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Chapter 9
Database Design
Discussion Focus
What is the relationship between a database and an information system, and how does this
relationship have a bearing on database design?
An information system performs three sets of services:
 It provides for data collection, storage, and retrieval.
 It facilitates the transformation of data into information.
 It provides the tools and conditions to manage both data and information.
Basically, a database is a fact (data) repository that serves an information system. If the database is designed
poorly, one can hardly expect that the data/information transformation will be successful, nor is it reasonable
to expect efficient and capable management of data and information.
The transformation of data into information is accomplished through application programs. It is impossible
to produce good information from poor data; and, no matter how sophisticated the application programs are,
it is impossible to use good application programs to overcome the effects of bad database design. In short:
Good database design is the foundation of a successful information system.
Database design must yield a database that:
 Does not fall prey to uncontrolled data duplication, thus preventing data anomalies and the attendant
lack of data integrity.
 Is efficient in its provision of data access.
 Serves the needs of the information system.
The last point deserves emphasis: even the best-designed database lacks value if it fails to meet information
system objectives. In short, good database designers must pay close attention to the information system
requirements.
Systems design and database design are usually tightly intertwined and are often performed in parallel.
Therefore, database and systems designers must cooperate and coordinate to yield the best possible
information system.
What is the relationship between the SDLC and the DBLC?
The SDLC traces the history (life cycle) of an information system. The DBLC traces the history (life cycle)
of a database system. Since we know that the database serves the information system, it is not surprising that
the two life cycles conform to the same basic phases.
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Suggestion: Use Figure 9.8 as the basis for a discussion of the parallel activities.
What basic database design strategies exist, and how are such strategies executed?
Suggestion: Use Figure 9.14 as the basis for this discussion.
There are two basic approaches to database design: top-down and bottom-up.
Top-down design begins by identifying the different entitytypes and the definition of each entity's attributes.
In other words, top-down design:
 starts by defining the required data sets and then
 defines the data elements for each of those data sets.
Bottom-up design:
 first defines the required attributes and then
 groups the attributes to form entities.
Although the two methodologies tend to be complementary, database designers who deal with small
databases with relatively few entities, attributes, and transactions tend to emphasize the bottom-up
approach. Database designers who deal with large, complex databases usuallyfind that a primarilytop-down
design approach is more appropriate.
In spite of the frequent arguments concerning the best design approach, perhaps the top-down vs. bottom-up
distinction is quite artificial. The text's note is worth repeating:
NOTE
Even if a generally top-down approach is selected, the normalization process that revises existing
table structures is (inevitably) a bottom-up technique. E-R models constitute a top-down process
even if the selection of attributes and entities may be described as bottom-up. Since both the E-R
model and normalization techniques form the basis for most designs, the top-down vs. bottom-up
debate may be based on a distinction without a difference.
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Answers to Review Questions
1. What is an information system? What is its purpose?
An information system is a system that
 provides the conditions for data collection, storage, and retrieval
 facilitates the transformation of data into information
 provides management of both data and information.
An information system is composed of hardware, software (DBMS and applications), the database(s),
procedures, and people.
Good decisions are generally based on good information. Ultimately, the purpose of an information
system is to facilitate good decision making by making relevant and timely information available to the
decision makers.
2. How do systems analysis and systems development fit into a discussion about information systems?
Both systems analysis and systems development constitute part of the Systems Development Life Cycle,
or SDLC. Systems analysis, phase II of the SDLC, establishes the need for and the extent of an
information system by
 Establishing end-user requirements.
 Evaluating the existing system.
 Developing a logical systems design.
Systems development, based on the detailed systems design found in phase III of the SDLC, yields the
information system. The detailed system specifications are established during the systems design phase,
in which the designer completes the design of all required system processes.
3. What does the acronym SDLC mean, and what does an SDLC portray?
SDLC is the acronym that is used to label the System Development Life Cycle. The SDLC traces the
history of a information system from its inception to its obsolescence. The SDLC is composed of six
phases: planning, analysis, detailed system, design, implementation and maintenance.
4. What does the acronym DBLC mean, and what does a DBLC portray?
DBLC is the acronym that is used to label the Database Life Cycle. The DBLC traces the history of a
database system from its inception to its obsolescence. Since the database constitutes the core of an
information system, the DBLC is concurrent to the SDLC. The DBLC is composed of six phases: initial
study, design, implementation and loading, testing and evaluation, operation, and maintenance and
evolution.
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5. Discuss the distinction between centralized and decentralized conceptual database design.
Centralized and decentralized design constitute variations on the bottom-up and top-down approaches
we discussed in the third question presented in the discussion focus. Basically, the centralized approach
is best suited to relatively small and simple databases that lend themselves well to a bird's-eye view of
the entire database. Such databases may be designed by a single person or by a small and informally
constituted design team. The company operations and the scope of its problems are sufficientlylimited to
enable the designer(s) to perform all of the necessary database design tasks:
1. Define the problem(s).
2. Create the conceptual design.
3. Verify the conceptual design with all user views.
4. Define all system processes and data constraints.
5. Assure that the database design will comply with all achievable end user requirements.
The centralized design procedure thus yields the design summary shown in Figure Q9.5A.
Figure Q9.5A The Centralized Design Procedure
Conceptual Model
Data
Constraints
System
Processes
User
Views
Conceptual Model Verification
D
A
T
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D
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C
T
I
O
N
A
R
Y
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Note that the centralized design approach requires the completion and validation of a single conceptual
design.
NOTE
Use the text’s Figures 9.15 and 9.16 to contrast the two design approaches, then use Figure 9.6
to show the procedure flows; demonstrate that such procedure flows are independent of the
degree of centralization.
In contrast, when company operations are spread across multiple operational sites or when the database
has multiple entities that are subject to complex relations, the best approach is often based on the
decentralized design.
Typically, a decentralized design requires that the design task be divided into multiple modules, each one
of which is assigned to a design team. The design team activities are coordinated by the lead designer,
who must aggregate the design teams' efforts.
Since each team focuses on modeling a subset of the system, the definition of boundaries and the
interrelation between data subsets must be very precise. Each team creates a conceptual data model
corresponding to the subset being modeled. Each conceptual model is then verified individually against
the user views, processes, and constraints for each of the modules. After the verification process has
been completed, all modules are integrated in one conceptual model.
Since the data dictionary describes the characteristics of all the objects within the conceptual data model,
it plays a vital role in the integration process. Naturally, after the subsets have been aggregated into a
larger conceptual model, the lead designer must verify that the combined conceptual model is still able to
support all the required transactions. Thus the decentralized design activities may be summarized as
shown in Figure Q8.6B.
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Figure Q9.6B The Decentralized Design Procedure
D
A
T
A
D
I
C
T
I
O
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A
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Y
Subset A
DATA COMPONENT
Views,
Processes,
Constraints
Views,
Processes,
Constraints
Views,
Processes,
Constraints
Aggregation
Subset B Subset C
Verification
Conceptual
Models
FINAL CONCEPTUAL MODEL
Keep in mind that the aggregation process requires the lead designer to assemble a single model in which
various aggregation problems must be addressed:
 synonyms and homonyms. Different departments may know the same object by different names
(synonyms), or they may use the same name to address different objects (homonyms.) The object
may be an entity, an attribute, or a relationship.
 entity and entity subclasses. An entity subset may be viewed as a separate entity by one or more
departments. The designer must integrate such subclasses into a higher-level entity.
 Conflicting object definitions. Attributes may be recorded as different types (character, numeric),
or different domains may be defined for the same attribute. Constraint definitions, too, may vary.
The designer must remove such conflicts from the model.
6. What is the minimal data rule in conceptual design? Why is it important?
The minimal data rule specifies that all the data defined in the data model are actually required to fit
present and expected future data requirements. This rule may be phrased as All that is needed is
there, and all that is there is needed.
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7. Discuss the distinction between top-down and bottom-up approaches to database design.
There are two basic approaches to database design: top-down and bottom-up.
Top-down design begins by identifying the different entity types and the definition of each entity's
attributes. In other words, top-down design:
 starts by defining the required data sets and then
 defines the data elements for each of those data sets.
Bottom-up design:
 first defines the required attributes and then
 groups the attributes to form entities.
Although the two methodologies tend to be complementary, database designers who deal with small
databases with relatively few entities, attributes, and transactions tend to emphasize the bottom-up
approach. Database designers who deal with large, complex databases usually find that a primarily
top-down design approach is more appropriate.
