The French Revolution began in 1789 and overthrew the French monarchy and feudal system of government. Financial troubles and Enlightenment ideas led the Third Estate to form the National Assembly and declare all men equal. This sparked unrest and the storming of the Bastille. The National Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man establishing France as a constitutional monarchy. However, internal conflicts and war with other European nations led to the establishment of the radical Jacobin republic and Reign of Terror under Robespierre. The revolution ultimately gave way to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte as emperor in 1804.
A brief survey of the European/American Enlightenment, from the Locke/Hobbes debate through Rousseau, and some of the greatest hits in between (Voltaire, deism, Diderot, Encyclopedia, etc.)
In this slide give you the information about french revolution
timeline is also given so that you know about every incident.
May it's helpful for you
thank you for seeing my slides
A brief survey of the European/American Enlightenment, from the Locke/Hobbes debate through Rousseau, and some of the greatest hits in between (Voltaire, deism, Diderot, Encyclopedia, etc.)
In this slide give you the information about french revolution
timeline is also given so that you know about every incident.
May it's helpful for you
thank you for seeing my slides
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The French Revolution, which spanned from 1789 to 1799, was a period of profound social, political, and cultural upheaval in France. It marked the end of the monarchy, the rise of radical political movements, and the transformation of the country's social structure. This revolution gave birth to ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity, leading to significant changes in France and inspiring similar movements worldwide. It was a pivotal moment in history that shaped the modern world and the concepts of democracy and human rights.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. • Absolute monarchs
(Kings) who didn’t share
power with a counsel or
parliament
• Obtained power through
the idea of “Divine Right
of Kings”
Absolutism
King James I of England
3. The Seigneurial System
• In the 1700’s France had a
Feudal method of land
ownership and
organization
• Peasant labor
Receiving a seigneurial grant
4. • Ruled from 1643–1715
• Reduced the power of
the nobility
• Fought four wars
• Greatly increased
France’s national debt
Louis XIV
5. • Louis XV
• War fought in Europe, India, North America
• France ends up losing some of its colonial possessions
• Increases French national debt
The Seven Years’ War
Louis XV French and
English
troops fight
at the battle
of Fort St.
Philip on
the island
of Minorca
6. • First Estate: clergy
• Second Estate:
nobility
• Third Estate: the
rest of society
• The Estates General
– a very weak
congress
The Three Estates
Cartoon depicting the three Estates
9. • New ideas about
society and
government
• The social
contract – gov’t
protected people
and people
allowed gov’t to
exist
The Enlightenment
John Locke
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
10. • France supported the
colonists against Great
Britain
• Revolutionary ideals
brought to France.
The American Revolution
Marquis de Lafayette
11. • France helping America
worsened their debt
• Jacques Necker – Called
for a tax on property. All
three estates would have
to pay
• 1st and 2nd refused
• Calling of the Estates
General to require
property tax
Financial Crisis
Finance Minister Jacques Necker
12. • Met in Versailles
in May 1789
• One vote per
estate
• 1st and 2nd or
Clergy and
nobility joined
together to
outvote the Third
Estate
• Voting
controversy
The Estates General
A meeting of the Estates General
13. • The Third Estate
fed up and
established
National
Assembly on June
17, 1789.
• State they were
the true
representation of
France and the
real governing
body.
The National Assembly
16. • Louis XVI ordered the National
Assembly be locked out of meeting
hall
Artist Jacques Louis David’s depiction
of the Tennis Court Oath
Confrontation With the King
Responded by meeting at a
nearby tennis court.
Wouldn’t leave until France
had new constitution
Louis eventually backed
down.
17. • Rumors began to spread
that Louis was building up
an army to put down the
revolution.
• July 14th: a mob storms and
takes the Bastille
• Guards refused to fight back
and Bastille is overrun and
destroyed.
Storming of the Bastille
19. • Adopted by National
Assembly on August 27th
1789
• Enlightenment ideals
• Outlined basic freedoms
held by all
• Asserted the sovereignty of
the people
• “Liberté, Egalité,
Fraternité”
The Declaration of the Rights
of Man and Citizen
20. • Peasants still unsatisfied
• In October with food supplies
running low a group of women
and peasants marched to
Versailles
The March of Women
• By the time they
reached Versailles it
had turned into an
angry mob
• Attached the Palace
and forced Louis
back to Paris where
he was held prisoner
21. • Financial crisis
• National
Assembly
confiscates and
sells off church
lands
• Church also
secularized,
reorganized
• Clergy oath of
loyalty
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Cartoon depicting the confiscation of Church lands
22. • Émigrés
• Louis XVI and his
family attempted to
flee France
• They were arrested
at Varennes
Flight of the King
The capture of Louis XVI at Varennes
23. • Declaration of
Pillnitz
• Possible foreign
intervention
Reaction from Other Countries
Illustration
depicting
Prussian King
Frederick
William III,
Austrian
Emperor
Leopold II, and
the Comte
d’Artois, Louis
XVI’s brother
26. War With Austria
• In retaliation to
Declaration of Pillnitz
National Assembly
declared war on
Austria
Painting of the Battle of Valmy, 1792
• Austria is joined by England, Spain and Holland
to crush French Revolution.
• France institutes a Draft “Levee en Masse” of all
men 18-25
27. • Paris mob stormed
Tuileries
• Radical group
takes control of
government in
1792.
• Attack royal
family and take
Louis hostage
The Radicals Take Over
Paris crowds storm the Tuileries
• Louis and family seek aid of
Legislative Assembly
• Arrested and deposed
28. • New government
• First met on
September 21,
1792
• Abolish Monarchy;
France officially
becomes a republic
• Factions: Jacobins
vs. Girondins
The National Convention
A Jacobin club
30. • Lawyer
• Leader of the Jacobin
• Leader of Committee of
Public Safety
• Most controversial figure of
the French Revolution
Robespierre
31. The Guillotine
• Dr. Joseph Guillotin
• Intended as a more
humane method of
execution
• Thousands guillotined
during the French
Revolution
32. • On January 17,
1793, Louis XVI
was convicted of
treason
• He went to the
guillotine four
days later on
January 21, 1793
Execution of the King
33. • Created to cease an
internal rebellion in
1793
• Given broad powers
• Eventually ruled
France like a dictator
for nearly a year
The Committee of Public
Safety
A citizen petitions the Committee of Public
Safety
34. • July 1793–July 1794
• Killed nearly 40,000
French people who
Robespierre had labeled
“enemies”
• Murdered anyone; clergy,
nobles, even Maria
Antoinette the wife of
Louis XVI
The Reign of Terror
The execution of Marie Antoinette
Robspierre was eventually
arrested in 1794 and sent to the
guillotine himself.
35. And that is the French
Revolution
Now lets talk about the Reign of
Terror
36. • Robespierre
overthrown on 9
Thermidor
• Committee of Public
Safety dismantled
• Jacobin clubs
disbanded
• New constitution
adopted in August
1795
• Executive branch
known as the Directory
The Thermidorean Reaction
9 Thermidor meeting of the National Convention
37. • Promoted middle class
interests
• Financial crisis
• Food shortages
• Riots in Paris
• Rise of Napoleon
The Directory
Cartoon
depicting the
errors and bad
judgment of
the Directory
38. • Popularity rises after
victories over the Austrians
• Conflict with Britain
• 1799 Coup d’etat
• The Consulate
Napoleon Bonaparte
