The document discusses database design within the context of information systems and their life cycles. It describes the systems development life cycle (SDLC) and database life cycle (DBLC) as frameworks for developing and maintaining databases and applications. The database design process involves conceptual, logical, and physical design stages to model data and map the design to a target database management system. Centralized and decentralized approaches as well as top-down and bottom-up strategies are discussed for database design.
In this Business Analysis Training session, you will learn Structured vs. Object Orient Analysis and Design SAD vs. OOSAD. Topics covered in this session are:
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• SAD Phases
• OOAD Phases
• SAD vs. OOAD software development
• Adopted Books
• UML in practice
• Conclusions & Recommendations
To learn more about this course, visit this link: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/business-analysis/business-analysis-fundamentals-with-hands-on-training/
Robust configuration management (CM) practices are essential for creating continuous builds to support agile’s integration and testing demands, and for rapidly packaging, releasing, and deploying applications into production. Classic CM—identifying system components, controlling change, reporting the system’s configuration, and auditing—won’t do the trick anymore. Bob Aiello presents an in-depth tour of a more robust and powerful approach to CM consisting of six key functions: source code management, build engineering, environment management, change management and control, release management, and deployment. Bob describes current and emerging CM trends—support for agile development, cloud computing, and mobile apps development—and reviews the industry standards and frameworks essential in CM today. Take back an integrated approach to establish proper IT governance and compliance using the latest CM practices while offering development teams the most effective CM practices available today.
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GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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Bob Boule
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https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
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The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
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Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
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https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
2. Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn:
• That successful database design must reflect
the information system of which the database is
a part
• That successful information systems are
developed within a framework known as the
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Database Systems, 9th Edition 2
3. Objectives (cont’d.)
• That within the information system, the most
successful databases are subject to frequent
evaluation and revision within a framework
known as the Database Life Cycle (DBLC)
• How to conduct evaluation and revision within
the SDLC and DBLC frameworks
• About database design strategies: top-down vs.
bottom-up design and centralized vs.
decentralized design
Database Systems, 9th Edition 3
4. The Information System
• Provides for data collection, storage, and
retrieval
• Composed of:
– People, hardware, software
– Database(s), application programs, procedures
• Systems analysis
– Process that establishes need for and extent of
information system
• Systems development
– Process of creating information system
Database Systems, 9th Edition 4
5. The Information System (cont’d.)
• Applications
– Transform data into information that forms basis
for decision making
– Usually produce the following:
• Formal report
• Tabulations
• Graphic displays
– Composed of the following two parts:
• Data
• Code: program instructions
Database Systems, 9th Edition 5
7. The Information System (cont’d.)
• Performance depends on three factors:
– Database design and implementation
– Application design and implementation
– Administrative procedures
• Database development
– Process of database design and implementation
– Implementation phase includes:
• Creating database storage structure
• Loading data into the database
• Providing for data management
Database Systems, 9th Edition 7
8. The Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC)
• Traces history (life cycle) of information system
• Database design and application development
mapped out and evaluated
• Divided into following five phases:
– Planning
– Analysis
– Detailed systems design
– Implementation
– Maintenance
• Iterative rather than sequential process
Database Systems, 9th Edition 8
10. Planning
• General overview of company and objectives
• Assessment of flow-and-extent requirements
– Should the existing system be continued?
– Should the existing system be modified?
– Should the existing system be replaced?
