p. Acnes plays more of a pathogenic role in the development of acne then previously thought. In this webinar you will learn more about how specifically p.Acnes helps to form the microcomedone. Why fruit acids work with acne....and it's not the reason you think it is.
Why some companies treat all acne the same and why this is successful.
Acne vulgaris is a self-limited skin disorder of the pilosebaceous unit that primarily affects adolescents and presents with various lesions including comedones, papules, pustules, nodules and cysts on the face, trunk and chest. It is caused by four key factors: follicular hyperkeratinization, sebum accumulation, inflammation and the presence of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. Androgens play an important role by increasing sebum production. Treatment involves topical retinoids, antibiotics and benzoyl peroxide for mild-moderate acne and oral antibiotics, isotretinoin or hormonal therapy for severe inflammatory acne.
This document provides information about rosacea, a chronic skin disorder that causes redness, pimples, and visible blood vessels on the face. It defines the four subtypes of rosacea (erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular) and explains their characteristic symptoms and clinical features. Triggers that can worsen rosacea symptoms are also outlined. The pathogenesis is unknown but may involve factors like demodex mites, sun exposure, stress, and diet. Treatment involves topical medications to reduce redness and inflammation.
Acne and rosacea are extremely common skin conditions that can have a significant psychological and social impact. Acne is caused by factors like blocked hair follicles, increased sebum production, inflammation, bacteria, and hormones. Rosacea has different clinical forms including papules/pustules and redness/telangiectasias. Both are managed with topical treatments like retinoids, antibiotics, and oral antibiotics/isotretinoin for more severe cases. Patients require long-term treatment to control symptoms.
Sebum produced by sebaceous glands lubricates and protects the skin. Acne is a disorder of the pilosebaceous unit characterized by comedones, papules and pustules. It results from increased sebum production, pore occlusion, bacterial infection with Propionibacterium acnes, and inflammation. Treatment involves addressing these pathological factors with topical and oral medications like benzoyl peroxide, retinoids, antibiotics and isotretinoin. Rosacea is a chronic facial rash distinct from acne, characterized by flushing, erythema and papules.
This is a seminar conducted by 4th year medical student under supervision of a lecturer. Sorry for not attaching the references.
Information were from few textbooks, google and also from previous dermatology posting group's seminar.
Effective ulcer treatments for stomach gastric ulcersShewta shetty
Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by blisters and erosions on the skin and mucous membranes. It occurs when antibodies in the immune system mistakenly attack proteins that bind cells together, causing them to separate. Symptoms include painful blisters in the mouth and sometimes on the skin. It most commonly affects people between 50-60 years old. Diagnosis involves skin biopsy and tests to detect circulating antibodies. Treatment focuses on decreasing blister formation using oral corticosteroids and appropriate wound care, while minimizing activities that could further damage the skin.
The document discusses several acne related syndromes:
1) SAPHO syndrome presents with sudden onset haemorrhagic acne on the face and chest along with palmoplantar pustulosis and pain over the chest wall. Its etiology is unknown but may involve an autoimmune reaction.
2) PAPA syndrome involves pyogenic artheritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne conglobata. It is an autoinflammatory disorder caused by a gene mutation leading to increased interleukin-1beta.
3) Endocrine acne is associated with conditions like PCOS, Cushing's disease, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia which alter hormone levels.
Rosacea: Inflammatory condition in DermatologyDrSaraHistology
Rosacea is a chronic skin condition that affects the face, characterized by flushing, persistent redness, small visible blood vessels, pimples or bumps, and thickened skin, especially on the nose, cheeks, chin, and forehead. It is classified into subtypes based on symptoms such as erythema, papules and pustules, and phymatous changes. Treatment aims to reduce inflammation and prevent worsening of symptoms. Left untreated, rosacea can progress and cause permanent changes to the facial structure over many years.
Acne vulgaris is a self-limited skin disorder of the pilosebaceous unit that primarily affects adolescents and presents with various lesions including comedones, papules, pustules, nodules and cysts on the face, trunk and chest. It is caused by four key factors: follicular hyperkeratinization, sebum accumulation, inflammation and the presence of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. Androgens play an important role by increasing sebum production. Treatment involves topical retinoids, antibiotics and benzoyl peroxide for mild-moderate acne and oral antibiotics, isotretinoin or hormonal therapy for severe inflammatory acne.
This document provides information about rosacea, a chronic skin disorder that causes redness, pimples, and visible blood vessels on the face. It defines the four subtypes of rosacea (erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular) and explains their characteristic symptoms and clinical features. Triggers that can worsen rosacea symptoms are also outlined. The pathogenesis is unknown but may involve factors like demodex mites, sun exposure, stress, and diet. Treatment involves topical medications to reduce redness and inflammation.
Acne and rosacea are extremely common skin conditions that can have a significant psychological and social impact. Acne is caused by factors like blocked hair follicles, increased sebum production, inflammation, bacteria, and hormones. Rosacea has different clinical forms including papules/pustules and redness/telangiectasias. Both are managed with topical treatments like retinoids, antibiotics, and oral antibiotics/isotretinoin for more severe cases. Patients require long-term treatment to control symptoms.
Sebum produced by sebaceous glands lubricates and protects the skin. Acne is a disorder of the pilosebaceous unit characterized by comedones, papules and pustules. It results from increased sebum production, pore occlusion, bacterial infection with Propionibacterium acnes, and inflammation. Treatment involves addressing these pathological factors with topical and oral medications like benzoyl peroxide, retinoids, antibiotics and isotretinoin. Rosacea is a chronic facial rash distinct from acne, characterized by flushing, erythema and papules.
This is a seminar conducted by 4th year medical student under supervision of a lecturer. Sorry for not attaching the references.
Information were from few textbooks, google and also from previous dermatology posting group's seminar.
Effective ulcer treatments for stomach gastric ulcersShewta shetty
Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by blisters and erosions on the skin and mucous membranes. It occurs when antibodies in the immune system mistakenly attack proteins that bind cells together, causing them to separate. Symptoms include painful blisters in the mouth and sometimes on the skin. It most commonly affects people between 50-60 years old. Diagnosis involves skin biopsy and tests to detect circulating antibodies. Treatment focuses on decreasing blister formation using oral corticosteroids and appropriate wound care, while minimizing activities that could further damage the skin.
The document discusses several acne related syndromes:
1) SAPHO syndrome presents with sudden onset haemorrhagic acne on the face and chest along with palmoplantar pustulosis and pain over the chest wall. Its etiology is unknown but may involve an autoimmune reaction.
2) PAPA syndrome involves pyogenic artheritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne conglobata. It is an autoinflammatory disorder caused by a gene mutation leading to increased interleukin-1beta.
3) Endocrine acne is associated with conditions like PCOS, Cushing's disease, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia which alter hormone levels.
Rosacea: Inflammatory condition in DermatologyDrSaraHistology
Rosacea is a chronic skin condition that affects the face, characterized by flushing, persistent redness, small visible blood vessels, pimples or bumps, and thickened skin, especially on the nose, cheeks, chin, and forehead. It is classified into subtypes based on symptoms such as erythema, papules and pustules, and phymatous changes. Treatment aims to reduce inflammation and prevent worsening of symptoms. Left untreated, rosacea can progress and cause permanent changes to the facial structure over many years.
