The document discusses various types of weathering and erosion processes that break down and transport earth materials. It defines weathering as the chemical or mechanical breakdown of rocks due to weather exposure. The main types of weathering are mechanical, chemical, and biotic. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces physically without composition change. Chemical weathering alters the mineral composition through processes like hydrolysis and oxidation. Biotic weathering involves living organisms. Erosion is then defined as the removal or transportation of eroded earth materials by agents like water, wind, ice, and gravity. The key erosional processes discussed are water erosion, wind erosion, glacial erosion, sea erosion, and soil erosion.
Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
this presentation is all about weathering, erosion, & mass wasting. this may be simple, but it is good for the eyes, and the information is short but complete. :))
Weathering is an important geological mechanism which can destabilize the earth’s surface materials and remove them by erosive processes. Weathering is the physical disintegration and chemical decomposition of a rock mass on the land. It is a unique phenomena happening on the earth’ surface. Weathering is a collective term used to denote the mechanical, chemical and biological(organic) processes that take place on the earth’s surface. Weathering of rock-forming minerals can create new products from pre-existing rocks. In many regions, soils are the ultimate products of weathering. Weathering of rocks releases chemical compounds that become available for biological processes. It is necessary to study the factors that are influencing the weathering processes.
this presentation is all about weathering, erosion, & mass wasting. this may be simple, but it is good for the eyes, and the information is short but complete. :))
Weathering is an important geological mechanism which can destabilize the earth’s surface materials and remove them by erosive processes. Weathering is the physical disintegration and chemical decomposition of a rock mass on the land. It is a unique phenomena happening on the earth’ surface. Weathering is a collective term used to denote the mechanical, chemical and biological(organic) processes that take place on the earth’s surface. Weathering of rock-forming minerals can create new products from pre-existing rocks. In many regions, soils are the ultimate products of weathering. Weathering of rocks releases chemical compounds that become available for biological processes. It is necessary to study the factors that are influencing the weathering processes.
Globalization - Advantages and Disadvantagessaad shaikh
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This is an PPT of Italy it contains two different types of audios and different types of transitions first is soft music and the second is the anthem After 20 slides the audio will change automatically u dont have to do anything just download it open it and just press F5 Thats it nothing else
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
Weathering and Erosion
1.
2.
3. WEATHERING
Definition: Any of the chemical or mechanical processes by
which rocks exposed to the weather undergo changes
in character and break down.
Agents act to physically disintegrate and chemically
decompose the rock and the minerals of the land
surface, thus freeing elements and rendering them
more mobile. This process is called weathering.
4. The breakdown do the materials of Earth’s crust
into smaller pieces.
5. WEATHERING & GRADATION
The process by which land is leveled off
through erosion or the transportation or
deposition of sediments.
Especially the process by which a riverbed is
brought to a level where it is just able to
transport the amount of sediment delivered to
it.
6. EXPLANATION
• Gradation
– Erosion: Removal of material
– Deposition: Filling of
depressions
– Transportation of materials
• Gradational agents
– Water, wind, ice
– All agents are powered by solar
radiation and gravity
9. Mechanical Weathering
Rock and mineral fragments are reduced to
small size by purely physical means,
without change in composition.
10. TYPES OF MECHANICAL WEATHERING
There are many types of MECHANICAL WEATHERING
such as
FROST WEDGING
SALT CRYSTALLIZATION
SHEETING
EXFOLIATION
SPHEROIDAL WEATHERING
11. FROST WEDGING
A PROCESS BY WHICH WATER SEEPS INTO
ROCK JOINT, FREEZS AND WEDGES LIKE
ROCK APART.
WATER SEEPS INTO THE ROCK
FRACTURES, EXPANDS AS IT CHANGES INTO
ICE, AND DISLODGES ROCKS. THE PROCESS
IS CALLED FORST WEDGING.
12.
13. SALT CRYSTALLIZATION
WHEN WATER PRESENT IN THE PORES OF ROCK
EVAPORATES MINUTE SALT CRYSTALLS ARE
PRECIPITATED. THIS PROCESS IS CALLED SALT
CRYSTALLIZATION.
14. SHEETING
A TYPE OF JOINTING PARALLEL TO THE ROCK
SURFACE CAUSE BY PRESSURE RELEASE.
17. CHEMICAL WEATHERING
THERE ARE VARIOUS TYPES OE CHEMICAL
WEATHERING SUCH AS
DIRECT SOLUTION
HYDROLYSIS
OXIDATION
18. DIRECT SOLUTION
THIS IS A PROCESS IN WHICH SOME OF
THE MINERALS GET DISSOLVED IN WATER.
THEY ARE THEREFORE REMOVED IN
SOLUTION. ROCK SALT AND GYPSUM ARE
REMOVED IN BY THIS PROCESS.
19. HYDROLYSIS
THIS IS A PROCESS BY WHICH WATER IS
ABSORBED BY THE MINERAL OF THE ROCK.
DUE TO THE ABSORBTION OF WATER BY
THE ROCK ITS VOLUME INCREASES AND THE
GRAINS LOSE THEIR SHAPE.
THE REACTION BETWEEN THE
MUNERALS, ESPECIALLY SILICATES AND
WATER.