• Study and evaluate alternate solutions
– Technical aspects of hardware and software
requirements
– System cost
– Operational cost
Database Systems, 9th Edition 10
11. Analysis
• Problems defined during planning phase are
examined in greater detail during analysis
• Thorough audit of user requirements
• Existing hardware and software systems are
studied
• Goal:
– Better understanding of:
• System’s functional areas
• Actual and potential problems
• Opportunities
Database Systems, 9th Edition 11
12. Detailed Systems Design
• Designer completes design of system’s
processes
• Includes all necessary technical specifications
• Steps laid out for conversion from old to new
system
• Training principles and methodologies are also
planned
– Submitted for management approval
Database Systems, 9th Edition 12
13. Implementation
• Hardware, DBMS software, and application
programs are installed
– Database design is implemented
• Cycle of coding, testing, and debugging
continues until database is ready for delivery
• Database is created and system is customized
– Creation of tables and views
– User authorizations
Database Systems, 9th Edition 13
14. Maintenance
• Three types of maintenance activity:
– Corrective maintenance
– Adaptive maintenance
– Perfective maintenance
• Computer-aided systems engineering
(CASE)
– Produce better systems within reasonable
amount of time and at reasonable cost
– CASE-produced applications are structured,
documented, and standardized
Database Systems, 9th Edition 14
15. The Database Life Cycle (DBLC)
• Six phases:
– Database initial study
– Database design
– Implementation and loading
– Testing and evaluation
– Operation
– Maintenance and evolution
Database Systems, 9th Edition 15
17. The Database Initial Study
• Overall purpose:
– Analyze company situation
– Define problems and constraints
– Define objectives
– Define scope and boundaries
• Interactive and iterative processes required to
complete first phase of DBLC successfully
Database Systems, 9th Edition 17
19. The Database Initial Study (cont’d.)
• Analyze the company situation
– General conditions in which company operates,
its organizational structure, and its mission
– Discover what company’s operational
components are, how they function, and how
they interact
Database Systems, 9th Edition 19
20. The Database Initial Study (cont’d.)
• Define problems and constraints
– Formal and informal information sources
– Finding precise answers is important
– Accurate problem definition does not always
yield a solution
Database Systems, 9th Edition 20
21. • Database system objectives must correspond
to those envisioned by end users
– What is proposed system’s initial objective?
– Will system interface with other systems in the
company?
– Will system share data with other systems or
users?
• Scope: extent of design according to
operational requirements
• Boundaries: limits external to system
Database Systems, 9th Edition 21
The Database Initial Study (cont’d.)
22. Database Design
• Necessary to concentrate on data
characteristics required to build database
model
• Two views of data within system:
– Business view
• Data as information source
– Designer’s view
• Data structure, access, and activities required to
transform data into information
Database Systems, 9th Edition 22
25. Implementation and Loading
• Actually implement all design specifications
from previous phase:
– Install the DBMS
• Virtualization: creates logical representations of
computing resources independent of physical
resources
– Create the Database
– Load or Convert the Data
Database Systems, 9th Edition 25
26. Testing and Evaluation
• Occurs in parallel with applications
programming
• Database tools used to prototype applications
• If implementation fails to meet some of
system’s evaluation criteria:
– Fine-tune specific system and DBMS
configuration parameters
– Modify physical or logical design
– Upgrade software and/or hardware platform
Database Systems, 9th Edition 26
27. Testing and Evaluation
(cont’d.)
• Integrity
– Enforced via proper use of primary, foreign key
rules
• Backup and Recovery
– Full backup
– Differential backup
– Transaction log backup
Database Systems, 9th Edition 27
28. Operation
• Once database has passed evaluation stage, it
is considered operational
• Beginning of operational phase starts process
of system evolution
• Problems not foreseen during testing surface
• Solutions may include:
– Load-balancing software to distribute
transactions among multiple computers
– Increasing available cache
Database Systems, 9th Edition 28
29. Maintenance and Evolution
• Required periodic maintenance:
– Preventive maintenance (backup)
– Corrective maintenance (recovery)
– Adaptive maintenance
– Assignment of access permissions and their
maintenance for new and old users
– Generation of database access statistics
– Periodic security audits
– Periodic system-usage summaries
Database Systems, 9th Edition 29
30. Conceptual Design
• Data modeling creates an abstract database
structure
– Represents real-world objects
• Embodies clear understanding of business and
its functional areas
• Ensure that all data needed are in model, and
that all data in model are needed
• Requires four steps
Database Systems, 9th Edition 30
31. Data Analysis and Requirements
• Discover data element characteristics
– Obtains characteristics from different sources
• Requires thorough understanding of the
company’s data types and their extent and uses
• Take into account business rules
– Derived from description of operations
Database Systems, 9th Edition 31
