This document discusses power measurement in electrical circuits using wattmeters. It describes:
1. The construction and working principle of a dynamometer type wattmeter, which uses a movable coil within a magnetic field to measure power.
2. The torque equation for an electrodynamometer wattmeter, showing that the deflecting torque and instrument reading is proportional to the power in the circuit.
3. Wattmeters have advantages over ammeters and voltmeters for power measurement as they directly indicate power without errors from power consumed by the instruments themselves.
While moving, the vehicles possess some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called POWER HUMP (SPEED BREAKER
Wind Power Plant Presentation (Seminar PPT) Jay Sonar
Power Point Presentation On Wind Energy and Wind Turbine & Its Components. Full Seminar Presentation For Diploma And Engineering Students. Easy and Understandable Format.
Thanks. Follow & keep Presenting.
In the present scenario power has becomes major need for human life. Due to day-to-day increase in population and lack of the conventional sources, it becomes necessary that we must depend on non-conventional sources for power generation. While moving, the vehicles posses some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called “POWER HUMP”.
Design, Modeling & Analysis of Pelton Wheel Turbine BladeIJSRD
A Pelton-wheel impulse turbine is a hydro mechanical energy conversion device which converts gravitational energy of elevated water into mechanical work. This mechanical work is converted into electrical energy by means of running an electrical generator. The Pelton turbine was performed in high head and low water flow, in establishment of micro-hydroelectric power plant, due to its simple construction and ease of manufacturing. To obtain a Pelton hydraulic turbine with maximum efficiency during various operating conditions, the turbine parameters must be included in the design procedure. Here all design parameters were calculated at maximum efficiency by using MATLAB SOFTWARE. These parameters included turbine power, turbine torque, runner diameter, runner length, runner speed, bucket dimensions, number of buckets, nozzle dimension and turbine specific speed. The main focus was to design a Pelton Turbine bucket and check its suitability for the the pelton turbine. The literature on Pelton turbine design available is scarce; this work exposes the theoretical and experimental aspects in the design and analysis of a Pelton wheel bucket, and hence the designing of Pelton wheel bucket using the standard rules. The bucket is designed for maximum efficiency. The bucket modelling and analysis was done by using SOLIDWORKS 2015. The material used in the manufacture of pelton wheel buckets is studied in detail and these properties are used for analysis. The bucket geometry is analysed by considering the force and also by considering the pressure exerted on different points of the bucket. The bucket was analysed for the static case and the results of Vonmises stress, Static displacement and Factor of safety are obtained.
This is a presentation about linear induction motor. here I had explained LIM clearly like effects, construction, working, application and many more. most of people don't know much about this type of motor. I hope this will be usefull to you
While moving, the vehicles possess some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called POWER HUMP (SPEED BREAKER
Wind Power Plant Presentation (Seminar PPT) Jay Sonar
Power Point Presentation On Wind Energy and Wind Turbine & Its Components. Full Seminar Presentation For Diploma And Engineering Students. Easy and Understandable Format.
Thanks. Follow & keep Presenting.
In the present scenario power has becomes major need for human life. Due to day-to-day increase in population and lack of the conventional sources, it becomes necessary that we must depend on non-conventional sources for power generation. While moving, the vehicles posses some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called “POWER HUMP”.
Design, Modeling & Analysis of Pelton Wheel Turbine BladeIJSRD
A Pelton-wheel impulse turbine is a hydro mechanical energy conversion device which converts gravitational energy of elevated water into mechanical work. This mechanical work is converted into electrical energy by means of running an electrical generator. The Pelton turbine was performed in high head and low water flow, in establishment of micro-hydroelectric power plant, due to its simple construction and ease of manufacturing. To obtain a Pelton hydraulic turbine with maximum efficiency during various operating conditions, the turbine parameters must be included in the design procedure. Here all design parameters were calculated at maximum efficiency by using MATLAB SOFTWARE. These parameters included turbine power, turbine torque, runner diameter, runner length, runner speed, bucket dimensions, number of buckets, nozzle dimension and turbine specific speed. The main focus was to design a Pelton Turbine bucket and check its suitability for the the pelton turbine. The literature on Pelton turbine design available is scarce; this work exposes the theoretical and experimental aspects in the design and analysis of a Pelton wheel bucket, and hence the designing of Pelton wheel bucket using the standard rules. The bucket is designed for maximum efficiency. The bucket modelling and analysis was done by using SOLIDWORKS 2015. The material used in the manufacture of pelton wheel buckets is studied in detail and these properties are used for analysis. The bucket geometry is analysed by considering the force and also by considering the pressure exerted on different points of the bucket. The bucket was analysed for the static case and the results of Vonmises stress, Static displacement and Factor of safety are obtained.