8. What are business rules? Why are they important to a database designer?
Business rules are narrative descriptions of the business policies, procedures, or principles that are
derived from a detailed description of operations. Business rules are particularly valuable to database
designers, because they help define:
 Entities
 Attributes
 Relationships (1:1, 1:M, M:N, expressed through connectivities and cardinalities)
 Constraints
To develop an accurate data model, the database designer must have a thorough and complete
understanding of the organization's data requirements. The business rules are very important to the
designer because they enable the designer to fully understand how the business works and what role is
played by data within company operations.
NOTE
Do keep in mind that an ERD cannot always include all the applicable business rules. For
example, although constraints are often crucial, it is often not possible to model them. For
instance, there is no way to model a constraint such as “no pilot may be assigned to flight duties
more than ten hours during any 24-hour period.”
It is also worth emphasizing that the description of (company) operations must be done in
almost excruciating detail and it must be verified and re-verified. An inaccurate description of
operations yields inaccurate business rules that lead to database designs that are destined to
fail.
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9. What is the data dictionary's function in database design?
A good data dictionary provides a precise description of the characteristics of all the entities and
attributes found within the database. The data dictionary thus makes it easier to check for the existence
of synonyms and homonyms, to check whether all attributes exist to support required reports, to verify
appropriate relationship representations, and so on. The data dictionary's contents are both developed and
used during the six DBLC phases:
DATABASE INITIAL STUDY
The basic data dictionary components are developed as the entities and attributes are defined during this
phase.
DATABASE DESIGN
The data dictionary contents are used to verify the database design components: entities, attributes, and
their relationships. The designer also uses the data dictionary to check the database design for
homonyms and synonyms and verifies that the entities and attributes will support all required query and
report requirements.
IMPLEMENTATION AND LOADING
The DBMS's data dictionary helps to resolve any remaining attribute definition inconsistencies.
TESTING AND EVALUATION
If problems develop during this phase, the data dictionary contents may be used to help restructure the
basic design components to make sure that they support all required operations.
OPERATION
If the database design still yields (the almost inevitable) operational glitches, the data dictionary may be
used as a quality control device to ensure that operational modifications to the database do not conflict
with existing components.
MAINTENANCE AND EVOLUTION
As users face inevitable changes in information needs, the database may be modified to support those
needs. Perhaps entities, attributes, and relationships must be added, or relationships must be changed. If
new database components are fit into the design, their introduction may produce conflict with existing
components. The data dictionary turns out to be a very useful tool to check whether a suggested change
invites conflicts within the database design and, if so, how such conflicts may be resolved.
10. What steps are required in the development of an ER diagram? (Hint: See Table 9.3.)
Table 9.3 is reproduced for your convenience.
TABLE 9.3 Developing the Conceptual Model, Using ER Diagrams
STEP ACTIVITY
1 Identify, analyze, and refine the business rules.
2 Identify the main entities, using the results of Step 1.
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3 Define the relationships among the entities, using the results of Steps 1 and 2.
4 Define the attributes, primary keys, and foreign keys for each of the entities.
5 Normalize the entities. (Remember that entities are implemented as tables in an RDBMS.)
6 Complete the initial ER diagram.
7 Validate the ER model against the user’s information and processing requirements.
8 Modify the ER diagram, using the results of Step 7.
Point out that some of the steps listed in Table 9.3 take place concurrently. And some, such as the
normalization process, can generate a demand for additional entities and/or attributes, thereby causing
the designer to revise the ER model. For example, while identifying two main entities, the designer
might also identify the composite bridge entity that represents the many-to-many relationship between
those two main entities.
11. List and briefly explain the activities involved in the verification of an ER model.
Section 9-4c, “Data Model Verification,” includes a discussion on verification. In addition, Appendix C,
“The University Lab: Conceptual Design Verification, Logical Design, and Implementation,” covers the
verification process in detail. The verification process is detailed in the text’s Table 9.5, reproduced here
for your convenience.
TABLE 9.5 The ER Model Verification Process
STEP ACTIVITY
1 Identify the ER model’s central entity.
2 Identify each module and its components.
3 Identify each module’s transaction requirements:
Internal: Updates/Inserts/Deletes/Queries/Reports
External: Module interfaces
4 Verify all processes against the ER model.
5 Make all necessary changes suggested in Step 4.
6 Repeat Steps 2−5 for all modules.
Keep in mind that the verification process requires the continuous verification of business transactions as
well as system and user requirements. The verification sequence must be repeated for each of the
system’s modules.
12. What factors are important in a DBMS software selection?
The selection of DBMS software is critical to the information system’s smooth operation. Consequently,
the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed DBMS software should be carefullystudied. To avoid
false expectations, the end user must be made aware of the limitations of both the DBMS and the
database.
Although the factors affecting the purchasing decision varyfrom companyto company, some of the most
common are:
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 Cost. Purchase, maintenance, operational, license, installation, training, and conversion costs.
 DBMS features and tools. Some database software includes a variety of tools that facilitate the
application development task. For example, the availability of query by example (QBE), screen
painters, report generators, application generators, data dictionaries, and so on, helps to create a
more pleasant work environment for both the end user and the application programmer. Database
administrator facilities, query facilities, ease of use, performance, security, concurrencycontrol,
transaction processing, and third-party support also influence DBMS software selection.
 Underlying model. Hierarchical, network, relational, object/relational, or object.
 Portability. Across platforms, systems, and languages.
 DBMS hardware requirements. Processor(s), RAM, disk space, and so on.
13. List and briefly explain the four steps performed during the logical design stage.
1) Map conceptual model to logical model components.
In this step, the conceptual model is converted into a set of table definitions including table names,
column names, primary keys, and foreign keys to implement the entities and relationships specified in
the conceptual design.
2) Validate the logical model using normalization.
It is possible for normalization issues to be discovered during the process of mapping the conceptual
model to logical model components. Therefore, it is appropriate at this stage to validate that all of the
table definitions from the previous step conform to the appropriate normalization rules.
3) Validate logical model integrity constraints.
This step involves the conversion of attribute domains and constraints into constraint definitions that
can be implemented within the DBMS to enforce those domains. Also, entityand referential integrity
constraints are validated. Views may be defined to enforce security constraints.
4) Validate the logical model against the user requirements.
The final step of this stage is to ensure that all definitions created throughout the logical model are
validated against the users' data, transaction, and security requirements. Every component (table,
view, constraint, etc.) of the logical model must be associated with satisfying the user requirements,
and every user requirement should be addressed by the model components.
14. List and briefly explain the three steps performed during the physical design stage.
1) Define data storage organization.
Based on estimates of the data volume and growth, this step involves the determination of the
physical location and physical organization for each table. Also, which columns will be indexed and
the type of indexes to be used are determined. Finally, the type of implementation to be used for each
view is decided.
2) Define integrity and security measures.
This step involves creating users and security groups, and then assigning privileges and controls to
those users and group.
3) Determine performance measurements.
The actual performance of the physical database implementation must be measured and assessed for
compliance with user performance requirements.
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15. What three levels of backup may be used in database recovery management? Briefly describe
what each of those three backup levels does.
A full backup of the database creates a backup copy of all database objects in their entirety.
A differential backup of the database creates a backup of onlythose database objects that have changed
since the last full backup.
A transaction log backup does not create a backup of database objects, but makes a backup of the log
of changes that have been applied to the database objects since the last backup.
Problem Solutions
1. The ABC Car Service & Repair Centers are owned by the SILENT car dealer; ABC services and
repairs only SILENT cars. Three ABC Car Service & Repair Centers provide service and repair
for the entire state.
Each of the three centers is independently managed and operated by a shop manager, a
receptionist, and at least eight mechanics. Each center maintains a fully stocked parts inventory.
Each center also maintains a manual file system in which each car’s maintenance history is kept:
repairs made, parts used, costs, service dates, owner, and so on. Files are also kept to track
inventory, purchasing, billing, employees’ hours, and payroll.
You have been contacted by the manager of one of the centers to design and implement a
computerized system. Given the preceding information, do the following:
a. Indicate the most appropriate sequence of activities by labeling each of the following steps in
the correct order. (For example, if you think that “Load the database.” is the appropriate first
step, label it “1.”)
____ Normalize the conceptual model.
____ Obtain a general description of company operations.
____ Load the database.
____ Create a description of each system process.
____ Test the system.
____ Draw a data flow diagram and system flowcharts.
____ Create a conceptual model, using ER diagrams.
____ Create the application programs.
____ Interview the mechanics.
____ Create the file (table) structures.
____ Interview the shop manager.
The answer to this question may vary slightly from one designer to the next, depending on the selected
design methodology and even on personal designer preferences. Yet, in spite of such differences, it is
possible to develop a common design methodology to permit the development of a basic
decision-making process and the analysis required in designing an information system.