This document provides information on acne vulgaris (acne), including its definition, incidence, anatomy and physiology of the skin, etiology, types, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, assessment, medical and surgical management, and nursing management. It defines acne as a common skin disease characterized by areas of skin with seborrhea, comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules, pustules, nodules and possible scarring. It affects many adolescents and young adults due to increased hormonal activity during puberty which can overstimulate sebum production in hair follicles, sometimes leading to follicular blockage and inflammation. Treatment involves reducing bacteria, sebum production, inflammation and scarring
Acne vulgaris, commonly known as acne, is a skin condition that causes areas of scaly red skin, blackheads, whiteheads, pimples, and sometimes cysts and scarring. It is caused by changes in the skin's sebaceous glands during puberty due to increases in hormones like testosterone. Left untreated, it can cause psychological effects like low self-esteem and depression, as well as permanent scarring. Treatment is recommended when acne bothers the individual or there is a risk of scarring to prevent long-term effects.
Cutaneous manifestations of internal diseasesYukti Aggarwal
This document discusses cutaneous manifestations of internal diseases, focusing on diabetes mellitus and thyroid diseases. For diabetes, common skin findings include necrobiosis lipoidica, granuloma annulare, diabetic bullae, acanthosis nigricans, and various infections. Skin changes can also result from diabetic complications like foot ulcers. For thyroid disease, hyperthyroidism may cause palmar erythema, hyperpigmentation, nail changes, scleromyxedema, or Graves' dermopathy. Hypothyroidism results in cool, dry, pale skin; hair changes; easy bruising; and generalized myxedema.
Acne, medically known as Acne Vulgaris, is a skin disease that involves the oil glands at the base of hair follicles. For more detailed study take look at "Management of Acne".
The document discusses atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as eczema. It defines AD as a pruritic, chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by dry skin and itchy rashes. AD is common in childhood and often runs in families with other allergic diseases. The pathogenesis involves genetic predisposition, skin barrier defects, and abnormal immune responses. Clinical manifestations vary depending on the stage of life, from facial rashes in infants to thickened plaques on flexural areas in older patients. Treatment focuses on moisturizing the skin, identifying trigger factors, and using topical corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors to control symptoms.
This document defines psoriasis as a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease characterized by well-circumscribed erythematous scaly plaques. It disrupts the normal cycle of skin cell proliferation and differentiation, causing keratinocytes to replicate rapidly within days rather than weeks. Psoriasis has no cure, but can be managed with topical therapies like vitamin D analogs, phototherapy, or systemic drugs when widespread. Calcipotriol is a first-line topical therapy that exerts immunomodulatory and anti-proliferative effects on keratinocytes and T cells to reduce inflammation and hyperplasia.
This document provides information about common skin conditions and diseases. It begins with an overview of the structure and function of skin, including its two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. It then discusses six common skin conditions in adults: acne, cellulitis, psoriasis, shingles, skin cancers, and vasculitis. Treatment options are provided for each condition. The document also summarizes six common skin conditions in children: chickenpox, eczema, Henoch–Schönlein purpura, impetigo, impetiginized eczema, and miliaria.
Acne vulgaris, also known as common acne, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that affects nearly 80% of people between ages 11-30. It results from clogged hair follicles and pores due to excess oil and dead skin cell production. There are six main types of acne lesions ranging from non-inflammatory whiteheads and blackheads to more severe inflammatory papules, cysts, nodules, and pustules. The bacteria Cutibacterium acnes, which lives on the skin, contributes to inflammation and infection by breaking down oil into fatty acids. Acne is caused by excess sebum production, clogged hair follicles, keratinization, bacteria, hormones, stress, certain medications,
This document provides an overview of erythema multiforme (EM), a self-limited inflammatory mucocutaneous disease that commonly affects the skin and oral mucosa. It discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, classification variants, diagnosis and management of EM. Key points include: EM results from a hypersensitivity reaction, often to infections or drugs; it ranges from mild to severe based on extent of skin and mucosal involvement; diagnosis involves clinical exam, biopsy and ruling out other conditions; treatment depends on severity but may include antivirals, corticosteroids or immunosuppressants.
Dr Muhammad Raza's presentation provides information about atopic dermatitis (eczema), including its signs and symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and management. The key points are that it is a chronic skin condition causing red, itchy, cracked skin that is common in children; has genetic and immunological factors; and is typically diagnosed clinically and managed through moisturizers, topical steroids, and other topical or systemic treatments depending on severity. The goal is for participants to understand the basic concepts, diagnosis, management, and appropriate referrals for atopic dermatitis.
This document provides an overview of blistering skin diseases that commonly affect the elderly. It begins with a case study of an 81-year-old man presenting with an extensive blistering rash. It then discusses bullous pemphigoid (BP) in detail, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, treatment, and prognosis. It also briefly mentions related diseases like cicatricial pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, porphyria cutanea tarda, linear IgA disease, and dermatitis herpetiformis. Finally, it provides an introduction to pemphigus vulgaris (PV), pemphigus foliaceus (PF),
This document describes the pathogenesis and treatment of acne. It begins by defining the primary and secondary lesions of acne, including comedones, papules, pustules, nodules and scars. It then discusses the pathogenesis, noting that chronic inflammation of hair follicles leads to these lesions. Treatment involves topical and oral medications. Topical treatments include retinoids, benzoyl peroxide and antibiotics. Oral antibiotics used include tetracyclines, doxycycline, minocycline and erythromycin. Isotretinoin may be used for severe nodular acne. The document provides details on the application and potential side effects of these various acne treatments.
Atopic dermatitis is a long-term skin disease. "Atopic" refers to a
tendency to develop allergy conditions. "Dermatitis" means swelling of
the skin.
Often, the skin gets worse (flares), then it improves or clears up (remissions).
Psoriasis - A BRIEF OUTLOOK..................................by Vishnu R.Nair...RxVichuZ
My fifth presentation...in slideshare.....
This is a precise insight into the popular disease called PSORIASIS....the reasons...classification....diagnosis...and varying therapies..........
Nevertheless, i do sincerely hope that this presentation helps people who are in research work for this disease..or for students, who have this in their curriculum syllabus, or for simple reading.............
More ppts will come on the way............
Thanks for reading..............do give ur feedback..in my email address rxvichu623@gmail.com.........ur views and suggestions will be warmly acknowledged..........
For further details, contact me in whatsapp or hike at 8086948729 or in my facebook profile at Rx Vichhu
Study well!!
Keep rocking!!!
@rxvichu
:) :)
Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by red scaly patches that is genetically determined. It has various clinical types including plaque, guttate, pustular and erythrodermic psoriasis. Treatment involves topical therapies like emollients, dithranol and topical steroids. For moderate to severe cases, phototherapy using PUVA or systemic therapies like methotrexate are used. Management in health posts focuses initially on topical therapies with referral for extensive or pustular psoriasis requiring further treatment.
This document summarizes information about psoriasis, including its epidemiology, genetics, clinical presentations, pathogenesis, and relationship to cardiovascular disease risk factors. Some key points:
- Psoriasis prevalence varies globally, from 0.05-4.7% depending on the population. Genetic factors play a role in its development and susceptibility loci have been identified.
- Clinical presentations include plaque, guttate, pustular, erythrodermic, and nail psoriasis. Psoriatic arthritis affects 5-8% of patients.
- Psoriasis is considered a T-cell mediated immune disease involving Th1 and Th17 responses and inflammatory cytokines like TNF-
1. Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of dermatitis, which is a chronic, pruritic inflammatory skin disease that varies in severity. It primarily causes intense itching.
2. The pathogenesis is multifactorial involving genetic predisposition, skin barrier dysfunction, and immune abnormalities.
3. Treatment focuses on managing flares with topical corticosteroids and infections, while remission involves long-term emollient use and trigger avoidance.
