Weathering is the breakdown of rocks and minerals at their location through contact with the atmosphere, water, and organisms. It occurs through both physical and chemical processes. Physical weathering includes thermal stress from temperature changes, exfoliation from pressure release, and abrasion where particles are reduced in size by water, ice, and wind. Chemical weathering includes hydrolysis where minerals react with water, oxidation where substances react with oxygen, and dissolution where acids from carbon dioxide and pollutants break down minerals. Erosion is the movement of weathered rocks and minerals by gravity, wind, water, ice, or glaciers to other locations.
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Geology Topics unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 6000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 14 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 12 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, 6 PowerPoint review Game, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus within The Geology Topics Unit: -Plate Tectonics, Evidence for Plate Tectonics, Pangea, Energy Waves, Layers of the Earth, Heat Transfer, Types of Crust, Plate Boundaries, Hot Spots, Volcanoes, Positives and Negatives of Volcanoes, Types of Volcanoes, Parts of a Volcano, Magma, Types of Lava, Viscosity, Earthquakes, Faults, Folds, Seismograph, Richter Scale, Seismograph, Tsunami's, Rocks, Minerals, Crystals, Uses of Minerals, Types of Crystals, Physical Properties of Minerals, Rock Cycle, Common Igneous Rocks, Common Sedimentary Rocks, Common Metamorphic Rocks.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Geology Topics unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 6000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 14 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 12 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, 6 PowerPoint review Game, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus within The Geology Topics Unit: -Plate Tectonics, Evidence for Plate Tectonics, Pangea, Energy Waves, Layers of the Earth, Heat Transfer, Types of Crust, Plate Boundaries, Hot Spots, Volcanoes, Positives and Negatives of Volcanoes, Types of Volcanoes, Parts of a Volcano, Magma, Types of Lava, Viscosity, Earthquakes, Faults, Folds, Seismograph, Richter Scale, Seismograph, Tsunami's, Rocks, Minerals, Crystals, Uses of Minerals, Types of Crystals, Physical Properties of Minerals, Rock Cycle, Common Igneous Rocks, Common Sedimentary Rocks, Common Metamorphic Rocks.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with definite chemical composition and that exhibits a crystalline structure.
Characteristics of Minerals
1. A mineral is Naturally-Occurring
A mineral should be naturally-occurring with respect to its formation.
It should be made by natural processes without the aid of any organism.
In the case of laboratory studies, any material that is formed in laboratories or artificial conditions is not considered a mineral.
2. A mineral is Inorganic
It is formed by inorganic processes and does not contain any organic compound.
The process to produce a mineral by natural means is extended further by making sure that no organic material ( or what was once part of an organism) be considered a mineral.
This would mean that bones, shells, teeth, and other hard parts of an organism are not minerals.
3. A mineral is a homogeneous Solid
We should be able to see something that is uniform in appearance and is in the solid state of matter.
This property of minerals is very important especially when dealing with materials in other states such as liquids and gases.
A mineral should exhibit stability at room temperature, which can only be attained if it is solid.
4. A mineral has a definite Chemical Composition
Most minerals are chemical compounds and can therefore be represented using a fixed or variable chemical formula.
Example:
A mineral with a fixed chemical formula is quartz (SiO2). This indicates that the mineral quartz contains one silicon atom and two oxygen atoms.
5. A mineral has an ordered internal/crystalline structure
Minerals look like crystals since the arrangement of their atoms is ordered and repetitive.
Atoms of minerals are arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern.
NOTE: Knowing whether a material is crystalline or not would require sophisticated methods such as involving the use of X-rays (XRD).
Mineraloids
Any material which passes most of the criteria (but not all) we have set can be considered a mineraloid.
Most of the time, mineraloids are naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solids with definite chemical compositions but with no ordered internal structure.
Examples of mineraloids are volcanic glass and opal.
There are three main types of volcano - composite or strato, shield and dome. Composite volcanoes, sometimes known as strato volcanoes, are steep sided cones formed from layers of ash and [lava] flows. The eruptions from these volcanoes may be a pyroclastic flow rather than a flow of lava.
This presentation is required about Soil forming factors. This is a presentation for soil science.
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Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with definite chemical composition and that exhibits a crystalline structure.
Characteristics of Minerals
1. A mineral is Naturally-Occurring
A mineral should be naturally-occurring with respect to its formation.
It should be made by natural processes without the aid of any organism.
In the case of laboratory studies, any material that is formed in laboratories or artificial conditions is not considered a mineral.
2. A mineral is Inorganic
It is formed by inorganic processes and does not contain any organic compound.
The process to produce a mineral by natural means is extended further by making sure that no organic material ( or what was once part of an organism) be considered a mineral.
This would mean that bones, shells, teeth, and other hard parts of an organism are not minerals.