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Whatever the design philosophy, a good designer uses a specific and ordered set of steps through which
the database design problem is approached. The steps are generally based on three phases: analysis,
design, and implementation. These phases yield the following activities:
ANALYSIS
1. Interview the shop manager
2. Interview the mechanics
3. Obtain a general description of company operations
4. Create a description of each system process
DESIGN
5. Create a conceptual model, using E-R diagrams
6. 8. Draw a data flow diagram and system flow charts
7. Normalize the conceptual model
IMPLEMENTATION
8. Create the table structures
9. Load the database
10. Create the application programs
11. Test the system.
This listing implies that, within each of the three phases, the steps are completed in a specific order. For
example, it would seem reasonable to argue that we must first complete the interviews if we are to obtain
a proper description of the company operations. Similarly, we may argue that a data flow diagram
precedes the creation of the E-R diagram. Nevertheless, the specific tasks and the order in which theyare
addressed may vary. Such variations do not matter, as long as the designer bases the selected procedures
on an appropriate design philosophy, such as top-down vs. bottom-up.
Given this discussion, we may present problem 1's solution this way:
__7__ Normalize the conceptual model.
__3__ Obtain a general description of company operations.
__9__ Load the database.
__4__ Create a description of each system process.
_11__ Test the system.
__6__ Draw a data flow diagram and system flow charts.
__5__ Create a conceptual model, using E-R diagrams.
_10__ Create the application programs.
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__2__ Interview the mechanics.
__8__ Create the file (table) structures.
__1__ Interview the shop manager.
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b. Describe the various modules that you believe the system should include.
This question may be addressed in several ways. We suggest the following approach to develop a
system composed of four main modules: Inventory, Payroll, Work order, and Customer.
We have illustrated the Information System's main modules in Figure P9.1B.
Figure P9.1B The ABC Company’s IS System Modules
The Inventory module will include the Parts and Purchasing sub-modules. The Payroll Module will
handle all employee and payroll information. The Work order module keeps track of the car
maintenance history and all work orders for maintenance done on a car. The Customer module keeps
track of the billing of the work orders to the customers and of the payments received from those
customers.
c. How will a data dictionary help you develop the system? Give examples.
We have addressed the role of the data dictionary within the DBLC in detail in the answer to review
question 10. Remember that the data dictionary makes it easier to check for the existence of
synonyms and homonyms, to check whether all attributes exist to support required reports, to verify
appropriate relationship representations, and so on. Therefore, the data dictionary's contents will help
us to provide consistency across modules and to evaluate the system's abilityto generate the required
reports. In addition, the use of the data dictionary facilitates the creation of system documentation.
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d. What general (system) recommendations might you make to the shop manager? (For example.
if the system will be integrated, what modules will be integrated? What benefits would be
derived from such an integrated system? Include several general recommendations.)
The designer's job is to provide solutions to the main problems found during the initial study.
Clearly, any system is subject to both internal and external constraints. For example, we can safely
assume that the owner of the ABC Car Service and Repair Center has a time frame in mind, not to
mention a spending limitation. As is true in all design work, the designer and the business owner
must prioritize the modules and develop those that yield the greatest benefit within the stated time
and development budget constraints.
Keep in mind that it is always useful to develop a modular system that provides for future
enhancement and expansion. Suppose, for example, that the ABC Car Service & Repair company
management decides to integrate all of its service stations in the state in order to provide better
statewide service. Such integration is likely to yield many benefits: The car history of each car will
be available to any station for cars that have been serviced in more than one location; the inventory
of parts will be on-line, thus allowing parts orders to be placed between service stations; mechanics
can better share tips concerning the solution to car maintenance problems, and so on.
e. What is the best approach to conceptual database design? Why?
Given the nature of this business, the best way to produce this conceptual database design would be
to use a centralized and top-down approach. Keep in mind that the designer must keep the design
sufficiently flexible to make sure that it can accommodate any future integration of this system with
the other service stations in the state.
f. Name and describe at least four reports the system should have. Explain their use. Who will
use those reports?
REPORT 1
Monthly Activity contains a summary of service categories by branch and by month. Such reports
may become the basis for forecasting personnel and stock requirements for each branch and for each
period.
REPORT 2
Mechanic Summary Sheet contains a summary of work hours clocked by each mechanic. This
report would be generated weekly and would be useful for payroll and maintenance personnel
scheduling purposes.
REPORT 3
Monthly Inventory contains a summary of parts in inventory, inventory draw-down, parts reorder
points, and information about the vendors who will provide the parts to be reordered. This report will
be especially useful for inventory management purposes.
REPORT 4
Customer Activity contains a breakdown of customers by location, maintenance activity, current
balances, available credit, and so on. This report would be useful to forecast various service demand
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harmonica."
"Really and truly!"
"Yes," answered Dean, laughing. "I don't wonder you are
surprised. But here, give away your papers to that newsboy across
the street and come to my hotel."
"But I haven't any money."
"I have enough for both."
Dean had the pleasure of restoring Guy to his family, who
received him kindly. It is safe to say that he will never again go West
in quest of Indians.
A little before noon on Saturday Dean reached Waterford, and
walked home. On the way he met Brandon Bates.
"Halloa, so you're back!" said Brandon, eying him curiously.
"Yes, Brandon. Thank you for your warm welcome."
"I didn't mean to give you a warm welcome," said Brandon,
ungraciously.
"I beg your pardon; I made a mistake."
"I suppose you came home without a cent."
"You're mistaken. I've got over a dollar in my pocket."
"What's a dollar?" sneered Brandon.
"It isn't much, to be sure."
"You won't hear very good news at your uncle's."
"Why? Is he sick—or my aunt?" asked Dean uneasily.
"No, but he can't pay the mortgage, and my father's going to
take possession of the place."
"Oh, is that all?" said Dean, relieved.
"I should think it was enough."
"Oh, perhaps your father will think better of it, as I am at home
now and can help Uncle Adin pay it off."
"What can you do?" asked Brandon, mockingly.
"That's the great question. However, I'm in a hurry to get home,
and must leave you. You are kind to be so much interested in me,
Brandon."
"I'm not interested in you at all," returned Brandon, tartly.
Dean laughed and passed on.
"That boy's as impudent as ever," soliloquized Brandon. "He'll
feel differently on Monday."
In the joy of seeing Dean again his uncle and aunt lost sight for
a time of their troubles, but after a while Adin Dunham said gravely,
"It's well you came home as you did, Dean, for the old home is
about to pass from me."
"How is that, Uncle Adin?"
"Squire Bates is going to foreclose the mortgage. He offers to
buy the place and give me eight hundred dollars over and above
what I owe him."
"Of course you declined?"
"It will do no good. I must yield to necessity."
"Squire Bates shall never have the place," said Dean, resolutely.
"Who will prevent it?"
"I will."
"But, Dean, what power have you? The squire is firmly
resolved."
"So am I."
"But——"
"Uncle Adin, ask me no questions, but rest easy in the thought
that you won't lose your home. Leave the matter in my hands. That
is all you need to do."
"Sarah, what does the boy mean?"
"He means something, Adin. We may as well leave it in his
hands as he asks."
"Very well, I don't know as he can do any harm—or good."
"That remains to be seen, uncle."
Dean went to church on Sunday, and received a warm welcome
from nearly all the congregation, for he was popular with those of all
ages. He wore a smiling, untroubled look which puzzled Squire Bates
and Brandon.
"Does he know that I am going to foreclose the mortgage?"
asked the squire of Brandon.
"Yes, for I told him."
"It seems strange that he should be so cheerful."
"He won't be—to-morrow."
"No, I apprehend not."
When Squire Bates called at the carpenter's modest home Dean
opened the door, and invited him into the sitting-room, where the
two found themselves alone.
"I want to see your uncle," said the squire.
"If it's about the mortgage, I will attend to that matter."
"You—a boy?"
"Yes, I feel competent to settle the matter."
"There is only one way of settling it, by paying the money."
"I propose to pay it as soon as——"
"Well, as soon as what?"
"As soon as you restore to my uncle, with interest, the thousand
dollars you stole from him nearly a year since."
"What do you mean by this insolence?" demanded Squire Bates,
springing to his feet and glaring at Dean.