Pediatric skin & soft tissue conditions dr n.s.ramburnsagar2905
This document summarizes several common pediatric skin and soft tissue conditions. It describes the presentation, cause, and treatment for conditions like erythema toxicum neonatorum, miliaria, subcutaneous fat necrosis, infantile atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, pityriasis rosea, diaper rash, candidal dermatitis, irritant dermatitis, viral exanthems including varicella, measles, rubella, hand-foot-mouth disease, erythema infectiosum, exanthem subitum, and infectious mononucleosis. It also covers bacterial exanthems such as impetigo, scarlet fever, and stap
This document provides information on atopic dermatitis (AD), including its definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, complications, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis. AD is defined as an itchy, chronic inflammatory skin condition with a flexural distribution and early age of onset. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to skin barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation underlying AD. Clinical features vary by age but commonly include dry skin, rashes, and skin thickening/lichenification due to scratching. Secondary infections can occur. Diagnosis is based on characteristic features and history. Differential diagnoses include other eczemas and psoriasis.
This document discusses eczema, including its classification, symptoms, and treatment. It begins by defining eczema as a skin condition characterized by itching and scratching. It then classifies eczema based on etiology, morphology, and chronicity. Symptoms of acute eczema include erythema, vesicles, and crusting, while chronic eczema features lichenification. Complications can be dermatological like infection or psychosocial like anxiety. Treatment involves identifying triggers, moisturizing, and using topical corticosteroids or immunosuppressants. It also focuses on atopic dermatitis, its causes, features in infants/children/adults, and management through avoidance of
Este documento describe el acné vulgar, su definición, epidemiología, etiopatogenia, diagnóstico y tratamiento. El acné es una enfermedad inflamatoria de la unidad pilosebácea que afecta principalmente a adolescentes y jóvenes. Su causa es multifactorial e involucra factores genéticos, hormonales, bacterianos e inmunológicos. El tratamiento incluye medidas generales como limpieza e higiene, así como terapias tópicas con retinoides, ácido azelaico o peró
Neisseria gonorrhoeae es un diplococo gramnegativo que causa gonorrea. Se transmite principalmente por vía sexual y requiere medios de cultivo complejos para crecer. Provoca infecciones del tracto reproductivo como uretritis, cervicitis y, en ocasiones, infecciones diseminadas. El tratamiento depende de si hay complicaciones, utilizando antibióticos como ceftriaxona o doxiciclina más acitromicina si hay coinfección con clamidia. La prevención incluye educación, detección temprana
This document provides information on acne vulgaris (acne), including its definition, incidence, anatomy and physiology of the skin, etiology, types, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, assessment, medical and surgical management, and nursing management. It defines acne as a common skin disease characterized by areas of skin with seborrhea, comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules, pustules, nodules and possible scarring. It affects many adolescents and young adults due to increased hormonal activity during puberty which can overstimulate sebum production in hair follicles, sometimes leading to follicular blockage and inflammation. Treatment involves reducing bacteria, sebum production, inflammation and scarring
Acne vulgaris, commonly known as acne, is a skin condition that causes areas of scaly red skin, blackheads, whiteheads, pimples, and sometimes cysts and scarring. It is caused by changes in the skin's sebaceous glands during puberty due to increases in hormones like testosterone. Left untreated, it can cause psychological effects like low self-esteem and depression, as well as permanent scarring. Treatment is recommended when acne bothers the individual or there is a risk of scarring to prevent long-term effects.
Cutaneous manifestations of internal diseasesYukti Aggarwal
This document discusses cutaneous manifestations of internal diseases, focusing on diabetes mellitus and thyroid diseases. For diabetes, common skin findings include necrobiosis lipoidica, granuloma annulare, diabetic bullae, acanthosis nigricans, and various infections. Skin changes can also result from diabetic complications like foot ulcers. For thyroid disease, hyperthyroidism may cause palmar erythema, hyperpigmentation, nail changes, scleromyxedema, or Graves' dermopathy. Hypothyroidism results in cool, dry, pale skin; hair changes; easy bruising; and generalized myxedema.
Acne, medically known as Acne Vulgaris, is a skin disease that involves the oil glands at the base of hair follicles. For more detailed study take look at "Management of Acne".
The document discusses atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as eczema. It defines AD as a pruritic, chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by dry skin and itchy rashes. AD is common in childhood and often runs in families with other allergic diseases. The pathogenesis involves genetic predisposition, skin barrier defects, and abnormal immune responses. Clinical manifestations vary depending on the stage of life, from facial rashes in infants to thickened plaques on flexural areas in older patients. Treatment focuses on moisturizing the skin, identifying trigger factors, and using topical corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors to control symptoms.
This document defines psoriasis as a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease characterized by well-circumscribed erythematous scaly plaques. It disrupts the normal cycle of skin cell proliferation and differentiation, causing keratinocytes to replicate rapidly within days rather than weeks. Psoriasis has no cure, but can be managed with topical therapies like vitamin D analogs, phototherapy, or systemic drugs when widespread. Calcipotriol is a first-line topical therapy that exerts immunomodulatory and anti-proliferative effects on keratinocytes and T cells to reduce inflammation and hyperplasia.
This document provides information about common skin conditions and diseases. It begins with an overview of the structure and function of skin, including its two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. It then discusses six common skin conditions in adults: acne, cellulitis, psoriasis, shingles, skin cancers, and vasculitis. Treatment options are provided for each condition. The document also summarizes six common skin conditions in children: chickenpox, eczema, Henoch–Schönlein purpura, impetigo, impetiginized eczema, and miliaria.
Acne vulgaris, also known as common acne, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that affects nearly 80% of people between ages 11-30. It results from clogged hair follicles and pores due to excess oil and dead skin cell production. There are six main types of acne lesions ranging from non-inflammatory whiteheads and blackheads to more severe inflammatory papules, cysts, nodules, and pustules. The bacteria Cutibacterium acnes, which lives on the skin, contributes to inflammation and infection by breaking down oil into fatty acids. Acne is caused by excess sebum production, clogged hair follicles, keratinization, bacteria, hormones, stress, certain medications,
This document provides an overview of erythema multiforme (EM), a self-limited inflammatory mucocutaneous disease that commonly affects the skin and oral mucosa. It discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, classification variants, diagnosis and management of EM. Key points include: EM results from a hypersensitivity reaction, often to infections or drugs; it ranges from mild to severe based on extent of skin and mucosal involvement; diagnosis involves clinical exam, biopsy and ruling out other conditions; treatment depends on severity but may include antivirals, corticosteroids or immunosuppressants.
Dr Muhammad Raza's presentation provides information about atopic dermatitis (eczema), including its signs and symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and management. The key points are that it is a chronic skin condition causing red, itchy, cracked skin that is common in children; has genetic and immunological factors; and is typically diagnosed clinically and managed through moisturizers, topical steroids, and other topical or systemic treatments depending on severity. The goal is for participants to understand the basic concepts, diagnosis, management, and appropriate referrals for atopic dermatitis.
This document provides an overview of blistering skin diseases that commonly affect the elderly. It begins with a case study of an 81-year-old man presenting with an extensive blistering rash. It then discusses bullous pemphigoid (BP) in detail, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, treatment, and prognosis. It also briefly mentions related diseases like cicatricial pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, porphyria cutanea tarda, linear IgA disease, and dermatitis herpetiformis. Finally, it provides an introduction to pemphigus vulgaris (PV), pemphigus foliaceus (PF),
This document describes the pathogenesis and treatment of acne. It begins by defining the primary and secondary lesions of acne, including comedones, papules, pustules, nodules and scars. It then discusses the pathogenesis, noting that chronic inflammation of hair follicles leads to these lesions. Treatment involves topical and oral medications. Topical treatments include retinoids, benzoyl peroxide and antibiotics. Oral antibiotics used include tetracyclines, doxycycline, minocycline and erythromycin. Isotretinoin may be used for severe nodular acne. The document provides details on the application and potential side effects of these various acne treatments.
