Waves
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This document provides an overview of wave properties. It defines a wave as a disturbance that transfers energy through a medium or space. There are two main types of waves: transverse waves, where the medium moves perpendicular to the direction of travel; and longitudinal waves, where the medium moves parallel to the direction of travel. Key wave parameters are described, including amplitude, wavelength, frequency, period, and speed. Amplitude refers to the maximum displacement from rest. Wavelength is the distance between equivalent points on consecutive waves. Frequency is the number of wave cycles per unit time, while period is the time for one full wave cycle.
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Waves
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1. A mechanical wave is a disturbance that propagates through a medium with little net displacement of particles. Sound waves are an example of mechanical waves.
2. The speed of a wave depends on the medium and can be calculated from the wavelength and frequency. The speed of sound in air is about 340 m/s.
3. Waves can be transverse, involving side-to-side motion perpendicular to the direction of travel, or longitudinal/compressional, involving back-and-forth motion parallel to the direction of travel.
Transverse waves
Transverse waves move particles perpendicular to the direction of wave motion. A crest is the highest point and a trough is the lowest point of a wave's oscillation. The amplitude is the maximum displacement of a particle from its resting position, either to a crest or trough, while wavelength is the distance between two points in phase. Period is the time for one wavelength to pass a fixed point, frequency is the number of waves passing in one second, and speed is the distance traveled per unit of time.
Class vii physics waves
This document discusses the characteristics of waves. It describes two main types of waves: transverse waves, where the medium moves perpendicular to the direction of wave motion, and longitudinal waves, where the medium moves parallel to the direction of wave motion. Key wave characteristics are defined, such as wavelength, amplitude, frequency, and velocity. The relationship between these characteristics is expressed using the wave velocity formula: velocity = wavelength x frequency. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use this formula to calculate an unknown characteristic.
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Waves
- 3. Wave: motion of a disturbance Disturbance creates waves that travel away from the source of the disturbance Waves transport energy, not matter. Mechanical waves require a medium: the elastic, deformable matter through which disturbance travels Electromagnetic waves don’t require a medium
- 4. Waves Transport Energy not Matter
- 5. Medium moves perpendicular to direction wave travels Examples: Light, strings, seismic s-waves, water waves
- 8. Medium moves parallel to direction wave travels Examples: sound, p-waves Have compressions and rarefactions
- 9. Additional terms with longitudinal waves: Compression: where wave fronts are closer together than in undisturbed medium Rarefaction: where they are farther apart than in undisturbed medium
- 11. Representing a Longitudinal Wave as a Sine Wave
- 13. The following parameters are used to describe waves: Amplitude Wave length Frequency Period Speed
- 14. How “tall” (or “wide”) the wave is Maximum displacement from the average or equilibrium position Crests: highs Troughs: lows Measured from “crest to rest” or “trough to rest” Unit of measure: meter
- 16. These waves differ only in their amplitude: the “taller” wave has the greater amplitude The amount of energy a wave transmits is related to its amplitude (proportional to A2 ) -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 Amplitude = 2.0 cm Amplitude = 1.0 cm How much more energy does the wave on the left transmit? 4 times as much
- 17. Distance wave travels in one cycle Distance from a point on one wave to the same point on the next wave “Crest to crest,” “trough to trough” or any other equivalent points on adjacent waves Unit of measure: meter Graph of displacement versus distance is a “snapshot” of the wave at a given time
- 18. Equilibrium – rest position, zero movement Crest – top of wave Trough – bottom of wave Amplitude – height from rest to top or bottom Wavelength – distance wave travels in 1 cycle
- 19. Frequency: number of cycles (repetitions) per unit of time (how often wave cycles) f = 1/T (T = period) Units: Hz (cycles/second)
- 20. The higher frequency wave has more complete cycles in the same amount of time Graph of displacement versus time shows the motion of a given position
- 21. Time for one complete wave to pass any given point Unit of measure: seconds The period and frequency are reciprocals: T = 1/f f = 1/T
- 22. THANK YOU
Editor's Notes
- Resources: The Physics Classroom, Daniel A. Russell
- How much more energy per unit time does the wave on the left transmit? Since its amplitude is twice as large, it transmits 4 times the energy
- The upper wave has 2 x the frequency of the bottom. Note that the x-axis has units of time in this graph.