"I mean," answered Dean, slowly, "that I have the sworn
testimony of Peter Kirby, given me at Denver, implicating you in that
robbery."
"Show it to me," said the squire, turning livid.
"Here is a copy. The original is in the hands of a New York
lawyer."
Squire Bates took the paper in his trembling fingers, and read it
deliberately.
"This is a lie!" he exclaimed hoarsely.
"The matter can come before the courts if you wish it. My uncle
recognized you at the time of the robbery, but no one would believe
his testimony. Fortunately, it will be substantiated now."
"But this is the most utter absurdity. Does anybody believe that a
man of my reputation would be implicated in a highway robbery?"
"They will find it equally hard to believe that you are the captain
of a band of robbers with headquarters in Colorado. I have been in
the cave where your booty is congealed, and know what I am talking
about."
After fifteen minutes more the squire capitulated, only making it
a condition that Dean would keep secret the serious discoveries
which he had made.
"I will do so, unless I am summoned to testify in court," said
Dean.
"Leave me to explain matters to your uncle," said the squire.
Dean called the carpenter into the room.
"Mr. Dunham," said Squire Bates with his old suavity, "I have
arranged matters satisfactorily with your nephew. He has recovered
the large sum of which you were robbed a year ago, and paid the
mortgage, or is prepared to do so. Dean, if you will accompany me
to my office we will arrange this affair."
"But, who stole the money?" asked Adin Dunham, bewildered.
"I promised not to tell," said Dean. "Was I right?"
"Yes, yes, as long as you got the money back."
Dean received the mortgage back canceled, and something over
two hundred dollars besides, which he placed in his uncle's hands.
Adin Dunham looked ten years younger, and his face was radiant.
His joy was increased when Dean told him how he had prospered
out West, and gave his aunt five hundred dollars, reserving for
himself the remainder of the thousand which he had brought home.
Two months later Dean returned to Denver to find that his lots
had considerably increased in value. Gradually he sold them off for
twice what he paid, and entered business in the Queen City of
Colorado.
Squire Bates soon removed from Waterford, and the villagers
have heard nothing of him since. But Dean could tell them that his
connection with the band of robbers was discovered, and that he is
upon conviction serving a protracted term in a Western prison. What
has become of Brandon or his mother is not known to the general
public, but it is less than a year since Dean, while leaving the Denver
post-office, was accosted by a shabbily dressed young man who
asked for assistance.
"Are you not Brandon Bates?" asked Dean after a brief glance.
Brandon was about to hurry away, but Dean detained him.
"Don't go," he said. "I am glad to help you," and he placed two gold
eagles in the hands of the astonished Brandon.
"Come to me again if you are in need," said Dean in a friendly
manner.
"Thank you! I didn't expect this from you," said Brandon. "I
thought you would triumph over me."
"If I did I should show myself unworthy of the good fortune that
has come to me. I wish you good luck."
That was the last Dean has seen of Brandon. Let us hope that
he will deserve good luck, and attain it.
Adin Dunham still lives, happy in the companionship of his good
wife, and the prosperity of his nephew. But there is one thing that
puzzles him. He has never been able to solve The Waterford Mystery.
THE END.
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Transcriber's Note
Obvious punctuation and spelling errors have been
corrected.
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    Chapter 9 DatabaseDesign 362 Chapter 9 Database Design Discussion Focus What is the relationship between a database and an information system, and how does this relationship have a bearing on database design? An information system performs three sets of services:  It provides for data collection, storage, and retrieval.  It facilitates the transformation of data into information.  It provides the tools and conditions to manage both data and information. Basically, a database is a fact (data) repository that serves an information system. If the database is designed poorly, one can hardly expect that the data/information transformation will be successful, nor is it reasonable to expect efficient and capable management of data and information. The transformation of data into information is accomplished through application programs. It is impossible to produce good information from poor data; and, no matter how sophisticated the application programs are, it is impossible to use good application programs to overcome the effects of bad database design. In short: Good database design is the foundation of a successful information system. Database design must yield a database that:  Does not fall prey to uncontrolled data duplication, thus preventing data anomalies and the attendant lack of data integrity.  Is efficient in its provision of data access.  Serves the needs of the information system. The last point deserves emphasis: even the best-designed database lacks value if it fails to meet information system objectives. In short, good database designers must pay close attention to the information system requirements. Systems design and database design are usually tightly intertwined and are often performed in parallel. Therefore, database and systems designers must cooperate and coordinate to yield the best possible information system. What is the relationship between the SDLC and the DBLC? The SDLC traces the history (life cycle) of an information system. The DBLC traces the history (life cycle) of a database system. Since we know that the database serves the information system, it is not surprising that the two life cycles conform to the same basic phases.
  • 6.
    Chapter 9 DatabaseDesign 363 Suggestion: Use Figure 9.8 as the basis for a discussion of the parallel activities. What basic database design strategies exist, and how are such strategies executed? Suggestion: Use Figure 9.14 as the basis for this discussion. There are two basic approaches to database design: top-down and bottom-up. Top-down design begins by identifying the different entitytypes and the definition of each entity's attributes. In other words, top-down design:  starts by defining the required data sets and then  defines the data elements for each of those data sets. Bottom-up design:  first defines the required attributes and then  groups the attributes to form entities. Although the two methodologies tend to be complementary, database designers who deal with small databases with relatively few entities, attributes, and transactions tend to emphasize the bottom-up approach. Database designers who deal with large, complex databases usuallyfind that a primarilytop-down design approach is more appropriate. In spite of the frequent arguments concerning the best design approach, perhaps the top-down vs. bottom-up distinction is quite artificial. The text's note is worth repeating: NOTE Even if a generally top-down approach is selected, the normalization process that revises existing table structures is (inevitably) a bottom-up technique. E-R models constitute a top-down process even if the selection of attributes and entities may be described as bottom-up. Since both the E-R model and normalization techniques form the basis for most designs, the top-down vs. bottom-up debate may be based on a distinction without a difference.
  • 7.
    Chapter 9 DatabaseDesign 364 Answers to Review Questions 1. What is an information system? What is its purpose? An information system is a system that  provides the conditions for data collection, storage, and retrieval  facilitates the transformation of data into information  provides management of both data and information. An information system is composed of hardware, software (DBMS and applications), the database(s), procedures, and people. Good decisions are generally based on good information. Ultimately, the purpose of an information system is to facilitate good decision making by making relevant and timely information available to the decision makers. 2. How do systems analysis and systems development fit into a discussion about information systems? Both systems analysis and systems development constitute part of the Systems Development Life Cycle, or SDLC. Systems analysis, phase II of the SDLC, establishes the need for and the extent of an information system by  Establishing end-user requirements.  Evaluating the existing system.  Developing a logical systems design. Systems development, based on the detailed systems design found in phase III of the SDLC, yields the information system. The detailed system specifications are established during the systems design phase, in which the designer completes the design of all required system processes. 3. What does the acronym SDLC mean, and what does an SDLC portray? SDLC is the acronym that is used to label the System Development Life Cycle. The SDLC traces the history of a information system from its inception to its obsolescence. The SDLC is composed of six phases: planning, analysis, detailed system, design, implementation and maintenance. 4. What does the acronym DBLC mean, and what does a DBLC portray? DBLC is the acronym that is used to label the Database Life Cycle. The DBLC traces the history of a database system from its inception to its obsolescence. Since the database constitutes the core of an information system, the DBLC is concurrent to the SDLC. The DBLC is composed of six phases: initial study, design, implementation and loading, testing and evaluation, operation, and maintenance and evolution.
  • 8.
    Chapter 9 DatabaseDesign 365 5. Discuss the distinction between centralized and decentralized conceptual database design. Centralized and decentralized design constitute variations on the bottom-up and top-down approaches we discussed in the third question presented in the discussion focus. Basically, the centralized approach is best suited to relatively small and simple databases that lend themselves well to a bird's-eye view of the entire database. Such databases may be designed by a single person or by a small and informally constituted design team. The company operations and the scope of its problems are sufficientlylimited to enable the designer(s) to perform all of the necessary database design tasks: 1. Define the problem(s). 2. Create the conceptual design. 3. Verify the conceptual design with all user views. 4. Define all system processes and data constraints. 5. Assure that the database design will comply with all achievable end user requirements. The centralized design procedure thus yields the design summary shown in Figure Q9.5A. Figure Q9.5A The Centralized Design Procedure Conceptual Model Data Constraints System Processes User Views Conceptual Model Verification D A T A D I C T I O N A R Y
  • 9.