Atopic dermatitis is a long-term skin disease. "Atopic" refers to a
tendency to develop allergy conditions. "Dermatitis" means swelling of
the skin.
Often, the skin gets worse (flares), then it improves or clears up (remissions).
Psoriasis - A BRIEF OUTLOOK..................................by Vishnu R.Nair...RxVichuZ
My fifth presentation...in slideshare.....
This is a precise insight into the popular disease called PSORIASIS....the reasons...classification....diagnosis...and varying therapies..........
Nevertheless, i do sincerely hope that this presentation helps people who are in research work for this disease..or for students, who have this in their curriculum syllabus, or for simple reading.............
More ppts will come on the way............
Thanks for reading..............do give ur feedback..in my email address rxvichu623@gmail.com.........ur views and suggestions will be warmly acknowledged..........
For further details, contact me in whatsapp or hike at 8086948729 or in my facebook profile at Rx Vichhu
Study well!!
Keep rocking!!!
@rxvichu
:) :)
Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by red scaly patches that is genetically determined. It has various clinical types including plaque, guttate, pustular and erythrodermic psoriasis. Treatment involves topical therapies like emollients, dithranol and topical steroids. For moderate to severe cases, phototherapy using PUVA or systemic therapies like methotrexate are used. Management in health posts focuses initially on topical therapies with referral for extensive or pustular psoriasis requiring further treatment.
This document summarizes information about psoriasis, including its epidemiology, genetics, clinical presentations, pathogenesis, and relationship to cardiovascular disease risk factors. Some key points:
- Psoriasis prevalence varies globally, from 0.05-4.7% depending on the population. Genetic factors play a role in its development and susceptibility loci have been identified.
- Clinical presentations include plaque, guttate, pustular, erythrodermic, and nail psoriasis. Psoriatic arthritis affects 5-8% of patients.
- Psoriasis is considered a T-cell mediated immune disease involving Th1 and Th17 responses and inflammatory cytokines like TNF-
1. Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of dermatitis, which is a chronic, pruritic inflammatory skin disease that varies in severity. It primarily causes intense itching.
2. The pathogenesis is multifactorial involving genetic predisposition, skin barrier dysfunction, and immune abnormalities.
3. Treatment focuses on managing flares with topical corticosteroids and infections, while remission involves long-term emollient use and trigger avoidance.
Pediatric skin & soft tissue conditions dr n.s.ramburnsagar2905
This document summarizes several common pediatric skin and soft tissue conditions. It describes the presentation, cause, and treatment for conditions like erythema toxicum neonatorum, miliaria, subcutaneous fat necrosis, infantile atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, pityriasis rosea, diaper rash, candidal dermatitis, irritant dermatitis, viral exanthems including varicella, measles, rubella, hand-foot-mouth disease, erythema infectiosum, exanthem subitum, and infectious mononucleosis. It also covers bacterial exanthems such as impetigo, scarlet fever, and stap
This document provides information on atopic dermatitis (AD), including its definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, complications, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis. AD is defined as an itchy, chronic inflammatory skin condition with a flexural distribution and early age of onset. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to skin barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation underlying AD. Clinical features vary by age but commonly include dry skin, rashes, and skin thickening/lichenification due to scratching. Secondary infections can occur. Diagnosis is based on characteristic features and history. Differential diagnoses include other eczemas and psoriasis.
This document discusses eczema, including its classification, symptoms, and treatment. It begins by defining eczema as a skin condition characterized by itching and scratching. It then classifies eczema based on etiology, morphology, and chronicity. Symptoms of acute eczema include erythema, vesicles, and crusting, while chronic eczema features lichenification. Complications can be dermatological like infection or psychosocial like anxiety. Treatment involves identifying triggers, moisturizing, and using topical corticosteroids or immunosuppressants. It also focuses on atopic dermatitis, its causes, features in infants/children/adults, and management through avoidance of
Este documento describe el acné vulgar, su definición, epidemiología, etiopatogenia, diagnóstico y tratamiento. El acné es una enfermedad inflamatoria de la unidad pilosebácea que afecta principalmente a adolescentes y jóvenes. Su causa es multifactorial e involucra factores genéticos, hormonales, bacterianos e inmunológicos. El tratamiento incluye medidas generales como limpieza e higiene, así como terapias tópicas con retinoides, ácido azelaico o peró
Neisseria gonorrhoeae es un diplococo gramnegativo que causa gonorrea. Se transmite principalmente por vía sexual y requiere medios de cultivo complejos para crecer. Provoca infecciones del tracto reproductivo como uretritis, cervicitis y, en ocasiones, infecciones diseminadas. El tratamiento depende de si hay complicaciones, utilizando antibióticos como ceftriaxona o doxiciclina más acitromicina si hay coinfección con clamidia. La prevención incluye educación, detección temprana
Listeria es un género bacteriano que comprende seis especies. Lleva su nombre en honor a Joseph Lister. Las especies de Listeria son bacilos Gram-positivos. L. monocytogenes, es la especie típica y es el patógeno causante de la listeriosis.
Este documento describe las características de Bacillus cereus, una bacteria gram positiva esporulada que puede causar intoxicaciones alimentarias. Se analizaron muestras de arroz cocido en Puebla, México y se encontró que el 44% contenía bacterias coliformes totales y el 10% contenía B. cereus, aunque en bajas cantidades. El almacenamiento inadecuado del arroz puede permitir el crecimiento de B. cereus y representar un riesgo para la salud.
Listeria monocytogenes es un bacilo gram positivo que puede causar la enfermedad de la listeriosis en humanos y animales. Se encuentra en el suelo, vegetales y agua y puede contaminar diversos alimentos como quesos blandos, carnes frías y verduras. Las personas en mayor riesgo de contraer listeriosis son las embarazadas, ancianos e inmunocomprometidos. La enfermedad se transmite por la ingestión de alimentos contaminados y puede causar septicemia, meningitis o aborto. Es importante la higiene en la industria aliment
Este documento describe Bacillus cereus, una bacteria Gram positiva formadora de esporas que puede causar intoxicaciones alimentarias. B. cereus puede crecer en condiciones aeróbicas o anaeróbicas y la mayoría son mesofilos. Produce dos tipos de toxinas que causan vómitos o diarrea. La industria alimentaria debe mantener estrictos controles de temperatura para prevenir el crecimiento de esta bacteria.
El Clostridium botulinum es una bacteria anaerobia que produce la neurotoxina botulínica, la cual causa el botulismo al ser ingerida. El botulismo se presenta con síntomas como dificultad para hablar, debilidad muscular progresiva y parálisis. Se trata con antitoxina y soporte respiratorio para prevenir un paro respiratorio.
La difteria es una enfermedad infecciosa aguda causada por el bacilo Corynebacterium diphtheriae que produce una exotoxina proteica. Se caracteriza por la formación de falsas membranas en las vías respiratorias y digestivas superiores. El C. diphtheriae es un bacilo Gram positivo pleomorfo que se encuentra principalmente en la orofaringe humana. La difteria se transmite de persona a persona a través de gotas respiratorias o contacto cutáneo. La vacunación y el tratamiento con antib
La gastroenteritis es la inflamación y disfunción del intestino causada por un germen o sus toxinas, caracterizada por síndrome diarreico. Es la principal causa de morbilidad mundial y frecuente en niños y países en desarrollo. Los principales agentes son bacterias como Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, virus como el rotavirus y parásitos como Giardia lamblia y Entamoeba histolytica. El tratamiento consiste en hidratación y medicamentos específicos según la etiología.