This is a presentation about linear induction motor. here I had explained LIM clearly like effects, construction, working, application and many more. most of people don't know much about this type of motor. I hope this will be usefull to you
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR STARTING METHODS, START करने के METHODS|DAMPER WINDING, AUX...Prasant Kumar
#YOUTUBE_LINK
https://youtu.be/sKrjXF5XfG0
# SYNCHRONOUS_MOTOR_STARTING_METHODS
#DAMPER_WINDING
#PONY_MOTOR
#SYNCHRONOUS_MOTOR_START करने के_METHODS
#STARTING_METHODS_OF_SYNCHRONOUS_MOTOR
#SYNCHRONOUS_MACHINE
#WHY_SYNCHRONOUS_MOTOR_IS_ NOT_SELF_ START
#AUXILLARY_MOTOR
#SAI_ACADEMY_OF_ELECTRICAL_ENGINEERING
#SAEE
#AJBROTHERS
#SIMPLE TRICK OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE
#ANIMATION
#SYNCHRONOUS_MOTOR_SELF_START क्यों नहीं होता है?
#STARTING_SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
#WHY_SYNCHRONOUS_MOTOR_IS_NOT_SELF_START
#why synchronous motor is not self starting in hindi
#STARTING OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
#SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
#ELECTRICAL MACHINE
#BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
#SAI ACADEMY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
#SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR FEATURRES
#SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSOR
#POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT BY SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
A reluctance motor is a type of electric motor that induces non-permanent magnetic poles on the ferromagnetic rotor. The rotor does not have any windings. It generates torque through magnetic reluctance.
Reluctance motor sub types include synchronous, variable, switched and variable stepping.
Reluctance motors can deliver high power density at low cost, making them attractive for many applications. Disadvantages include high torque ripple (the difference between maximum and minimum torque during one revolution) when operated at low speed, and noise due to torque ripple.
Most efficient means of producing electric energy & do not create the air- pollution, the fuel falling water is not consumed. This favourable conditions to make hydroelectric projects attractive sources of electric power.
Introduction to JNNSM- India's National Solar MissionKranav Sharma
An introduction to India's very own initiative on adoption and development of solar energy for powering its energy needs. The presentation includes the need for, proposed road map and various provisions under the scheme.
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR STARTING METHODS, START करने के METHODS|DAMPER WINDING, AUX...Prasant Kumar
#YOUTUBE_LINK
https://youtu.be/sKrjXF5XfG0
# SYNCHRONOUS_MOTOR_STARTING_METHODS
#DAMPER_WINDING
#PONY_MOTOR
#SYNCHRONOUS_MOTOR_START करने के_METHODS
#STARTING_METHODS_OF_SYNCHRONOUS_MOTOR
#SYNCHRONOUS_MACHINE
#WHY_SYNCHRONOUS_MOTOR_IS_ NOT_SELF_ START
#AUXILLARY_MOTOR
#SAI_ACADEMY_OF_ELECTRICAL_ENGINEERING
#SAEE
#AJBROTHERS
#SIMPLE TRICK OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE
#ANIMATION
#SYNCHRONOUS_MOTOR_SELF_START क्यों नहीं होता है?
#STARTING_SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
#WHY_SYNCHRONOUS_MOTOR_IS_NOT_SELF_START
#why synchronous motor is not self starting in hindi
#STARTING OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
#SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
#ELECTRICAL MACHINE
#BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
#SAI ACADEMY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
#SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR FEATURRES
#SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSOR
#POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT BY SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
A reluctance motor is a type of electric motor that induces non-permanent magnetic poles on the ferromagnetic rotor. The rotor does not have any windings. It generates torque through magnetic reluctance.
Reluctance motor sub types include synchronous, variable, switched and variable stepping.
Reluctance motors can deliver high power density at low cost, making them attractive for many applications. Disadvantages include high torque ripple (the difference between maximum and minimum torque during one revolution) when operated at low speed, and noise due to torque ripple.
Most efficient means of producing electric energy & do not create the air- pollution, the fuel falling water is not consumed. This favourable conditions to make hydroelectric projects attractive sources of electric power.
Introduction to JNNSM- India's National Solar MissionKranav Sharma
An introduction to India's very own initiative on adoption and development of solar energy for powering its energy needs. The presentation includes the need for, proposed road map and various provisions under the scheme.
Power measurement is a valid technique to measure that how much the power is being transmitted through the entire system.
In this presentation you will estimate and understand the following objectives
Wattmeter as a device
Power measurement techniques
Classical based history
Construction of wattmeter
Working of Wattmeter
Power measurement of direct and indirect way
Power measurement in three phase applications
Applications of Wattmeter
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. CONTENTS
● Measurement of Power
● Construction, working principle, torque equation of dynamometer type wattmeter
3. 3.1 POWER IN DC CIRCUITS:
Power taken by a load from a DC supply P = V*I watt.
V – Voltmeter, I – Ammeter
Ammeter and voltmeter require power for their operation
Fig. 1. Measurement of power in DC circuits
4. 3.1 POWER IN DC CIRCUITS:
Power taken by a load from a DC supply P = V*I watt.