20. OXIDATION
THIS IS A PROCESS IN WHICH
ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN REACTS WITH THE
ROCK TO PRODUCE OXIDE IS CALLED
OXIDATION.
RUSTING
21. RATE OF WATHERING
THE RATE AT WHICH ROCKS DISINTIGRATE DEPNDS
BOTH ON THE TYPE OF ROCK INVOLVED AND THE
EXTERNAL FORCES TO WHICH THE ROCK S EXPOSED.
BOWEN’S REACTION
22. The process that breaks down rock through
chemical changes.
The agents of chemical weathering
Water
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Living organisms
Acid rain
24. Iron combines with oxygen
in the presence of water in
a processes called
oxidation
The product of oxidation is
rust
25. CO2 dissolves in rain water and creates carbonic acid
Carbonic acid easily weathers limestone and marble
26. Lichens that grow on rocks produce weak acids that
chemically weather rock
27. Compounds from burning coal, oil and gas react
chemically with water forming acids.
Acid rain causes very rapid chemical weathering
28. The word ‘bio’ means life. Thus biotic weathering is
any type of weathering that is caused by living
organisms. Most often the culprit of biotic weathering
are plant roots. These roots can extend downward,
deep into rock cracks in search of water, and nutrients.
In the process they act as a wedge, widening and
extending the cracks.
Other causes of biotic weathering are digging animals,
microscopic plants and animals, algae and fungi.
29.
30.
31. EROSION
PROCESS OF REMOVING EARTH
MATERIALS FROM THEIR ORIGINAL SITES
THROUGH WEATHERING AND TRANSPOORT.
THE WEARING AWAY OF THE EARTH’S
SURFACE BY ANY NATUAL PROCESS.
32. TYPES OF EROSION
THERE ARE VARIOUS TYPES OF EROSION. SOME OF
IT ARE MENTIONED HERE: WATER EROSION
WIND EROSION
GLACIAER EROSION
SEA EROSION
SOIL EROSION
33. WATER EROSION
Water erosion occurs from the chemicals in the
water, and the force of the flow of water in the river.
There are many chemicals in the water of a river, and
those chemicals can break down certain rocks, such as
limestone or chalk.
This eroded rock is carried down the river.
Sometimes, a crack or crevice develops. When the force
of the flowing river smashes into that crack, the rock
can break away, and again be carried down the river.
36. WIND EROSION
LIGHT OBJECTS, SUCH AS ROCKS AND PEBBLES
ARE CARRIED BY THE WIND AND CAN HIT
LANDFORMS, ERODING MATERIALS OFF THEM,
THAT ARE CARRIED OFF IN THE WIND.
WIND EROSION, THOUGH IT MAY BE SMALL
WHERE YOU LIVE, CAN TAKE QUITE A TOLL ON
AREAS OF THE WORLD COVERED IN DESERT. WIND
EROSION IS SIMPLE
39. GLACIER EROSION
ICE EROSION, BESIDES THAT OF HAIL, COMES
MOSTLY IN THE FORM OF GLACIER EROSION.
GLACIERS ARE GIANT BODIES OF ICE THAT CAN
PICK UP HUGE PIECES OF ROCK, SOME EVEN AS BIG
AS HOUSES. A COMBINATION OF THE WATER, ICE,
AND PICKED UP SEDIMENT, CREATE A POWERFUL
ERODING MACHINE.
GLACIERS CAN CARRY ALMOST ANYTHING, AND
LIKE SANDPAPER, THE SEDIMENT JUST KEEPS
INCREASING. GLACIERS ARE SUCH A POWERFUL
FORCE THAT THEY CAN CARVE VALLEYS, DEPOSIT
MORAINES, OR LEAD TO THE CREATION OF
LANDFORMS SUCH AS DELTA'S
42. SEA EROSION
EROSION IN THE SEA ALSO OCCURS. THE SALTS
AND OTHER CHEMICALS CAN ERODE WEAK ROCKS
ON THE COAST, SUCH AS LIMESTONE AND CHALK.
THE ERODED MATERIALS ARE CARRIED UP THE
SHORE BY THE MEANS OF A LONG SHORE DRIFT.
WAVES CRASHING AGAINST THE SHORE CAN
CREATE AIR PRESSURE INSIDE CRACKED ROCKS,
THAT CAN EVENTUALLY BREAK THEM.
FURTHERMORE, IF ROCKS, PEBBLES OR SEDIMENT IS
CARRIED IN THE WAVES, THEY CAN SMASH UP
AGAINST THE SHORE AND ERODE IT EVEN MORE.
43.
44. SOIL EROSION
SOIL EROSION PAYS THE BIGGEST PRICE TO
FARMERS. FLOODING, WIND ETC. CAN CARRY THE
TOPSOIL AWAY FROM FARMLANDS, AND MAKE THE
SOIL UNFERTILE.
45.
46. Process by which rocks are broken down into smaller
pieces by external conditions.
Types of Physical weathering
Frost heaving and Frost wedging
Plant roots
Friction and impact
Burrowing of animals
Temperature changes
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52. The process by which water, ice, wind or gravity moves
fragments of rock and soil.