1. El botulismo alimentario se produce por la ingesta de alimentos contaminados con la toxina de Clostridium botulinum, mientras que el botulismo del lactante se da por la ingesta de la toxina a través de la leche materna.
2. El diagnóstico de botulismo alimentario se confirma demostrando la actividad de la toxina en el alimento implicado, las heces o el suero del paciente, mientras que el botulismo de las heridas se confirma detectando la toxina en la herida o el suero del paciente.
Este documento describe Bacillus anthracis, el microorganismo que causa el ántrax. Señala que fue el primer microbio relacionado con una enfermedad en 1850. Describe su morfología, cultivo, estructura antigénica, patogenia a través de la toxina, diagnóstico de laboratorio y tratamiento con penicilina. También cubre la prevención a través de vacunas para animales y algunos trabajadores en riesgo.
El botulismo es una enfermedad causada por la neurotoxina botulínica producida por la bacteria Clostridium botulinum. Se caracteriza por parálisis muscular descendente que puede afectar los músculos respiratorios. Se transmite principalmente por la ingesta de alimentos contaminados con la toxina preformada o por la germinación de esporas de la bacteria en heridas. El cuadro clínico incluye síntomas gastrointestinales, oftalmológicos y neurológicos como parálisis que progresa de forma simétrica. El
El documento describe las características de Clostridium tetani, el bacilo que causa el tétanos. C. tetani es un bacilo grampositivo, esporulado y anaerobio que libera neurotoxinas que causan contracciones musculares severas. El tétanos se presenta como una enfermedad toxigénica luego de que C. tetani ingresa al cuerpo a través de heridas. Su prevención requiere vacunación regular contra la toxina tetánica.
Este documento describe la familia Bacillaceae. Incluye bacilos Gram positivos aerobios o anaerobios facultativos como Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus y Bacillus thuringiensis. Algunas especies de Bacillus pueden causar enfermedades en humanos, especialmente B. anthracis que causa el ántrax. El ántrax puede presentarse en formas cutánea, pulmonar o gastrointestinal dependiendo de la ruta de entrada al organismo.
Listeria monocytogenes es una bacteria gram positiva facultativamente anaerobia que se presenta en forma de coco-bacilos. Puede encontrarse ampliamente en el ambiente incluyendo suelos, aguas y alimentos. Puede causar listeriosis, especialmente en personas inmunocomprometidas, embarazadas y sus fetos.
El documento clasifica y describe diferentes tipos de bacterias del género Clostridium, incluyendo Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, y Clostridium botulinum. Describe las enfermedades causadas por cada bacteria, como la gangrena gaseosa causada por C. perfringens, el tétanos causado por C. tetani, y el botulismo causado por C. botulinum. También explica los mecanismos de patogénesis, síntomas clínicos, diagnóstico y tratamiento de las infecciones causadas por
Bacillus anthracis es la bacteria que causa el ántrax. Se transmite a humanos a través del contacto con animales infectados o suelo contaminado. Produce esporas resistentes y toxinas que evaden el sistema inmunitario. La vacunación es efectiva para prevenir la infección en humanos y animales.
Clostridium perfringens es una bacteria anaerobia que se encuentra comúnmente en el suelo y en el intestino humano y animal. Puede causar enfermedades como la enteritis necrótica al producir toxinas en alimentos contaminados. Los síntomas incluyen calambres abdominales y diarrea que comienzan 8-22 horas después de la ingesta. Se previene enfriando rápidamente los alimentos cocinados y evitando recalentarlos.
Neisseria meningitidis es un diplococo Gram negativo que causa meningitis y otras infecciones. Se transmite por gotas de saliva y coloniza la nasofaringe. Puede causar meningitis, rinitis o artritis. Los síntomas de meningitis incluyen fiebre, cefalea y rigidez de nuca. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante examen directo y cultivo de líquido cefalorraquídeo o sangre. La penicilina es el tratamiento de elección y la vacunación puede prevenir algunos ser
This document discusses the human skin microbiome and key pathogenic microbes associated with skin diseases. It begins by providing background on culture-dependent and culture-independent methods used to characterize microbial communities. It then discusses the diversity of bacteria, fungi and viruses found on healthy human skin using culture-independent methods. Several key pathogenic skin microbes are then highlighted - Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, and Malassezia species. For each, their role as commensals and association with specific skin diseases like atopic dermatitis and acne are described. Exciting new areas of skin microbiome research are also outlined.
Biofilm is a complex community of microorganisms that attach to surfaces and produce an extracellular matrix. It forms in stages including initial attachment, adhesion, colonization and maturation. Biofilm provides microbes protection from environmental threats and antimicrobial agents. It is characterized by surface attachment, an extracellular matrix, structural heterogeneity and genetic diversity. Biofilm plays a role in various chronic infections like chronic rhinosinusitis, otitis media, mastoiditis and laryngitis. New therapies targeting biofilms include agents that neutralize, disperse or disrupt quorum sensing in biofilms.
Understanding-Psoriasis-The-Gut-Skin-Axis 5.pptxNooruldeen Ali
The document discusses the role of skin and gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. It notes that the gut-skin axis and dysbiosis of both skin and gut microbiota can impact skin homeostasis and immune function, contributing to psoriasis development and exacerbation. Certain bacterial species have been found to increase or decrease in psoriasis patients. The gut and skin microbiota are complex and research on their role in psoriasis can help develop microbiota-based therapies.
When considering skin care, one may remember the need for cleansing, moisturizing, and avoiding too-fatty foods. However, recent research revealed a potential correlation between skin condition and gut health that might be particularly applicable to inflammatory conditions such as acne.
The Pathogenic Yeast Research Group at the University of the Free State focuses on understanding the roles of bioactive lipids in yeast infections. Dr. Carolina Pohl's research examines how lipids like prostaglandins modulate host immunity and yeast virulence. Her work has shown that some yeast lipids mimic host signals to induce inflammation or change yeast structure. The group also studies multi-species biofilms and the oxylipins they produce. Inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis is a potential treatment approach, and the group aims to identify unique yeast enzyme targets for new antifungals.
Biofilm formation involves the accumulation of microorganisms on surfaces where they form sessile communities encased in an extracellular polymeric substance matrix. Biofilm formation progresses through initial attachment, irreversible attachment aided by EPS production, early development, maturation, and dispersion. Virulence factors and quorum sensing play important roles in biofilm formation. Mature biofilms pose challenges for antibiotic treatment and are implicated in various pathogenic conditions like cystic fibrosis, periodontitis, and device-related infections. Therapeutic strategies aim to target biofilm formation, virulence factors, and quorum sensing.
This document discusses various agents that can be used to treat acne by disrupting biofilms formed by Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. Retinoids normalize skin cell shedding and decrease inflammation by altering the biofilm. Benzoyl peroxide is bactericidal against both aerobic and anaerobic organisms by producing free radicals. Acids prevent biofilm attachment to skin walls. Resveratrol eradicates biofilms and inhibits excessive skin cell growth. Turmeric and compounds in various plants like magnolia, nigella sativa, and manuka oil exhibit anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties against P. acnes through mechanisms such as suppressing free radical production and inhibiting factors that promote inflammation.
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous units that generally manifests during adolescence with lesions such as comedones, papules, pustules, nodules and cysts. The key factors involved in its pathogenesis include increased sebum production due to hormonal factors, sebaceous gland hyperplasia and seborrhea, altered keratinization within the hair follicle, and colonization of the follicle by the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes which triggers inflammation. Together, these factors can lead to the formation of microcomedones, the precursors to further inflammatory lesions.
A Power point presentation on Scope of microbiology. In this ppt I had covered four major fields of microbiology.