3. A mineral is a homogeneous Solid
We should be able to see something that is uniform in appearance and is in the solid state of matter.
This property of minerals is very important especially when dealing with materials in other states such as liquids and gases.
A mineral should exhibit stability at room temperature, which can only be attained if it is solid.
4. A mineral has a definite Chemical Composition
Most minerals are chemical compounds and can therefore be represented using a fixed or variable chemical formula.
Example:
A mineral with a fixed chemical formula is quartz (SiO2). This indicates that the mineral quartz contains one silicon atom and two oxygen atoms.
5. A mineral has an ordered internal/crystalline structure
Minerals look like crystals since the arrangement of their atoms is ordered and repetitive.
Atoms of minerals are arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern.
NOTE: Knowing whether a material is crystalline or not would require sophisticated methods such as involving the use of X-rays (XRD).
Mineraloids
Any material which passes most of the criteria (but not all) we have set can be considered a mineraloid.
Most of the time, mineraloids are naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solids with definite chemical compositions but with no ordered internal structure.
Examples of mineraloids are volcanic glass and opal.
There are three main types of volcano - composite or strato, shield and dome. Composite volcanoes, sometimes known as strato volcanoes, are steep sided cones formed from layers of ash and [lava] flows. The eruptions from these volcanoes may be a pyroclastic flow rather than a flow of lava.
This presentation is required about Soil forming factors. This is a presentation for soil science.
Thanks..
www.leadmoneymedia.com
please follow me here :
https://www.behance.net/rubel570
https://plus.google.com/u/0/+MdRubelHossain570
https://www.facebook.com/rubel570
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. WEATHERING is the breaking
down
of rocks, soil and minerals as
well as wood and artificial
materials through contact with
theEarth's atmosphere, waters
and biological organisms.
Weathering occurs in situ (on
site), that is, in the same place,
with little or no movement, and
thus should not be confused
with erosion, which involves the
movement of rocks and minerals
by agents such as water, ice,
snow, wind, waves and gravity
and then being transported and
deposited in other loc
3. WEATHERING/MEC
HANICAL
WEATHERING
Physical weathering, also recognized
as mechanical weathering, is the class
of processes that causes the
disintegration of rocks without
chemical change. The primary
process in physical weathering
is abrasion (the process by
which clasts and other particles are
reduced in size). However, chemical
and physical weathering often go
hand in hand. Physical weathering
can occur due to temperature,
pressure, frost etc. Physical
weathering is also called mechanical
weathering or disaggregation.
4. HEATING AND COOLING
Thermal stress weathering (sometimes
called insolation weathering)[2] results from
the expansion and contraction of rock,
caused by temperature changes. For
example, heating of rocks by sunlight or
fires can cause expansion of their
constituent minerals eventually cause the
rock to crack apart.
Thermal stress weathering comprises two
main types, thermal shock and thermal
fatigue. Thermal stress weathering is an
important mechanism in deserts, where
there is a large diurnal temperature range,
hot in the day and cold at night.[3] The
repeated heating and cooling
exerts stress on the outer layers of rocks,
5. EXPOLIATION is weathring of rocks due
to release of pressure on rock surface . It is
also known as sheeting shearing . Before
expoliation rocks are under tremendous
pressure because of the overlying rock
material and atmosphere. When erosion
removes the overlying rock material, these
intrusive rocks are exposed and the pressure
on them is released. The outer parts of the
rocks then tend to expand. The expansion
sets up stresses which cause fractures
parallel to the rock surface to form. Over
time, sheets of rock break away from the
exposed rocks along the fractures, a process
known as exfoliation. Exfoliation due to
pressure release is also known as
"sheeting“………………………….
6. ABRASION
The primary process in physical
weathering is abrasion . It is the
process by which clasts and other
particles are reduced in size.
Abrasion by water, ice, and wind
processes loaded with sediment
can have tremendous cutting
power, as is amply demonstrated
by the gorges, ravines, and valleys
around the world. In glacial areas,
huge moving ice masses embedded
with soil and rock fragments grind
down rocks in their path and carry
away large volumes of material.
7. WETHERING
Biological effects on mechanical
weathering
Living organisms may contribute to
mechanical weathering (as well as
chemical weathering, see 'biological'
weathering
below). Lichensand mosses grow on
essentially bare rock surfaces and
create a more humid chemical
microenvironment. The attachment
of these organisms to the rock surface
enhances physical as well as chemical
breakdown of the surface microlayer
of the rock. On a larger scale,
seedlings sprouting in a crevice and
plant roots exert physical pressure as
well as providing a pathway for water
and chemical infiltration.
9. Hydrolysis
There are different types of chemical
weathering. Let's start with a discussion
of hydrolysis, which is the chemical
breakdown of a substance when
combined with water. You can recall this
term by remembering that the prefix
'hydro' means 'water' and the suffix 'lysis'
means 'to break down.'