V – Voltmeter, I – Ammeter
Ammeter and voltmeter require power for their operation
In fig 1 (a), 𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉 𝑅𝑉 and Power consumed by load = 𝑉𝐼𝐿 = 𝑉 𝐼 − 𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉 𝐼 − 𝑉 𝑅𝑉 = 𝑉𝐼 −
𝑉2
𝑅𝑉
In other words, Power indicated by instruments = Power consumed in load + power loss in
voltmeter
In Fig 1 (b) Power consumed by load = 𝑉𝐿 × 𝐼 = 𝑉 − 𝑉𝐴 × 𝐼 = 𝑉𝐼 − 𝑉𝐴𝐼
5. To obtain true power corrections must be applied for power loss.
Normally this loss is very small compared to load power.
To overcome this error it is advised to use Wattmeter instead of ammeter and
voltmeter.
6. 3.2 POWER IN AC CIRCUITS:
Instantaneous power varies through a cycle.
But we are focusing on average power 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜙
V – RMS value of voltage
I – RMS value of current
cos 𝜙 - power factor
Wattmeter is preferable over ammeter and voltmeter
i. Dynamometer Wattmeters DC/AC
ii. Induction Wattmeters AC
iii. Electrostatic Wattmeters for small amt of ac and low p.f.
10. An electrodynamometer is often used in accurate voltmeter and ammeters.
It may also serve as a transfer instrument, because it can be calibrated on dc and then used directly on
ac thereby equating ac and dc measurements of voltage and current directly.
A movable coil is used to provide the magnetic field in an electrodynamometer, instead of a permanent
magnet, This movable coil rotates within the magnetic field.
Dynamometer type instrument
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17. WATTMETER BASICS
The M terminal connects to the power supply.
The L terminal connects to the load.
The C terminal is shorted to the M terminal.
The V terminal connects to the systems neutral.
Wattmeter Symbol
Types of connection
18. ELECTRODYNAMOMETER WATTMETERS: TORQUE EQUATION
Instantaneous torque of an electrodynamometer instruments is given by
𝑇𝑖 = 𝑖1𝑖2 𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝜃
Let V and I be r.m.s. values of voltage and current being measured
So, Instantaneous value of voltage across pressure coil circuit is
𝒗 = 𝟐𝑽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕
If P.C. has high resistance resistive coil
So, current in P.C. in phase with Instantaneous value of voltage is:
𝒊𝒑= 𝒗 𝑹𝒑 = 𝟐 𝑽 𝑹𝒑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 = 𝟐 𝑰𝒑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 (1)
19. Here, 𝐼𝑝 = 𝑉
𝑝 𝑅𝑝 rms value of current in P.C. circuit
𝑅𝑝 = resistance of P.C. circuit
If current in C.C. lags the voltage in phase by angle 𝜙, instantaneous value of current in C.C. is:
𝑖𝑝 = 2 𝐼 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 (2)
∴ 𝑇𝑖 = 2 𝐼𝑝 sin 𝜔𝑡 × 2 𝐼 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 × 𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝜃
= 2 𝐼𝑝 𝐼 sin 𝜔𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝜃
= 𝑰𝒑 𝑰 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝎𝒕 − 𝝓 × 𝒅𝑴 𝒅𝜽 (3)
20. It is clear that there is a component of power which varies as twice the frequency of current and
voltage.
Average deflecting torque:
𝑇𝑑 =
1
𝑇
0
𝑇
𝑇𝑖 𝑑 𝜔𝑡
𝑇𝑑 =
1
𝑇
0
𝑇
𝐼𝑝 𝐼 cos 𝜙 − cos 2𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 × 𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝜃 𝑑 𝜔𝑡
𝑇𝑑 = 𝐼𝑝 𝐼 cos 𝜙 × 𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝜃 (4)
𝑻𝒅 = 𝑽𝑰 𝑹𝒑 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓 × 𝒅𝑴 𝒅𝜽 (5)
𝜃 = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜙 𝑅𝑝 𝐾 × 𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝜃 (7)
𝜃 = 𝐾1 𝑽𝑰 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓 × 𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝜃 (8)
𝜽 = 𝑲𝟏 × 𝒅𝑴 𝒅𝜽 × 𝑷 (9)
21. Controlling torque exerted by springs 𝑻𝒄 = 𝑲𝜽
where, 𝑲= spring constant and 𝜽 = final steady deflection
Since moving system of the instrument can not follow rapid variations in torque, it will take up a
position at which average deflection torque is equal to restoring torque of the springs
∴ At balance position, 𝑻𝒄 =𝑻𝒅,−→ 𝐾𝜃 = 𝐼𝑝 𝐼 cos 𝜙 × 𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝜃
Or deflection, 𝜃 = 𝐼𝑝 𝐼 cos 𝜙 × 𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝜃 𝐾 (6)
𝜃 = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜙 𝑅𝑝 𝐾 × 𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝜃 (7)
𝜃 = 𝐾1 𝑽𝑰 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓 × 𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝜃 (8)
𝜽 = 𝑲𝟏 × 𝒅𝑴 𝒅𝜽 × 𝑷 (9)
22. QUIZ
● How to connect a wattmeter in a circuit?
● How many terminals does a wattmeter have
● Which is fixed and which one is moving coil of wattmeter?
23. PREPARATION FOR NEXT SESSION
● Look through errors in wattmeter with their compensation
24. WRAP UP
• In this session we learned about wattmeter construction
• Torque equation
• Wattmeter terminals