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Dennis M. Mondah presented a seminar topic on multi drug resistant tuberculosis under the guidance of Dr. Prof Ramalingappa, Chairman of the Department of Microbiology at Davangere University. The presentation covered the microbiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, with a focus on drug resistant forms of the disease. It discussed how mutations in genes like inhA, kasA, ndh and rpoB can lead to resistance to first line drugs like isoniazid and rifampicin. Diagnosis of multi drug resistant tuberculosis involves drug susceptibility testing, while treatment follows WHO guidelines using at least four effective drugs over an 18-24 month period. The development of drug resistance poses a challenge for
mycotoxins are related to toxins produced by fungi.
This slides had all the necessary knowledge and information for mycotoxins which includes aflatoxin and other fungi toxins
The document discusses the human microbiome and its relationship to human health. It defines the microbiome as the collection of microorganisms that live on and inside the human body. The microbiome plays important roles in metabolism, immune function, and protecting against pathogenic bacteria. Imbalances or dysbiosis in the normal microbiota have been linked to various diseases. The human microbiome project aims to better characterize human microbiota and understand its role in health and disease.
Gingival tissues are attacked by oral pathogens which can induce inflammatory reactions.
The immune-inflammatory responses play essential roles in the patient susceptibility to periodontal diseases.
Gingival tissues are attacked by oral pathogens which can induce inflammatory reactions.
The immune-inflammatory responses play essential roles in the patient susceptibility to periodontal diseases.
ANTI FUNGAL DRUGS AFFECTING CELL MEMBRANE AND CELL WALL.Mohammad Bilal
The document discusses anti-fungal drugs that target the fungal cell membrane and cell wall biosynthesis. It provides an overview of fungal cell structure, focusing on the cell wall components of chitin and beta-glucans. It explains how drugs like echinocandins inhibit beta-glucan synthase to disrupt cell wall formation, and how azoles and terbinafine inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis in the cell membrane. The summary highlights the main cellular targets of anti-fungal drugs and how inhibiting key processes like chitin, beta-glucan, and ergosterol synthesis impacts fungal growth and viability.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-importance of TB day,classification of Mycobacterium species,Details on Mycobacterium tuberculosis-morphology,culture,resistance,biochemical reactions,antigenic characters,mode of transmission,pathogenesis,complications,lab diagnosis,treatment,DOTS Strategy and prophylaxis
This document provides information on antifungal agents, including their targets, mechanisms of action, and clinical uses. It discusses that fungi have cell walls made of chitin and cell membranes containing ergosterol. Major classes of antifungals are described such as azoles which inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis, and polyenes like amphotericin B which bind to ergosterol in the membrane. The development of antifungals over time is summarized, from amphotericin B to newer azoles and echinocandins. Common adverse effects of amphotericin B include fever, renal impairment, and hypotension.
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis and infects around 1.7 million people annually, causing over 9 million new cases and 1.7 million deaths per year. An estimated 500,000 people are infected with multidrug resistant strains.
- Risk of infection and disease is highest among socioeconomically disadvantaged people with poor housing and nutrition. Tuberculosis is transmitted via respiratory aerosols from people with active, untreated tuberculosis.
- Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and molecular techniques using sputum, gastric washings, urine, tissues or other clinical samples. Staining methods like Ziehl-Neelsen identify acid-fast bacilli. Culturing is needed for species identification and drug
The ppt covers the following topics-
1. MICROBES
2. MICROBIAL CONTROL
2.1.Reason for microbial control
2.2.Methods of microbial control
3. ANTIBIOTIC
3.1.Definition
3.2.History of antibiotic discovery
4. MAJOR ANTIBIOTIC
4.1.PENICILLINS
4.1.1 Action , organisms and biosynthesis of penicillin
4.2.CEPHALOSPORINS
4.2.1 organism and biosynthesis
4.3.AROMATIC ANTIBIOTICS
4.4.NUCLEOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS
5. APPLICATIONS OF ANTIBIOTIC
6. SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTIC
7. CONCLUSION
Clinical examinations demonstrated that many probiotic strains (Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)) can inhibit Helicobacter pylori infection so that when patients were treated with probiotics, Helicobacter pylori were diminished. So probiotics used as helpful in the treating of Helicobacter pylori infection. Various studies support the hypothesis that probiotics inhibit Helicobacter pylori growth owing to the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and/or bacteriocins. These studies have been carried out mostly in vitro. High lactic acid-producer strains of Lactobacillus were shown to decrease Helicobacter pylori density in the stomach. The release of bacteriocins active against Helicobacterpylori has been studied chiefly in Lactobacillus. The supernatant of a culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus was shown to inhibit both the urease activity and growth of Helicobacter pylori free or adherent to epithelial cells. The properties of LAB, decreasing the luminal pH through the creation of unpredictable short chain unsaturated fats (SCFA) like acidic, lactic or propionic corrosive. Rendering particular supplements inaccessible to pathogens, decreasing the redox capability of the luminal condition, producing hydrogen peroxide under anaerobic conditions and/or creating particular inhibitory mixes like bacteriocins.
The document is a presentation on glycation and aging skin. It discusses what glycation is, how foods and certain ingredients can contribute to or prevent glycation. Several plants and ingredients are listed that have anti-glycation properties. The effects of advanced glycation end products on skin morphology and physiology during aging are covered. Specific anti-glycation actives and products are mentioned. The presentation concludes with an announcement of a new subscription for educated therapists.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production declines with age due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria are the primary producers of cellular energy in the form of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. As we age, mitochondrial DNA mutations accumulate, impairing ATP production. This summary discusses strategies to increase ATP levels topically and through supplementation to enhance mitochondrial function and combat signs of aging. These include vitamins B1-B6, biotin, B12, folic acid, magnesium, alpha lipoic acid, carnitine, NADH, coenzyme Q10, creatine, and LED or microcurrent therapy. Maintaining optimal mitochondrial and ATP levels may help slow the visible signs of skin aging.
Parabens are commonly used preservatives that provide antibacterial and antifungal properties. While some studies have claimed parabens may disrupt hormones or increase cancer risk, many experts argue these studies are flawed and the evidence does not support these claims. Parabens are found naturally in many plants and pose substantially less risk than naturally occurring endocrine disruptors when used in normal amounts as preservatives in cosmetics. The consensus among health and regulatory organizations is that parabens are safe to use as preservatives when used properly.
This document summarizes how Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) promotes comedones and causes inflammatory responses in the skin. It discusses five ways P. acnes promotes comedones: through biofilms, the IGF pathway, aberrant integrin expression, production of free fatty acids, and oxidation of squalene. It also lists natural extracts and compounds that can target each of these mechanisms. Additionally, it outlines several inflammatory cytokines and receptors induced by P. acnes, and recommends natural extracts shown to inhibit each one. The document promotes learning more about these topics by visiting the provided website or contacting the listed email.
Propionibacterium acnes (p. Acnes) bacteria are classified into different types based on gene sequencing and biological characteristics and play a role in acne formation. P. acnes promotes comedones through biofilms, the IGF pathway, aberrant integrin expression, production of free fatty acids, and oxidation of squalene. P. acnes also interacts with toll-like receptors and forms biofilms that contribute to acne.
Sebum production is controlled by androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Testosterone is converted to the more potent DHT by the enzyme 5α-reductase type I in sebaceous glands. Higher levels of 5α-reductase type I and DHT in acne-prone areas leads to increased sebum production and acne severity. Certain foods and supplements can influence 5α-reductase activity and androgen levels, thereby affecting acne. Ingredients like reishi mushroom, zinc, and eucalyptus have been shown to inhibit 5α-reductase and could potentially reduce acne by decreasing sebum production.