With chemical weathering of rock, we
see a chemical reaction happening
between the minerals found in the rock
and rainwater. The most common
example of hydrolysis is feldspar, which
can be found in granite changing to clay.
When it rains, water seeps down into the
ground and comes in contact with
granite rocks. The feldspar crystals
within the granite react with the water
and are chemically altered to form clay
minerals, which weaken the rock.
10. Oxidation
Another type of chemical weathering
is oxidation. Oxidation is the
reaction of a substance with oxygen.
You are probably familiar with
oxidation because it is the process
that causes rust. So just like your car
turns to rust through oxidation, rocks
can get rusty if they contain iron.
You may have noticed that rusted
metal on your car is somewhat fragile;
you could even poke your finger
through a rust patch if it's big enough.
This is because when iron reacts with
oxygen, it forms iron oxide, which is
not very strong. So when a rock gets
oxidized, it is weakened and crumbles
easily,
11. DISSOLUTION AND
CARBONATION
Dissolution and carbonation[edit]
A pyrite cube has dissolved away from host rock, leaving gold behind
Rainfall is acidic because atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in
the rainwater producing weak carbonic acid. In unpolluted
environments, the rainfall pH is around 5.6. Acid rain occurs when
gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are present in the
atmosphere. These oxides react in the rain water to produce stronger
acids and can lower the pH to 4.5 or even 3.0. Sulfur dioxide, SO2,
comes from volcanic eruptions or from fossil fuels, can
become sulfuric acid within rainwater, which can cause solution
weathering to the rocks on which it falls.
Some minerals, due to their natural solubility (e.g. evaporites),
oxidation potential (iron-rich minerals, such as pyrite), or instability
relative to surficial conditions (see Goldich dissolution series) will
weather through dissolution naturally, even without acidic water.
One of the most well-known solution weathering processes
is carbonation, the process in which atmospheric carbon dioxide
leads to solution weathering. Carbonation occurs on rocks which
contain calcium carbonate, such as limestone and chalk. This takes
place when rain combines with carbon dioxide or an organic acid to
form a weak carbonic acid which reacts with calcium carbonate (the
limestone) and forms calcium bicarbonate. This process speeds up
with a decrease in temperature, not because low temperatures
generally drive reactions faster, but because colder water holds more
dissolved carbon dioxide gas. Carbonation is therefore a large feature
of glacial weathering.
The reactions as follows:
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3carbon dioxide + water → carbonic acidH2CO3 +
CaCO3 → Ca(HCO3)2carbonic acid + calcium carbonate → calcium
bicarbonate
12. Erosion and Transport
Erosion
Erosion is the process by which soil
and rock particles are worn away
and moved elsewhere by gravity, or
by a moving transport agent –
wind, water or ice.
Transport refers to the processes by
which the sediment is moved along
– for example, pebbles rolled along
a river-bed or sea shore, sand
grains whipped up by the wind,
salts carried in solution.
13. EROSION BY
GRAVITY
Mass–wasting is the down-slope
movement of loose rock and soil
due to gravity. Whilst processes
such as soil creep are very slow,
landslides can be very sudden, and
may cause loss of life.
Mass-wasting is often aided by
water, so landslides and mudflows
frequently occur after heavy rain
14. EROSION BY WIND
Wind erosion and transport is a
serious environmental problem in the
driest parts of the world, removing
soil from farmland and covering
whole towns with sand and dust.
A strong breeze (wind speed 20
km/h) can easily pick up dry dust and
fine sand. The lightest particles are
swirled up into the air and carried in
suspension for hundreds of
kilometres, whilst sand grains bounce
along the surface by saltation. Small
pebbles can be moved along with the
sand, a process called creep.
15. EROSION BY WATER
Around the world, moving water picks
up and transports millions of tonnes of
sediment every day, along rivers, coasts,
and even in the deep oceans.
Sediment, whether picked up by flowing
water or by waves, is moved along in one
of four ways:
Traction is the rolling or dragging of
large grains along a river bed or shore,
aided by the push of the smaller grains
(below).
Saltation is the bouncing of sand grains
as they are picked up, carried along, and
dropped repeatedly by flowing water.
Fine particles (silt and clay) are carried in
Suspension in the water – they will only
settle out if the water is still.
Soluble salts are carried in Solution in
the water – the sea is obviously salty, but
rivers contain dissolved salts, too.
16. EROSION BY ICE OR
GLACIER
A glacier is a river of ice formed
from compacted snow. They are
most common in the Polar regions
(e.g.Antarctica) and in mountain
regions like the Alps and
Himalayas. Glaciers move slowly
down valleys (at speeds up to a few
metres per day), but have
enormous erosive power. Glaciers
erode the surface of the Earth.