    Chapter 9 DatabaseDesign 366 Note that the centralized design approach requires the completion and validation of a single conceptual design. NOTE Use the text’s Figures 9.15 and 9.16 to contrast the two design approaches, then use Figure 9.6 to show the procedure flows; demonstrate that such procedure flows are independent of the degree of centralization. In contrast, when company operations are spread across multiple operational sites or when the database has multiple entities that are subject to complex relations, the best approach is often based on the decentralized design. Typically, a decentralized design requires that the design task be divided into multiple modules, each one of which is assigned to a design team. The design team activities are coordinated by the lead designer, who must aggregate the design teams' efforts. Since each team focuses on modeling a subset of the system, the definition of boundaries and the interrelation between data subsets must be very precise. Each team creates a conceptual data model corresponding to the subset being modeled. Each conceptual model is then verified individually against the user views, processes, and constraints for each of the modules. After the verification process has been completed, all modules are integrated in one conceptual model. Since the data dictionary describes the characteristics of all the objects within the conceptual data model, it plays a vital role in the integration process. Naturally, after the subsets have been aggregated into a larger conceptual model, the lead designer must verify that the combined conceptual model is still able to support all the required transactions. Thus the decentralized design activities may be summarized as shown in Figure Q8.6B.
  • 10.
    Chapter 9 DatabaseDesign 367 Figure Q9.6B The Decentralized Design Procedure D A T A D I C T I O N A R Y Subset A DATA COMPONENT Views, Processes, Constraints Views, Processes, Constraints Views, Processes, Constraints Aggregation Subset B Subset C Verification Conceptual Models FINAL CONCEPTUAL MODEL Keep in mind that the aggregation process requires the lead designer to assemble a single model in which various aggregation problems must be addressed:  synonyms and homonyms. Different departments may know the same object by different names (synonyms), or they may use the same name to address different objects (homonyms.) The object may be an entity, an attribute, or a relationship.  entity and entity subclasses. An entity subset may be viewed as a separate entity by one or more departments. The designer must integrate such subclasses into a higher-level entity.  Conflicting object definitions. Attributes may be recorded as different types (character, numeric), or different domains may be defined for the same attribute. Constraint definitions, too, may vary. The designer must remove such conflicts from the model. 6. What is the minimal data rule in conceptual design? Why is it important? The minimal data rule specifies that all the data defined in the data model are actually required to fit present and expected future data requirements. This rule may be phrased as All that is needed is there, and all that is there is needed.
  • 11.
    Chapter 9 DatabaseDesign 368 7. Discuss the distinction between top-down and bottom-up approaches to database design. There are two basic approaches to database design: top-down and bottom-up. Top-down design begins by identifying the different entity types and the definition of each entity's attributes. In other words, top-down design:  starts by defining the required data sets and then  defines the data elements for each of those data sets. Bottom-up design:  first defines the required attributes and then  groups the attributes to form entities. Although the two methodologies tend to be complementary, database designers who deal with small databases with relatively few entities, attributes, and transactions tend to emphasize the bottom-up approach. Database designers who deal with large, complex databases usually find that a primarily top-down design approach is more appropriate. 8. What are business rules? Why are they important to a database designer? Business rules are narrative descriptions of the business policies, procedures, or principles that are derived from a detailed description of operations. Business rules are particularly valuable to database designers, because they help define:  Entities  Attributes  Relationships (1:1, 1:M, M:N, expressed through connectivities and cardinalities)  Constraints To develop an accurate data model, the database designer must have a thorough and complete understanding of the organization's data requirements. The business rules are very important to the designer because they enable the designer to fully understand how the business works and what role is played by data within company operations. NOTE Do keep in mind that an ERD cannot always include all the applicable business rules. For example, although constraints are often crucial, it is often not possible to model them. For instance, there is no way to model a constraint such as “no pilot may be assigned to flight duties more than ten hours during any 24-hour period.” It is also worth emphasizing that the description of (company) operations must be done in almost excruciating detail and it must be verified and re-verified. An inaccurate description of operations yields inaccurate business rules that lead to database designs that are destined to fail.
  • 12.
    Chapter 9 DatabaseDesign 369 9. What is the data dictionary's function in database design? A good data dictionary provides a precise description of the characteristics of all the entities and attributes found within the database. The data dictionary thus makes it easier to check for the existence of synonyms and homonyms, to check whether all attributes exist to support required reports, to verify appropriate relationship representations, and so on. The data dictionary's contents are both developed and used during the six DBLC phases: DATABASE INITIAL STUDY The basic data dictionary components are developed as the entities and attributes are defined during this phase. DATABASE DESIGN The data dictionary contents are used to verify the database design components: entities, attributes, and their relationships. The designer also uses the data dictionary to check the database design for homonyms and synonyms and verifies that the entities and attributes will support all required query and report requirements. IMPLEMENTATION AND LOADING The DBMS's data dictionary helps to resolve any remaining attribute definition inconsistencies. TESTING AND EVALUATION If problems develop during this phase, the data dictionary contents may be used to help restructure the basic design components to make sure that they support all required operations. OPERATION If the database design still yields (the almost inevitable) operational glitches, the data dictionary may be used as a quality control device to ensure that operational modifications to the database do not conflict with existing components. MAINTENANCE AND EVOLUTION As users face inevitable changes in information needs, the database may be modified to support those needs. Perhaps entities, attributes, and relationships must be added, or relationships must be changed. If new database components are fit into the design, their introduction may produce conflict with existing components. The data dictionary turns out to be a very useful tool to check whether a suggested change invites conflicts within the database design and, if so, how such conflicts may be resolved. 10. What steps are required in the development of an ER diagram? (Hint: See Table 9.3.) Table 9.3 is reproduced for your convenience. TABLE 9.3 Developing the Conceptual Model, Using ER Diagrams STEP ACTIVITY 1 Identify, analyze, and refine the business rules. 2 Identify the main entities, using the results of Step 1.
  • 13.
    Chapter 9 DatabaseDesign 370 3 Define the relationships among the entities, using the results of Steps 1 and 2. 4 Define the attributes, primary keys, and foreign keys for each of the entities. 5 Normalize the entities. (Remember that entities are implemented as tables in an RDBMS.) 6 Complete the initial ER diagram. 7 Validate the ER model against the user’s information and processing requirements. 8 Modify the ER diagram, using the results of Step 7. Point out that some of the steps listed in Table 9.3 take place concurrently. And some, such as the normalization process, can generate a demand for additional entities and/or attributes, thereby causing the designer to revise the ER model. For example, while identifying two main entities, the designer might also identify the composite bridge entity that represents the many-to-many relationship between those two main entities. 11. List and briefly explain the activities involved in the verification of an ER model. Section 9-4c, “Data Model Verification,” includes a discussion on verification. In addition, Appendix C, “The University Lab: Conceptual Design Verification, Logical Design, and Implementation,” covers the verification process in detail. The verification process is detailed in the text’s Table 9.5, reproduced here for your convenience. TABLE 9.5 The ER Model Verification Process STEP ACTIVITY 1 Identify the ER model’s central entity. 2 Identify each module and its components. 3 Identify each module’s transaction requirements: Internal: Updates/Inserts/Deletes/Queries/Reports External: Module interfaces 4 Verify all processes against the ER model. 5 Make all necessary changes suggested in Step 4. 6 Repeat Steps 2−5 for all modules. Keep in mind that the verification process requires the continuous verification of business transactions as well as system and user requirements. The verification sequence must be repeated for each of the system’s modules. 12. What factors are important in a DBMS software selection? The selection of DBMS software is critical to the information system’s smooth operation. Consequently, the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed DBMS software should be carefullystudied. To avoid false expectations, the end user must be made aware of the limitations of both the DBMS and the database. Although the factors affecting the purchasing decision varyfrom companyto company, some of the most common are:
  • 14.