32. Entity Relationship Modeling and
Normalization
• Designer enforces standards in design
documentation
– Use of diagrams and symbols, documentation
writing style, layout, other conventions
• Business rules must be incorporated into
conceptual model
• ER model is a communications tool as well as
design blueprint
Database Systems, 9th Edition 32
34. Data Model Verification
• Verified against proposed system processes
• Revision of original design
– Careful reevaluation of entities
– Detailed examination of attributes describing
entities
• Define design’s major components as modules:
– Module: information system component that
handles specific function
Database Systems, 9th Edition 34
37. Distributed Database Design
• Portions of database may reside in different
physical locations
– Database fragment: subset of a database stored
at a given location
• Processes accessing the database vary from
one location to another
• Designer must also develop data distribution
and allocation strategies
Database Systems, 9th Edition 37
38. DBMS Software Selection
• Critical to information system’s smooth
operation
• Common factors affecting purchasing
decisions:
– Cost
– DBMS features and tools
– Underlying model
– Portability
– DBMS hardware requirements
Database Systems, 9th Edition 38
39. Logical Design
• Map conceptual design to specific data model
• Still independent of physical-level details
• Requires all objects be mapped to specific
constructs used by selected database software
– Definition of attribute domains, design of
required tables, access restriction formats
– Tables must correspond to entities in conceptual
design
• Translates software-independent conceptual
model into software-dependent model
Database Systems, 9th Edition 39
40. Map the Conceptual Model to the
Logical Model
• Map the conceptual model to the chosen
database constructs
• Five mapping steps involved:
– Strong entities
– Supertype/subtype relationships
– Weak entities
– Binary relationships
– Higher degree relationships
Database Systems, 9th Edition 40
41. Validate the Logical Model Using
Normalization
• Translation requires the definition of the
attribute domains and appropriate constraints
• All defined constraints must be supported by
the logical data model
• Special attention should be place at this stage
to ensure security is enforced
– May have to consider security restrictions at
multiple locations
Database Systems, 9th Edition 41
42. Validate the Logical Model against
User Requirements
• Final step in the logical design process
• Validate all logical model definitions against all
end-user data, transaction, and security
requirements
Database Systems, 9th Edition 42
43. Physical Design
• Process of selecting data storage and data
access characteristics of database
• Storage characteristics are function of:
– Device types supported by hardware
– Type of data access methods supported by
system
– DBMS
• More complex when data are distributed
Database Systems, 9th Edition 43
44. Define Data Storage Organization
• Designer must determine several attributes:
– Data volume
– Data usage patterns
• Which in turn influence:
– Location and physical storage organization for
each table
– What indexes and the type of indexes to be used
for each table
– What views and the type of views to be used on
each table
Database Systems, 9th Edition 44
45. Define Integrity and Security Measures
• Define user and security groups and roles
– Database role: set of database privileges that
could be assigned as a unit to a user or group
• Assign security controls
– Specific access rights on database objects to a
user or group of users
– Can also revoke during operation to assist with
backups or maintenance events
Database Systems, 9th Edition 45
46. Determine Performance Measures
• Performance can be affected by characteristics:
– Storage media
– Seek time
– Sector and block (page) size
– And more…
• Fine-tuning the DBMS and queries to ensure
that they will meet end-user performance
requirements
Database Systems, 9th Edition 46
47. Database Design Strategies
• Top-down design
– Identifies data sets
– Defines data elements for each of those sets
• Definition of different entity types
• Definition of each entity’s attributes
• Bottom-up design
– Identifies data elements (items)
– Groups them together in data sets
Database Systems, 9th Edition 47
49. Centralized vs. Decentralized Design
• Centralized design
– When data component is composed of small
number of objects and procedures
– Typical of small systems
• Decentralized design
– Data component has large number of entities
– Complex relations on which complex operations
are performed
– Problem is spread across several operational
sites
Database Systems, 9th Edition 49
52. Centralized vs. Decentralized Design
(cont’d.)
• All modules are integrated into one model
• Aggregation problems to be addressed:
• Synonyms and homonyms
• Entity and entity subtypes
• Conflicting object definitions
Database Systems, 9th Edition 52
54. Summary
• Information system facilitates transformation of
data into information
– Manages both data and information
• SDLC traces history (life cycle) of an
application within the information system
• DBLC describes history of database within the
information system
Database Systems, 9th Edition 54
55. Summary (cont’d.)
• Database design and implementation process
moves through series of well-defined stages
• Conceptual design subject to several variations:
– Top-down vs. bottom-up
– Centralized vs. decentralized
Database Systems, 9th Edition 55