5a reductase inhibitors a novel approach to treating acneJacine Greenwood
The document discusses 5a reductase inhibitors and their potential use in treating acne. There are two types of 5a reductase isozymes, type 1 and type 2, which are involved in endogenous production of DHT. The document also explores other factors like insulin, IGF, SHBG, and herbal extracts that may help regulate hormones involved in acne pathogenesis. Two product formulations are highlighted that utilize plant extracts shown in research to help balance hormones: a serum containing green tea, saw palmetto, and other extracts, and a magnolia honey cream containing resveratrol.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
1. Propionibacterium acnes has a major role in the development of acne lesions.
Antibiotic therapy directed against p. acnes has been a mainstay treatment for
over 30 years. Resistance was not seen though until the early 1980’s.
Molecular Basis for p.acnes Resistance
In general bacteria develop antibiotic resistance by acquiring genetic
elements such as plasmids, which can be transferred between strains of a
species and even between species in some instances. With tetracyclines and
erythromycin, mobile plasmids and transposons encode for pump proteins
that efflux antibiotics away from ribosomes.
Types of p.Acnes
Two main P. acnes classification systems are described in the literature:
The first is based on gene sequences and identifies two phenotypes
(Type I and II). The proportion of P. acnes Types I and II in different
situations suggest that different P. acnes clones may have different biological
activities with different clinical consequences. Of those, a certain number
were associated with moderate to severe acne whereas others were
considered related to other skin infections or simply to healthy skin conditions.
P. acnes type I was isolated from the majority of acne lesions in one study,
favouring the hypothesis that a specific P. acnes phenotype might be more
common in acne patients. They also found a subdivision of group I (I-1) to be
significantly associated with moderate to severe acne
A second classification system is based on biological characteristics. There is
a correlation between the severity of acne and lipase activity. Among the five
P. acnes biotypes identified, P. acnes B3, corresponding to Type I,
predominates in isolates from more severe acne. It produces higher quantities
of propionic and butyric acids than other P. acnes biotypes. This suggests that
different P. acnes strains may have different proinflammatory profiles and
hence the ability to modulate differently the innate immunity. Hence, profiles
of skin microbiomes and more specifically that of P. acnes strains may differ
between mild, moderate and severe acne and obviously for non-acneic skin.
Therefore, and according to the evolutionary lineages of P. acnes in the
follicle, a certain number of teenagers may develop mild acne, whereas other
may develop moderate, severe or even no acne. This confirms the hypothesis
that pathogenic vs. truly commensal lineages of P. acnes exist resulting in
important therapeutic and diagnostic considerations
p.Acnes and Comedones
P. acnes has been isolated from comedones. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) promotes
comedone formation and P. acnes produced IL-1 and stimulated IL-1
secretion by keratinocytes participating in the comedone formation.
2. So what are some of the mechanisms that p.Acnes can induce
comedone formation?
Biofilms and p.Acnes
Most microorganisms exist in nature not as plankton nor as free-floating
microorganisms in suspension, but as biofilms. The production of
extracellular polysaccharide is essential for development of the architecture of
any biofilm matrix.
While classic examples include dental plaques, and infections on implanted
prosthetic devices and urinary catheters, biofilms occur in dermatologic
conditions as well. By definition, biofilms are composed of populations (or
communities) of bacteria that adhere to environmental surfaces, such as the
pilosebaceous lining. These microorganisms encase themselves in an
extracellular polysaccharide, which they secrete after adherence to a surface.
The extracellular matrix usually comprises two-thirds of the biofilm mass, and
is composed of polysaccharides, water, extracellular DNA, and excreted
cellular products.
Propionibacterium acnes reside within the pilosebaceous unit in a biofilm. This
gylcocalyx polymer acts as a protective exoskeleton and serves as a physical
barrier, limiting effective antimicrobial concentrations within the biofilm
microenvironment. Bacteria in the protected microenvironment of a biofilm
are 50 to 500 times more resistant to antibacterial therapies.
Biofilm formation is a process during which microorganisms irreversibly attach
to and grow on a surface and produce extracellular polymers facilitating
adherence and matrix formation. This process results in an alteration of the
phenotype of the organisms with respect to their growth rate and gene
transcription. The biofilm created by P. acnes contributes to the forming of an
adhesive glue leading to the binding of corneocytes resulting in
microcomedones
The P. acnes’ biofilm model explains many aspects of acne pathogenesis and
therapy, including why prolonged antibiotic treatment is needed.
Biofilm infections tend to be persistent. The P. acnes biofilm can explain why
antibiotics are often used for numerous months in treating acne, whereas
much shorter courses are utilized for standard bacterial infections. In short, P.
acnes reveal great tolerance to even high concentrations of antibiotics as a
result of its existence in a biofilm matrix. Resistance within the biofilms may
relate to delayed penetration of antimicrobial agents into the biofilm
polysaccharide matrix, the slow growth rate of organisms within the biofilms,
and the phenotypes of bacteria expressed within the biofilms that are distinct
from planktonic cells.
Typically a wide range of enzymatic activities by bacteria can be found within
a biofilm. In the case of P. acnes , the organism secretes an array of
3. extracellular products, including hyaluronidase, proteases, lipases, and
chemotactic factors for neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages. The
Furthermore, P.acnes is not pathogenic by normal standards because there is
no correlation between the number of bacteria and severity and type of acne.
Nevertheless, P. acnes is the target of oral and topical antibiotic usage
possibly because of its affect on the P. acnes biofilm.
In terms of antibiotics, minocycline is more fat-soluble than other
antimicrobials and achieves high therapeutic success, which might be
explained by means of this biofilm concept. Indeed, tetracycline-derivatives
proved to have the highest synergistic effect when used in combination
with another antibiotic when investigated in biofilms. Ideally, acne agents
would alter the physicochemical environment of the pilosebaceous unit in
which P. acnes live.
30 mM azelaic acid, 2.5% or 5% benzoyl peroxide does not result in a
significantly decreased biofilm. Benzoyl peroxide alone had no effect on P.
acnes biofilms.
p.Acnes stimulates the production of Sebum
P. acnes increases the production of sebum. P. acnes stimulates the
sebaceous glands and sebum synthesis via the corticotropin-releasing
hormone/CRH-receptor (CRH/CRH-R) system increasing the lipogenic activity
of human sebocytes. An increase in CRH/CRH-R1 expression was observed
in the sebaceous glands of acne patients and in that of healthy individuals. It
also stimulates in a similar manner the sebum production through the
IGF/IGF-R pathway present in sebocytes.
p.Acnes and IGF-1
IGF-1 stimulates the proliferation of keratinocytes via an activation of the IGF1 receptor (IGF-1R).
Recent studies describe a correlation between IGF-1 serum levels and the
severity of acne in women. IGF-1 serum levels also correlate directly with the
amount of facial sebum in both men and women. In the skin, IGF-1 induces
keratinocyte proliferation and it induces lipid production in human sebocytes.
In acne biopsies there is a strong expression of IGF-1 and IGF-1R in the
epidermis as compared with healthy skin. In addition, Ki-67 expression was
strongly increased in the basal layer of the epidermis of acne lesions as
compared with healthy skin.
In comparison with healthy skin, in which filaggrin expression is located only
in the stratum corneum, among the acne lesions, we observed expression
in the stratum corneum and the suprabasal layers of the epidermis.
4. P. acnes has been shown to stimulate IGF-1 and IGF-1R expression in
keratinocytes and increases IGF-1 secretion.