    Chapter 9 DatabaseDesign 371  Cost. Purchase, maintenance, operational, license, installation, training, and conversion costs.  DBMS features and tools. Some database software includes a variety of tools that facilitate the application development task. For example, the availability of query by example (QBE), screen painters, report generators, application generators, data dictionaries, and so on, helps to create a more pleasant work environment for both the end user and the application programmer. Database administrator facilities, query facilities, ease of use, performance, security, concurrencycontrol, transaction processing, and third-party support also influence DBMS software selection.  Underlying model. Hierarchical, network, relational, object/relational, or object.  Portability. Across platforms, systems, and languages.  DBMS hardware requirements. Processor(s), RAM, disk space, and so on. 13. List and briefly explain the four steps performed during the logical design stage. 1) Map conceptual model to logical model components. In this step, the conceptual model is converted into a set of table definitions including table names, column names, primary keys, and foreign keys to implement the entities and relationships specified in the conceptual design. 2) Validate the logical model using normalization. It is possible for normalization issues to be discovered during the process of mapping the conceptual model to logical model components. Therefore, it is appropriate at this stage to validate that all of the table definitions from the previous step conform to the appropriate normalization rules. 3) Validate logical model integrity constraints. This step involves the conversion of attribute domains and constraints into constraint definitions that can be implemented within the DBMS to enforce those domains. Also, entityand referential integrity constraints are validated. Views may be defined to enforce security constraints. 4) Validate the logical model against the user requirements. The final step of this stage is to ensure that all definitions created throughout the logical model are validated against the users' data, transaction, and security requirements. Every component (table, view, constraint, etc.) of the logical model must be associated with satisfying the user requirements, and every user requirement should be addressed by the model components. 14. List and briefly explain the three steps performed during the physical design stage. 1) Define data storage organization. Based on estimates of the data volume and growth, this step involves the determination of the physical location and physical organization for each table. Also, which columns will be indexed and the type of indexes to be used are determined. Finally, the type of implementation to be used for each view is decided. 2) Define integrity and security measures. This step involves creating users and security groups, and then assigning privileges and controls to those users and group. 3) Determine performance measurements. The actual performance of the physical database implementation must be measured and assessed for compliance with user performance requirements.
  • 15.
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  • 16.
    Chapter 9 DatabaseDesign 372 15. What three levels of backup may be used in database recovery management? Briefly describe what each of those three backup levels does. A full backup of the database creates a backup copy of all database objects in their entirety. A differential backup of the database creates a backup of onlythose database objects that have changed since the last full backup. A transaction log backup does not create a backup of database objects, but makes a backup of the log of changes that have been applied to the database objects since the last backup. Problem Solutions 1. The ABC Car Service & Repair Centers are owned by the SILENT car dealer; ABC services and repairs only SILENT cars. Three ABC Car Service & Repair Centers provide service and repair for the entire state. Each of the three centers is independently managed and operated by a shop manager, a receptionist, and at least eight mechanics. Each center maintains a fully stocked parts inventory. Each center also maintains a manual file system in which each car’s maintenance history is kept: repairs made, parts used, costs, service dates, owner, and so on. Files are also kept to track inventory, purchasing, billing, employees’ hours, and payroll. You have been contacted by the manager of one of the centers to design and implement a computerized system. Given the preceding information, do the following: a. Indicate the most appropriate sequence of activities by labeling each of the following steps in the correct order. (For example, if you think that “Load the database.” is the appropriate first step, label it “1.”) ____ Normalize the conceptual model. ____ Obtain a general description of company operations. ____ Load the database. ____ Create a description of each system process. ____ Test the system. ____ Draw a data flow diagram and system flowcharts. ____ Create a conceptual model, using ER diagrams. ____ Create the application programs. ____ Interview the mechanics. ____ Create the file (table) structures. ____ Interview the shop manager. The answer to this question may vary slightly from one designer to the next, depending on the selected design methodology and even on personal designer preferences. Yet, in spite of such differences, it is possible to develop a common design methodology to permit the development of a basic decision-making process and the analysis required in designing an information system.
  • 17.
    Chapter 9 DatabaseDesign 373 Whatever the design philosophy, a good designer uses a specific and ordered set of steps through which the database design problem is approached. The steps are generally based on three phases: analysis, design, and implementation. These phases yield the following activities: ANALYSIS 1. Interview the shop manager 2. Interview the mechanics 3. Obtain a general description of company operations 4. Create a description of each system process DESIGN 5. Create a conceptual model, using E-R diagrams 6. 8. Draw a data flow diagram and system flow charts 7. Normalize the conceptual model IMPLEMENTATION 8. Create the table structures 9. Load the database 10. Create the application programs 11. Test the system. This listing implies that, within each of the three phases, the steps are completed in a specific order. For example, it would seem reasonable to argue that we must first complete the interviews if we are to obtain a proper description of the company operations. Similarly, we may argue that a data flow diagram precedes the creation of the E-R diagram. Nevertheless, the specific tasks and the order in which theyare addressed may vary. Such variations do not matter, as long as the designer bases the selected procedures on an appropriate design philosophy, such as top-down vs. bottom-up. Given this discussion, we may present problem 1's solution this way: __7__ Normalize the conceptual model. __3__ Obtain a general description of company operations. __9__ Load the database. __4__ Create a description of each system process. _11__ Test the system. __6__ Draw a data flow diagram and system flow charts. __5__ Create a conceptual model, using E-R diagrams. _10__ Create the application programs.
  • 18.
    Chapter 9 DatabaseDesign 374 __2__ Interview the mechanics. __8__ Create the file (table) structures. __1__ Interview the shop manager.
  • 19.
    Chapter 9 DatabaseDesign 375 b. Describe the various modules that you believe the system should include. This question may be addressed in several ways. We suggest the following approach to develop a system composed of four main modules: Inventory, Payroll, Work order, and Customer. We have illustrated the Information System's main modules in Figure P9.1B. Figure P9.1B The ABC Company’s IS System Modules The Inventory module will include the Parts and Purchasing sub-modules. The Payroll Module will handle all employee and payroll information. The Work order module keeps track of the car maintenance history and all work orders for maintenance done on a car. The Customer module keeps track of the billing of the work orders to the customers and of the payments received from those customers. c. How will a data dictionary help you develop the system? Give examples. We have addressed the role of the data dictionary within the DBLC in detail in the answer to review question 10. Remember that the data dictionary makes it easier to check for the existence of synonyms and homonyms, to check whether all attributes exist to support required reports, to verify appropriate relationship representations, and so on. Therefore, the data dictionary's contents will help us to provide consistency across modules and to evaluate the system's abilityto generate the required reports. In addition, the use of the data dictionary facilitates the creation of system documentation.
  • 20.
    Chapter 9 DatabaseDesign 376 d. What general (system) recommendations might you make to the shop manager? (For example. if the system will be integrated, what modules will be integrated? What benefits would be derived from such an integrated system? Include several general recommendations.) The designer's job is to provide solutions to the main problems found during the initial study. Clearly, any system is subject to both internal and external constraints. For example, we can safely assume that the owner of the ABC Car Service and Repair Center has a time frame in mind, not to mention a spending limitation. As is true in all design work, the designer and the business owner must prioritize the modules and develop those that yield the greatest benefit within the stated time and development budget constraints. Keep in mind that it is always useful to develop a modular system that provides for future enhancement and expansion. Suppose, for example, that the ABC Car Service & Repair company management decides to integrate all of its service stations in the state in order to provide better statewide service. Such integration is likely to yield many benefits: The car history of each car will be available to any station for cars that have been serviced in more than one location; the inventory of parts will be on-line, thus allowing parts orders to be placed between service stations; mechanics can better share tips concerning the solution to car maintenance problems, and so on. e. What is the best approach to conceptual database design? Why? Given the nature of this business, the best way to produce this conceptual database design would be to use a centralized and top-down approach. Keep in mind that the designer must keep the design sufficiently flexible to make sure that it can accommodate any future integration of this system with the other service stations in the state. f. Name and describe at least four reports the system should have. Explain their use. Who will use those reports? REPORT 1 Monthly Activity contains a summary of service categories by branch and by month. Such reports may become the basis for forecasting personnel and stock requirements for each branch and for each period. REPORT 2 Mechanic Summary Sheet contains a summary of work hours clocked by each mechanic. This report would be generated weekly and would be useful for payroll and maintenance personnel scheduling purposes. REPORT 3 Monthly Inventory contains a summary of parts in inventory, inventory draw-down, parts reorder points, and information about the vendors who will provide the parts to be reordered. This report will be especially useful for inventory management purposes. REPORT 4 Customer Activity contains a breakdown of customers by location, maintenance activity, current balances, available credit, and so on. This report would be useful to forecast various service demand
  • 21.
