. The reasons
that led to subsistence crisis are
• (i) The population of France rose from about 23
million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789 which led to
a rapid increase in the demand for food grains.
• (ii) Production of grains could not keep pace with
the increasing demand. So, the price of the
foodstuff which made from grains rose rapidly.
• (iii) Most workers were employed as labourers on
fixed wages. Their wages could not keep pace
with the rise in prices.
• (iv) Gap between the poor and the rich widened.
Poor remained poor, but the rich became richer.
9. TENNIS COURT OATH
• On 20 June 1789, the members of the French Third Estate, who had begun to call
themselves the National Assembly, took the Tennis Court Oath vowing "not to
separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the
constitution of the kingdom is established". It was a pivotal event in the French
Revolution.
• The Estates-General had been called to address the country's fiscal and
agricultural crisis, but immediately after convening in May 1789, they had
become bogged down in issues of representation—particularly, whether they
would vote by head (which would increase the power of the Third Estate, as they
outnumbered the other two estates hugely) or by order.
• On 17 June, the Third Estate, led by the Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de
Mirabeau, began to call themselves the National Assembly. On the morning of
20 June, the deputies were shocked to discover that the chamber door was
locked and guarded by soldiers. Immediately fearing the worst and anxious that
a royal attack by King Louis XVI was imminent, the deputies congregated in a
nearby indoor jeu de paume court] in the Saint-Louis district of the city
of Versailles, near the Palace of Versailles.
• There, 576 of the 577 members from the Third Estate took a collective oath "not
to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the
constitution of the kingdom is established".[The only person who did not join
was Joseph Martin-Dauch from Castelnaudary who would only execute
decisions that were made by the king.
10. REIGN OF TERROR
• The period from 1793 to 1794 is known as the Reign of Terror. Maximilian
Robespierre sentenced to death all those persons who he considered as
enemies of the republic, whether they were ex-noble, clergy, and
members of any political parties; including Jacobins. The execution were
completed after trial by revolutionary tribunal. At that time Robespierre
followed a policy of severe control and punishment.
• Guillotine, a device, named after inventor Dr. Guillotin, was used to
behead a person at that time. It consists of two poles and a blade. Guilty
persons were beheaded using guillotine.
• Government led by Robespierre issued many laws among which ceiling
maximum wages and price and rationing were main. Foods, such as meat
and bread were rationed. Peasants were forced to sell their grains on
fixed price in cities. Citizens were forced to eat equality bread, white
flour which was costlier was forbidden. Use of Citoyen and Citoyenne for
men and women citizen started instead of the traditional Sir (Monsieur)
and Madam (Madame). Churches were shut down and their buildings
were converted into offices and barracks. Practice of equality was sought
everywhere.
• Because of forcible implementation of laws, even supporters of
Robespierre started the demand for change. Finally, Robespierre arrested
and guillotined in July 1794. Reign of Terror ended with the end of
Robespierre.
11.
12.
13.
14. READING POLITICAL SYSTEMS
The majority of men and women in the eighteenth century could not read or write.
So images and symbols were frequently used instead of printed words to
communicate important ideas. The painting by Le Barbier uses many such symbols
to convey the content of the Declaration of Rights.
1)The broken chain: Chains were used to fetter slaves. A broken chain stands for the act of
becoming free.
2)The bundle of rods or fasces: One rod can be easily broken, but not an entire bundle.
Strength lies in unity.
3)The eye within a triangle radiating light: The all seeing eye stands for knowledge.
The rays of the sun will drive away the clouds of ignorance.
4)Sceptre: Symbol of royal power.
5)Snake biting its tail to form a ring: Symbol of Eternity. A ring has neither beginning nor
end
6)Red Phrygian cap: Cap worn by a slave upon becoming free.
7)Blue-white-red: The national colours of France.
8)The winged woman: Personification of the law.
9)The Law Tablet: The law is the same for all, and all are equal before it.
15. TRINGULAR SLAVE TRADE
• The colonies in the Caribbean – Martinique, Guadeloupe and San
Domingo – were important suppliers of commodities such as
tobacco, indigo, sugar and coffee. But the reluctance of Europeans
to go and work in distant and unfamiliar lands meant a shortage of
labour on the plantations. So this was met by a triangular slave
trade between Europe, Africa and the Americas. The slave trade
began in the seventeenth century. French merchants sailed from
the ports of Bordeaux or Nantes to the African coast, where they
bought slaves from local chieftains. Branded and shackled, the
slaves were packed tightly into ships for the three-month long
voyage across the Atlantic to the Caribbean. There they were sold
to plantation owners. The exploitation of slave labour made it
possible to meet the growing demand in European markets for
sugar, coffee, and indigo. Port cities like Bordeaux and Nantes
owed their economic prosperity to the flourishing slave trade.
Throughout the eighteenth century there was little criticism of
slavery in France.
Slavery was abolished in France by the Constitution of 1791 but it
was not extended to all French subjects including those in the
colonies.
It was during the Jacobins reign that the Convention abolished
slavery in the French colonies in 1794. Napoleon re introduced
slavery in France. Slavery was finally abolished in French colonies
in 1848. Slavery was finally abolished in French colonies in 1848
16. WOMEN REVOLUTION
• Historians since the late 20th century have debated how women
shared in the French Revolution and what long-term impact it had
on French women. Women had no political rights in pre-
Revolutionary France; they were considered "passive" citizens,
forced to rely on men to determine what was best for them. That
changed dramatically in theory as there seemingly were great
advances in feminism. Feminism emerged in Paris as part of a
broad demand for social and political reform. The women
demanded equality to men and then moved on to a demand for
the end of male domination. Their chief vehicle for agitation were
pamphlets and women's clubs, especially the Society of
Revolutionary Republican Women. However, the Jacobin (radical)
element in power abolished all the women's clubs in October 1793
and arrested their leaders. The movement was crushed. Devance
explains the decision in terms of the emphasis on masculinity in
wartime, Marie Antoinette's bad reputation for feminine
interference in state affairs, and traditional male supremacy. A
decade later the Napoleonic Code confirmed and perpetuated
women's second-class status. Women had no political rights in pre-
Revolutionary France; they could not vote or hold any political
office. They were considered "passive" citizens; forced to rely on
men to determine what was best for them in the government. It
was the men who defined these categories, and women were
forced to accept male domination in the political sphere.
17. Things you need to take care of
• How to insert a flow chart
• Send picture of role of philosopher and
difference between estate general and
national assembly from my copy.
• Apply best background colour.
• Position of picture
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• How much size of thank you