Acne vulgaris, or common acne, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by abnormalities in sebum production, follicular desquamation, bacterial proliferation and inflammation. It is the most common skin disorder, affecting over 17 million Americans. The main causes are P. acnes and S. epidermidis bacteria colonizing hair follicles and stimulating inflammation. Clinical manifestations range from non-inflammatory whiteheads and blackheads to inflammatory papules, pustules, cysts and nodules. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and preventing complications using topical and oral medications like benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics and retinoids. While acne usually resolves by the mid-20s, some patients
This is a seminar conducted by 4th year medical student under supervision of a lecturer. Sorry for not attaching the references.
Information were from few textbooks, google and also from previous dermatology posting group's seminar.
This is a seminar conducted by 4th year medical student under supervision of a lecturer. Sorry for not attaching the references.
Information were from few textbooks, google and also from previous dermatology posting group's seminar.
What Is Acne Vulgaris And A Glimpse Into Homeopathic Treatment For AcneWelcome Cure LLP
The face is affected in 99% of cases, the back in 60% and the chest in 15%. Acne vulgaris is very common among teens. Some women who never had acne growing up will have it as an adult, often right before their menstrual periods. If one of your parents had severe acne, you are more likely to have it. Scarring due to acne vulgaris may be permanent and lead to distortion of the face. Homeopathy helps to normalize the hormonal imbalance that is the root cause of this terrifying skin condition. You can find more of such informative Power Point Presentations as well as other useful health information at www.welcomecure.com, the definitive online homeopathic treatment portal.
www.welcomecure.com
The skin is not only the largest organ of the body, but it also forms a living biological barrier with several functions.
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Some bacterial skin infections resolve without serious morbidity. However, skin infections can be severe and result in sepsis or death, particularly in vulnerable patient groups.
Codeine or 3-methylmorphine (a natural isomer of methylated morphine) is an opiate used for its analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, antihypertensive, antianxiety, sedative and hypnotic properties
cute haemorrhagic oedema of infancy is a rare type of cutaneous vasculitis with a characteristic presentation.It consists of a clinical triad of:
Large bruise-like lesions (purpura)
Swelling (oedema)
Fever
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Definition
Acne vulgaris, more commonly referred to simply as
acne, is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the
pilocebaceous unit.
characterized by:
abnormalities in sebum production
follicular desquamation
bacterial proliferation
inflammation
3. Overview
Acne vulgaris is the most common cutaneous disorder.
It affects more than 17 million Americans.
Patients can experience significant psychological morbidity
and, rarely, mortality due to suicide.
Important that physicians are familiar with Acne Vulgaris and
its treatment.
affects all races and ethnicities with equal significance.
Darker skinned patients at increased risk for developing
post-inflammatory hyper-pigmentation and keloids.
4. Etiology
Acne is polygenic and multi-factorial. Four main pathogenetic
factors contribute to the disease:
• Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis
colonisation. :
bacteria found deep in follicles and stimulate the production
of pro-inflammatory mediators and lipases.
• Inflammation and immune response. Inflammatory cells and
mediators efflux into the disrupted follicle, leading to the
development of papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts.
• Sebaceous gland hyperplasia and excess sebum production.
• Abnormal follicular differentiation.
6. Staphylococcus epidermidis
• S. epidermidis is a very hardy microorganism, consisting of
nonmotile, Gram-positive cocci, arranged in grape-like clust-
ers.is part of human skin flora and consequently part of human
flora. Although S. epidermidis is not usually pathogenic,
patients with compromised immune systems are often at risk
for developing acne.
7. Pathophysiology
• The initial step in the development of acne is the formation of
the microcomedo.Follicular keratinocytes that exhibit increas-
ed cohesiveness do not shed normally, leading to retention
and accumulation.
• Androgens stimulate enlargement of sebaceous glands and
increased sebum production, and the abnormal keratinaceo-
us material and sebum collect in the microcomedo.
• This leads to a build-up of pressure, and whorled lamellar
concretions develop. At this stage, a non-inflammatory
comedo may be seen clinically.
8.
9. • This micro-environment allows the proliferation of bacterium,
which is part of the normal flora of follicles. This gram-positive
rod has low virulence but is capable of metabolising
triglycerides and releasing free fatty acids.This metabolism,
as well as its ability to activate complement, produces pro-
inflammatory mediators, including neutrophil chemo-
attractants.