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  • 22.
    harmonica." "Really and truly!" "Yes,"answered Dean, laughing. "I don't wonder you are surprised. But here, give away your papers to that newsboy across the street and come to my hotel." "But I haven't any money." "I have enough for both." Dean had the pleasure of restoring Guy to his family, who received him kindly. It is safe to say that he will never again go West in quest of Indians. A little before noon on Saturday Dean reached Waterford, and walked home. On the way he met Brandon Bates. "Halloa, so you're back!" said Brandon, eying him curiously. "Yes, Brandon. Thank you for your warm welcome." "I didn't mean to give you a warm welcome," said Brandon, ungraciously. "I beg your pardon; I made a mistake." "I suppose you came home without a cent." "You're mistaken. I've got over a dollar in my pocket." "What's a dollar?" sneered Brandon. "It isn't much, to be sure." "You won't hear very good news at your uncle's." "Why? Is he sick—or my aunt?" asked Dean uneasily. "No, but he can't pay the mortgage, and my father's going to take possession of the place." "Oh, is that all?" said Dean, relieved. "I should think it was enough."
  • 23.
    "Oh, perhaps yourfather will think better of it, as I am at home now and can help Uncle Adin pay it off." "What can you do?" asked Brandon, mockingly. "That's the great question. However, I'm in a hurry to get home, and must leave you. You are kind to be so much interested in me, Brandon." "I'm not interested in you at all," returned Brandon, tartly. Dean laughed and passed on. "That boy's as impudent as ever," soliloquized Brandon. "He'll feel differently on Monday." In the joy of seeing Dean again his uncle and aunt lost sight for a time of their troubles, but after a while Adin Dunham said gravely, "It's well you came home as you did, Dean, for the old home is about to pass from me." "How is that, Uncle Adin?" "Squire Bates is going to foreclose the mortgage. He offers to buy the place and give me eight hundred dollars over and above what I owe him." "Of course you declined?" "It will do no good. I must yield to necessity." "Squire Bates shall never have the place," said Dean, resolutely. "Who will prevent it?" "I will." "But, Dean, what power have you? The squire is firmly resolved." "So am I." "But——"
  • 24.
    "Uncle Adin, askme no questions, but rest easy in the thought that you won't lose your home. Leave the matter in my hands. That is all you need to do." "Sarah, what does the boy mean?" "He means something, Adin. We may as well leave it in his hands as he asks." "Very well, I don't know as he can do any harm—or good." "That remains to be seen, uncle." Dean went to church on Sunday, and received a warm welcome from nearly all the congregation, for he was popular with those of all ages. He wore a smiling, untroubled look which puzzled Squire Bates and Brandon. "Does he know that I am going to foreclose the mortgage?" asked the squire of Brandon. "Yes, for I told him." "It seems strange that he should be so cheerful." "He won't be—to-morrow." "No, I apprehend not." When Squire Bates called at the carpenter's modest home Dean opened the door, and invited him into the sitting-room, where the two found themselves alone. "I want to see your uncle," said the squire. "If it's about the mortgage, I will attend to that matter."
  • 25.
    "You—a boy?" "Yes, Ifeel competent to settle the matter." "There is only one way of settling it, by paying the money." "I propose to pay it as soon as——" "Well, as soon as what?" "As soon as you restore to my uncle, with interest, the thousand dollars you stole from him nearly a year since." "What do you mean by this insolence?" demanded Squire Bates, springing to his feet and glaring at Dean. "I mean," answered Dean, slowly, "that I have the sworn testimony of Peter Kirby, given me at Denver, implicating you in that robbery." "Show it to me," said the squire, turning livid. "Here is a copy. The original is in the hands of a New York lawyer." Squire Bates took the paper in his trembling fingers, and read it deliberately. "This is a lie!" he exclaimed hoarsely. "The matter can come before the courts if you wish it. My uncle recognized you at the time of the robbery, but no one would believe his testimony. Fortunately, it will be substantiated now." "But this is the most utter absurdity. Does anybody believe that a man of my reputation would be implicated in a highway robbery?" "They will find it equally hard to believe that you are the captain of a band of robbers with headquarters in Colorado. I have been in the cave where your booty is congealed, and know what I am talking about." After fifteen minutes more the squire capitulated, only making it a condition that Dean would keep secret the serious discoveries
  • 26.
    which he hadmade. "I will do so, unless I am summoned to testify in court," said Dean. "Leave me to explain matters to your uncle," said the squire. Dean called the carpenter into the room. "Mr. Dunham," said Squire Bates with his old suavity, "I have arranged matters satisfactorily with your nephew. He has recovered the large sum of which you were robbed a year ago, and paid the mortgage, or is prepared to do so. Dean, if you will accompany me to my office we will arrange this affair." "But, who stole the money?" asked Adin Dunham, bewildered. "I promised not to tell," said Dean. "Was I right?" "Yes, yes, as long as you got the money back." Dean received the mortgage back canceled, and something over two hundred dollars besides, which he placed in his uncle's hands. Adin Dunham looked ten years younger, and his face was radiant. His joy was increased when Dean told him how he had prospered out West, and gave his aunt five hundred dollars, reserving for himself the remainder of the thousand which he had brought home. Two months later Dean returned to Denver to find that his lots had considerably increased in value. Gradually he sold them off for twice what he paid, and entered business in the Queen City of Colorado. Squire Bates soon removed from Waterford, and the villagers have heard nothing of him since. But Dean could tell them that his connection with the band of robbers was discovered, and that he is upon conviction serving a protracted term in a Western prison. What has become of Brandon or his mother is not known to the general public, but it is less than a year since Dean, while leaving the Denver post-office, was accosted by a shabbily dressed young man who asked for assistance.
  • 27.
    "Are you notBrandon Bates?" asked Dean after a brief glance. Brandon was about to hurry away, but Dean detained him. "Don't go," he said. "I am glad to help you," and he placed two gold eagles in the hands of the astonished Brandon. "Come to me again if you are in need," said Dean in a friendly manner. "Thank you! I didn't expect this from you," said Brandon. "I thought you would triumph over me." "If I did I should show myself unworthy of the good fortune that has come to me. I wish you good luck." That was the last Dean has seen of Brandon. Let us hope that he will deserve good luck, and attain it. Adin Dunham still lives, happy in the companionship of his good wife, and the prosperity of his nephew. But there is one thing that puzzles him. He has never been able to solve The Waterford Mystery. THE END.
  • 28.
    T THE CREAM OFJUVENILE FICTION THE BOYS' OWN LIBRARY A Selection of the Best Books for Boys by the Most Popular Authors HE titles in this splendid juvenile series have been selected with care, and as a result all the stories can be relied upon for their excellence. They are bright and sparkling; not over-burdened with lengthy descriptions, but brimful of adventure from the first page to the last—in fact they are just the kind of yarns that appeal strongly to the healthy boy who is fond of thrilling exploits and deeds of heroism. Among the authors whose names are included in the Boys' Own Library are Horatio Alger, Jr., Edward S. Ellis, James Otis, Capt. Ralph Bonehill, Burt L. Standish, Gilbert Patten and Frank H. Converse. SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE BOYS' OWN LIBRARY All the books in this series are copyrighted, printed on good paper, large type, illustrated, printed wrappers, handsome cloth covers stamped in inks and gold—fifteen special cover designs. 146 Titles—Price, per Volume, 75 cents
  • 29.
    For sale byall booksellers, or sent, postpaid, on receipt of price by the publisher, DAVID McKAY, 610 SO. WASHINGTON SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA, PA. HORATIO ALGER, Jr. One of the best known and most popular writers. Good, clean, healthy stories for the American Boy. Adventures of a Telegraph Boy Dean Dunham Erie Train Boy, The Five Hundred Dollar Check From Canal Boy to President From Farm Boy to Senator Backwoods Boy, The Mark Stanton Ned Newton New York Boy Tom Brace Tom Tracy Walter Griffith Young Acrobat
  • 30.
    C. B. ASHLEY. Oneof the best stories ever written on hunting, trapping and adventure in the West, after the Custer Massacre. Gilbert, the Boy Trapper ANNIE ASHMORE. A splendid story, recording the adventures of a boy with smugglers. Smuggler's Cave, The CAPT. RALPH BONEHILL. Capt. Bonehill is in the very rank as an author of boys' stories. These are two of his best works. Neka, the Boy Conjurer Tour of the Zero Club
  • 31.
    WALTER F. BRUNS. Anexcellent story of adventure in the celebrated Sunk Lands of Missouri and Kansas. In the Sunk Lands FRANK H. CONVERSE. This writer has established a splendid reputation as a boys' author, and although his books usually command $1.25 per volume, we offer the following at a more popular price. Gold of Flat Top Mountain Happy-Go-Lucky Jack Heir to a Million In Search of An Unknown Race In Southern Seas Mystery of a Diamond That Treasure Voyage to the Gold Coast HARRY COLLINGWOOD.