IGF-1 and IGF-1R are over expressed in both acne lesions and subsequently
have an Ki-67 and filaggrin expression in the epidermis, confirming that the
IGF-1/IGF-1R system is associated with the modulation of both proliferation
and differentiation of keratinocytes. It was previously noted that Ki-67
expression is higher in acne patients’ epidermis than in normal healthy skin.
So differentiation of keratinocytes is modulated by P. acnes through an
induction of filaggrin and integrin expression. P. acnes has a significant role in
the formation of comedones and that one of the mechanisms is the IGF1/IGF-1R pathway.
P. acnes acts not only in the inflammatory step of acne pathogenesis but also
in the retentional stage.
p.Acnes and Cytokines
P. acnes also induces the activation of Toll-like receptors-2 and -4 in
keratinocytes.
Inflammation resulted from the immune response targeting p. acnes plays a
significant role in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris.
P. acnes induces IL-12 and IL-8 protein production by primary human
monocytes via a Tolllike receptor 2 (TLR2)-regulated pathway and that TLR2
is expressed on the cell surface of macrophages surrounding pilosebaceous
follicles of acne lesions. TLR2 is also expressed in human keratinocytes and
sebocytes. TLR2 and TLR4 expression was increased in the epidermis of
acne lesions, and P. acnes was found to induce TLR expression in human
keratinocytes.
The major difference is the ability of P. acnes and its products to induce
human B-defensin-2 (hBD2) expression in keratinocytes and sebocytes,
which may simulate immune cells by virtue of pathogen recognition and
abnormal sebum lipid production, followed by inflammatory cytokine
production.
p.Acnes and FFA
After colonization, P. acnes can potentiate comedogenesis by various
mechanisms. It is known that P. acnes produces lipases which hydrolyse
triglycerides, thereby releasing FFAs. These FFAs have been found to be
irritant and contribute significantly to inflammation. FFA have been found to
be comedogenic in the rabbit ear model. In addition, the lipase itself can act
as a neutrophil attractant. FFA increase the adhesion of P. acnes cells and
promote colonization of the sebaceous follicle.
5. Oxidized squalene is another substance that has been found to be
comedogenic in the rabbit ear model. P. acnes, through its production of
porphyrins, may act as a catalytic agent in the oxidation of squalene. This,
along with the fact that keratinocytes stimulated by P. acnes have been
shown to produce significantly more IL-1a compared with unstimulated
keratinocytes, might signify other potential pathways through which P. acnes
may be involved in comedogenesis.
p.Acnes and Aberrant Integrin Expression
Integrins play an important role in the modulation of both differentiation and
proliferation of keratinocytes in the epidermis.
Thus abnormal keratinocyte differentiation induces alterations of the
expression of b1, a3, a6 integrins. Interestingly, on biopsies of acne lesions,
it has been demonstrated that the alteration of keratinocytes differentiation is
associated with abnormal integrins expression.
Filaggrin is a cationic (basic) protein named for its ability to aggregate
filaments of keratin into fibers. Filaggrin is synthesized in the granular cells of
the epidermis as a large, highly phosphorylated precursor, profilaggrin, which
accumulates in the keratohyalin granules. A number of keratinization
disorders are associated with dysregulation in the formation of keratohyalin
granules and in the processing of profilaggrin. Seborrhoeic and acne skin
revealed considerable amounts of filaggrin in the intermediate layers of the
sebaceous duct and the infundibulum indicating a premature terminal
keratinization process in these areas. Furthermore it has been observed in
studies an increased number of keratohyaline granules in acne skin.
P. acnes extracts modulate the expression of b1 integrin and filaggrin. Thus
the induction of b1 integrin by P. acnes, by modulating the proliferation of
keratinocytes can play a role in the formation of micro-comedon. Concerning
a3 and a6 integrins, acne patients have shown an aberrant a2 and a3
integrins expression around comedones and uninvolved pilosebaceous
follicles from acne lesions.
Thus, these results suggest that P. acnes modulates the terminal phase of
differentiation of keratinocytes
P. acnes induce B1 integrin expression significantly on both proliferating
keratinocytes and differentiated keratinocytes. In addition, P. acnes induces
a3, a6 and aVB6 integrin expression and fillaggrin expression on
differentiated keratinocytes.
P. acnes extracts increase fillaggrin expression in the suprabasal layer of the
epidermis. P. acnes are directly able to modulate the differentiation of
keratinocytes suggesting that this bacteria plays a role not only in the
development of inflammatory acne lesions but also in the formation of the
microcomedo.
6. Follicular keratinocytes fail to differentiate by apoptosis and produce
hypergranulosis similar to the impermeable skin outer layer, resulting in the
formation of microcomedones. Further inflammatory responses lead to the
development of increasing degrees of severity in inflammatory forms of acne.
p.Acnes and ROS
P. acnes can lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species, especially
superoxide anions, by keratinocytes. These may be other potential
mechanisms explaining the involvement of P. acnes in inflammatory acne.
Last but not least, P. acnes can also exaggerate inflammation in acne by the
induction and activation of toll like receptors 2 and 4.
P. acnes secretes lipases, chemotactic factors, metalloproteases and
porphyrins. All interact with molecular oxygen generating toxic, reduced
oxygen species and free radicals causing keratinocyte damage. P. acnes
interacts with markers of the innate immunity, such as toll-like receptors
(TLR), antimicrobial peptides (AMP), protease- activated receptors,
inflammatory, protease-activated receptors (PAR) and the matrix
metalloproteinase (MMP).
TLRs are transmembrane receptors of the innate immunity system, detecting
the invasion by exogenous pathogens. In patients with acne, TLR-2 and TLR4 are overexpressed in the superficial layers of the epidermis. P. acnes
stimulate the expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 by keratinocytes as well as of
TLR-2 by macrophages. Inhibition of the expression of TLR-2 is associated
with a reduced ability of the microorganism to stimulate keratinocyte synthesis
of IL-8 and human monocytes production of IL-8 and IL-12. TLR2 may
provide a novel target for the treatment of this common skin disease.
P. acnes upregulates the secretion of different proinflammatory cytokines (IL1a, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17, TNF-a or granulocyte macrophage colony
stimulating factor) by human keratinocytes, sebocytes or macrophages and
strongly activates the inflammasome of human peripheral neutrophils.
p.Acnes and MMP’s
P. acnes induces MMP-9 expression in human keratinocytes. P. acnes
stimulates MMP-2 expression through tumour necrosis factor alpha in dermal
fibroblasts whereas doxycycline inhibits the expression of MMP-2 induced by
P. acnes. The proliferation of P. acnes in acne lesions induces an increase in
MMP secretion enhancing the rupture of the follicle and the spread of the
inflammation in the dermis.
p.Acnes and Inflammation
7. In particular, IL-8 along with other P. acnes -induced chemotactic factors may
play an important role in attracting neutrophils to the pilosebaceous unit. In
addition, P. acnes releases lipases, proteases and hyaluronidases which
contribute to tissue injury.
P. acnes triggers inflammatory cytokine responses in acne by activation of
TLR2. As such,
New Research in 2014 has shown
P. acnes contributes to the inflammatory response seen in acne by triggering
the activation of the NLRP3- inflammasome in antigen presenting cells
(APCs), subsequently leading to enhanced IL-1b secretion. The
inflammasome is a cytoplasmic molecular complex that can rapidly initiate
inflammation upon sensing pathogen- and danger-associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs) by regulating the secretion of caspase-1 activationdependent cytokines including IL-1b.
Inflammasome deficiency or IL-1b blockade prevents P. acnes-induced
inflammatory responses. Several human diseases are associated with the
activation of inflammasomes. Such findings suggest that molecules targeting
IL-1b and/or the NLRP3 inflammasome may constitute new treatment
possibilities for acne vulgaris.
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