• With increased pressure and recruitment of inflammatory
mediators, the microcomedo may rupture and release
immunogenic keratin and sebum, thus stimulating an even
greater inflammatory response
10. • Depending on the specific inflammatory cells present,suppur-
ative pustules or inflamed papules, nodules, or cysts may
develop. If a sufficient amount of inflammation and tissue
damage results, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and
scarring may result.
11.
12. Clinical Manifestations:
• Closed comedone (whitehead) - a clogged follicle.
Whiteheads usually appear on the skin as small, round, white
bumps.
• Open comedone (blackhead) - a plugged follicle that opens
and turns dark at the surface of the skin. Blackheads do not
indicate the presence of dirt.
• Papules - inflamed lesions that appear as small, pink bumps
on the skin.
• Pustules (pimples) - inflamed pus filled lesions that are red at
the base.
• Cysts and nodules - large, inflamed, pus filled lesions deep
under the skin that can cause pain and scarring.
13. • Local symptoms :
include pain
tenderness.
• Systemic symptoms :
most often absent
Severe acne with associated systemic signs and symptoms
such as Fever, Psychological impact on any patient
17. Pustules
inflamed pus filled lesions that are red at the base.
18. Cysts
• Cysts:
when follicles rupture into
surrounding tissues, resulting
in papule/pustule/nodule.
19. Classification
• Classification system generally as follows
• Type 1 — Mainly comedones with an occasional small inflamed
papule or pustule; no scarring present
• Type 2 — Comedones and more numerous papules and pustules
(mainly facial); mild scarring
• Type 3 — Numerous comedones, papules, and pustules, spreading
to the back, chest, and shoulders, with an occasional cyst or nodule;
moderate scarring
Type 4 — Numerous large cysts on the face, neck, and upper trunk;
severe scarring
20. Diagnosis
• Complete history
• Pay attention to endocrine function
- Rapid appearance with virilization/menstrual irregularity
• Complete medication list
• Physical exam:
- Location - scarring
- Lesion type - keloid
- pigmentation
21. LABORATORY EXAMINATION
No laboratory examinations required. If there is suspicion of
an endocrine disorder, free testosterone, follicle-stimulating
hormone, luteinizing hormone, and DHEAS should be deter-
mined to exclude hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovary
syndrome.
majority of acne patients, hormone levels are normal.
Laboratory examinations
transaminases(ALT, AST), triglycerides, and cholesterol
levels may be required if systemic isotretinoin treatment is
planned
DHEAS - Dehydroepiandrosterone
22. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
• Comedones are required for diagnosis of any type of acne.
Comedones are not a feature of acne-like conditions and of the
conditions listed below.
• Face - S. aureus folliculitis, pseudofolliculitis barbae, rosacea,
perioral dermatitis.
• Trunk -Malassezia folliculitis, “hot-tub” pseudomonas folliculitis,
S. aureus folliculitis, and
23. Treatment
The goals of pharmacotherapy for acne vulgaris are to reduce
morbidity and to prevent complications.
Medication: Benzoyl Peroxide Antibiotics,Topical and Oral
retinoids
Benzoyl Peroxide :
Benzoyl peroxide is a first-line treatment for mild and
moderate acne vulgaris due to its effectiveness and mild side-
effects
24. Antibiotics:
• Topical and systemic antibiotics used in the treatment of
acne vulgaris are directed at Propionibacterium acnes.
They also have anti-inflammatory properties.
Minocycline
Doxycycline
Tetracycline
25. Retinoids:
• These agents decrease the cohesiveness of abnormal hyperproliferative
keratinocytes, and they may reduce the potential for malignant degene-
ration. They also modulate keratinocyte differentiation.
isotretinoin
Tretinoin topical
Adapalene
Tazarotene
26. Alternative treatments
• Phototherapy with blue and red light emitted from special
fluorescent lights, LEDs, lasers, or dichroic bulbs.
• Photodynamic therapy involving intense blue or violet light,
• zinc, teat tree oil, heat therapy, salt water therapy are all
used for treating acne.
27. Prognosis
Acne of any severity usually remits spontaneously by the
early to mid-20s,but a substantial minority of patients,
usually women, may have acne into their 40s.