  • 32.
    One of England'smost successful writers of stories for boys. His best story is Pirate Island GEORGE H. COOMER. Two books we highly recommend. One is a splendid story of adventure at sea, when American ships were in every port in the world, and the other tells of adventures while the first railway in the Andes Mountains was being built. Boys in the Forecastle Old Man of the Mountain WILLIAM DALTON. Three stories by one of the very greatest writers for boys. The stories deal with boys' adventures in India, China and Abyssinia. These books are strongly recommended for boys' reading, as they contain a large amount of historical information. Tiger Prince War Tiger White Elephant
  • 33.
    EDWARD S. ELLIS. Thesebooks are considered the best works this well-known writer ever produced. No better reading for bright young Americans. Arthur Helmuth Check No. 2134 From Tent to White House Perils of the Jungle On the Trail of Geronimo White Mustang GEORGE MANVILLE FENN. For the past fifty years Mr. Fenn has been writing books for boys and popular fiction. His books are justly popular throughout the English-speaking world. We publish the following select list of his boys' books, which we consider the best he ever wrote. Commodore Junk Dingo Boys Golden Magnet Grand Chaco Weathercock
  • 34.
    ENSIGN CLARKE FITCH,U. S. N. A graduate of the U. S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, and thoroughly familiar with all naval matters. Mr. Fitch has devoted himself to literature, and has written a series of books for boys that every young American should read. His stories are full of very interesting information about the navy, training ships, etc. Bound for Annapolis Clif, the Naval Cadet Cruise of the Training Ship From Port to Port Strange Cruise, A WILLIAM MURRAY GRAYDON. An author of world-wide popularity. Mr. Graydon is essentially a friend of young people, and we offer herewith ten of his best works, wherein he relates a great diversity of interesting adventures in various parts of the world, combined with accurate historical data. Butcher of Cawnpore, The Camp in the Snow, The Campaigning with Braddock Cryptogram, The From Lake to Wilderness In Barracks and Wigwam In Fort and Prison Jungles and Traitors Rajah's Fortress, The White King of Africa, The
  • 35.
    LIEUT. FREDERICK GARRISON,U. S. A. Every American boy takes a keen interest in the affairs of West Point. No more capable writer on this popular subject could be found than Lieut. Garrison, who vividly describes the life, adventures and unique incidents that have occurred in that great institution—in these famous West Point stories. Off for West Point Cadet's Honor, A On Guard West Point Treasure, The West Point Rivals, The HEADON HILL. The hunt for gold has always been a popular subject for consideration, and Mr. Hill has added a splendid story on the subject in this romance of the Klondyke. Spectre Gold
  • 36.
    HENRY HARRISON LEWIS. Mr.Lewis is a graduate of the Naval Academy at Annapolis, and has written a great many books for boys. Among his best works are the following titles—the subjects include a vast series of adventures in all parts of the world. The historical data is correct, and they should be read by all boys, for the excellent information they contain. Centreboard Jim King of the Island Midshipman Merrill Ensign Merrill Sword and Pen Valley of Mystery, The Yankee Boys in Japan LIEUT. LIONEL LOUNSBERRY. A series of books embracing many adventures under our famous naval commanders, and with our army during the War of 1812 and the Civil War. Founded on sound history, these books are written for boys, with the idea of combining pleasure with profit; to cultivate a fondness for study—especially of what has been accomplished by our army and navy. Cadet Kit Carey Captain Carey Kit Carey's Protegé Lieut. Carey's Luck Out With Commodore Decatur
  • 37.
    Randy, the Pilot TomTruxton's School Days Tom Truxton's Ocean Trip Treasure of the Golden Crater Won at West Point BROOKS McCORMICK. Four splendid books of adventure on sea and land, by this well- known writer for boys. Giant Islanders, The How He Won Nature's Young Nobleman Rival Battalions WALTER MORRIS. This charming story contains thirty-two chapters of just the sort of school life that charms the boy readers. Bob Porter at Lakeview Academy
  • 38.
    STANLEY NORRIS. Mr. Norrisis without a rival as a writer of "Circus Stories" for boys. These four books are full of thrilling adventures, but good, wholesome reading for young Americans. Phil, the Showman Young Showman's Rivals, The Young Showman's Pluck, The Young Showman's Triumph LIEUT. JAMES K. ORTON. When a boy has read one of Lieut. Orton's books, it requires no urging to induce him to read the others. Not a dull page in any of them. Beach Boy Joe Last Chance Mine Secret Chart, The Tom Havens with the White Squadron
  • 39.
    JAMES OTIS. Mr. Otisis known by nearly every American boy, and needs no introduction here. The following copyrights are among his best: Chased Through Norway Inland Waterways Unprovoked Mutiny Wheeling for Fortune Reuben Green's Adventures at Yale GILBERT PATTEN. Mr. Patten has had the distinction of having his books adopted by the U. S. Government for all naval libraries on board our war ships. While aiming to avoid the extravagant and sensational, the stories contain enough thrilling incidents to please the lad who loves action and adventure. In the Rockspur stories the description of their Baseball and Football Games and other contests with rival clubs and teams make very exciting and absorbing reading; and few boys with warm blood in their veins, having once begun the perusal of one of these books, will willingly lay it down till it is finished. Boy Boomers Boy Cattle King Boy from the West Don Kirke's Mine Jud and Joe Rockspur Nine, The Rockspur Eleven, The Rockspur Rivals, The
  • 40.
    ST. GEORGE RATHBORNE. Mr.Rathborne's stories for boys have the peculiar charm of dealing with localities and conditions with which he is thoroughly familiar. The scenes of these excellent stories are along the Florida coast and on the western prairies. Canoe and Camp Fire Paddling Under Palmettos Rival Canoe Boys Sunset Ranch Chums of the Prairie Young Range Riders Gulf Cruisers Shifting Winds ARTHUR SEWELL. An American story by an American author. It relates how a Yankee boy overcame many obstacles in school and out. Thoroughly interesting from start to finish. Gay Dashleigh's Academy Days
  • 41.
    CAPT. DAVID SOUTHWICK. Anexceptionally good story of frontier life among the Indians in the far West, daring the early settlement period. Jack Wheeler The Famous Frank Merriwell Stories. BURT L. STANDISH. No modern series of tales for boys and youths has met with anything like the cordial reception and popularity accorded to the Frank Merriwell Stories. There must be a reason for this and there is. Frank Merriwell, as portrayed by the author, is a jolly whole-souled, honest, courageous American lad, who appeals to the hearts of the boys. He has no bad habits, and his manliness inculcates the idea that it is not necessary for a boy to indulge in petty vices to be a hero. Frank Merriwell's example is a shining light for every ambitious lad to follow. Six volumes now ready: Frank Merriwell's School Days Frank Merriwell's Chums Frank Merriwell's Foes Frank Merriwell's Trip West Frank Merriwell Down South Frank Merriwell's Bravery Frank Merriwell's Hunting Tour Frank Merriwell's Races Frank Merriwell's Sports Afield Frank Merriwell at Yale
  • 42.
    VICTOR ST. CLAIR. Thesebooks are full of good, clean adventure, thrilling enough to please the full-blooded wide-awake boy, yet containing nothing to which there can be any objection from those who are careful as to the kind of books they put into the hands of the young. Cast Away in the Jungle Comrades Under Castro For Home and Honor From Switch to Lever Little Snap, the Post Boy Zig-Zag, the Boy Conjurer Zip, the Acrobat MATTHEW WHITE, JR. Good, healthy, strong books for the American lad. No more interesting books for the young appear on our lists. Adventures of a Young Athlete Eric Dane Guy Hammersley My Mysterious Fortune Tour of a Private Car Young Editor, The
  • 43.
    ARTHUR M. WINFIELD. Oneof the most popular authors of boys' books. Here are three of his best. Mark Dale's Stage Venture Young Bank Clerk, The Young Bridge Tender, The GAYLE WINTERTON. This very interesting story relates the trials and triumphs of a Young American Actor, including the solution of a very puzzling mystery. Young Actor, The ERNEST A. YOUNG. This book is not a treatise on sports, as the title would indicate, but relates a series of thrilling adventures among boy campers in the woods of Maine.
  • 44.
    Boats, Bats andBicycles DAVID McKAY, Publisher, Philadelphia.
  • 45.
    Transcriber's Note Obvious punctuationand spelling errors have been corrected.
  • 46.
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