This document provides an introduction to civil engineering. It defines civil engineering as the planning, design, and construction of infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and more. It outlines several key fields within civil engineering including construction technology, environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, hydraulics and water resources, transportation engineering, structural engineering, surveying, and more. The document discusses the importance of civil engineering in infrastructure development and provides background on engineering and different building materials used in the field.

1. INTRODUCTION TO
CIVIL ENGINEERING
PROF. AJITH B T
Civil Engineering Department
KVGCE Sullia

2. What is Civil engineering ?
• Civil engineering is the planning, design, and
building of roads, bridges, harbours, and public
buildings
• The Full form of CIVIL is construction
investigation various information levelling, or
CIVIL stands for construction investigation various
information levelling, or the full name of given
abbreviation is construction investigation various
information levelling.

3. This presentation deals with
• Scope of Different fields of Civil Engineering
– Construction Technology
– Environmental Engineering & sanitary Engineering
– Geotechnical Engineering
– Hydraulics, Water Resource & Irrigation Engineering
– Remote Sensing & GIS
– Structural Engineering
– Surveying
– Transportation Engineering

4. Engineering
• Ingenious means ‘Clever person’ in Latin
• Engineer cleverly uses the available natural resources
for the benefit of mankind
• Provides comfort to mankind and makes life
comfortable.
• Application of scientific and mathematical
knowledge and rational thinking to improve living
standards

5. Civil Engineering
• Oldest branch of engineering, next to Military engineering. All
engineering works other than for military purposes were grouped
in to Civil Engineering. Mechanical, Electrical, Electronics &
present day Information technology followed it.
• A professional engineering discipline that deals with the analysis,
design, construction and maintenance of infrastructural facilities
such as buildings, bridges, dams, roads etc.
• Constructions are against nature.
• Application of physical, mathematical and scientific principles for
the convenience of civilization.
• Began b/w 4000 BC and 2000 BC (during Ancient Egypt,
Mesapotamia, Indus Valley Civilisations).
• John Smeaton was the first self proclaimed Civil Engineer who
built Eddystone Light House in 1771.

6. 61% are clueless
about engineering
Why?
Civil Engineering is Everywhere
Civil Engineering is a
composite of many specific
disciplines that include
structural engineering,
water engineering, waste
material management and
engineering, foundation
engineering etc. among
many.

7. Construction Technology
& Management
• Deals with planning, scheduling and execution
of construction activity related to a project.
• Comprises of men, material, time and money
management.
• Emphasis will be on new construction
practice, use of appropriate and local
technology, safety of men and material,
utilization of marginal materials etc.

8. Construction Technology
& Management
• Construction managers:
– Review contracts,
– Order materials,
– Hire and schedule sub-
contractors.
• The job of a construction
manager is to:
– Provide quality control and
insure project is completed
on time and.
– Within budget.

9. Environmental Engineering
• Environment is the available nature around us. It includes
the life support system such as water, air and land/Soil.
• Environmental engineering deals with the technology to
save nature from human and natural abuse and
pollution.
• The study involves balanced compromise between
environment and safety.
• It deals with,
– Technique of water collection, purification and supply
– Waste water collection, treatment and disposal
– Control of all types of pollution

10. Environmental
Engineering
Environmentalist
Vs
Environmental
Engineer

11. Sanitary engineering

12. Sanitary engineering

13. Sanitary engineering

14. Waste water treatment

17. Geotechnical Engineering
• All structures are founded on ground. Forces from
structure are safely transferred to soil. Essential to
understand ground behavior and interaction between
soil and structure.
• Involves
– Foundations
– Slopes
– Retaining Structures
– Highway pavement design
– Embankments and earth dams
– Tunnels, underground structures and deep cuts

18. Geotechnical
Engineering
• To assess the quality of
soil or rock to carry the
structure
• Proper knowledge of
geotechnical engg is
necessary for safety and
stability of structures

19. For a geotechnical engineer,
Foundation Soil and sub-structure should resist forces
without failure or excessive deformation
Foundation Soil
Super Structure
Foundation
or
Substructure
Ground Level

20. Hydraulics, Water
Resource &
Irrigation
Engineering
Archemedis Screw
Hand operated tool to rise water
•Hydraulics deals with mechanics of
water (fluid) flow.
•Water resource engineering deals
with identification & utilization of
available water resources minimizing
the loss. Surface water such as river
and lake water and ground water are
usefully managed.
•This also deals with ground water
utilization, ground water recharge and
rain water harvesting.

21. Hydraulics, Water Resource & Irrigation
Engineering
• Irrigation engineering deals with water management for
agriculture purpose.
• Dams are constructed at the desired locations to store water in
reservoir when the supply from river is good and to utilize for
useful purpose during draught. Canals are built for the purpose.
During excess input, water is allowed to main river through the
body of dam to avoid flooding.
Falkirk Wheel in Scotland Hoover Dam in USA

22. Hydraulics, Water Resource & Irrigation
Engineering
• Water management
involves the use of
hydrologic and
hydraulic principles to
design:
– Drainage systems,
– Detention/retention
ponds,
– Navigational
waterways, and
– Flood control levees,
dams, and lakes.

24. Remote Sensing & GIS
• This is one of the new fields.
• The improvement in space technology, availability
of GPS enhanced the scope of geographic
information system.

25. • Good mapping technique helps to get required
information accurately and quickly to effectively manage
and monitor the available resources for optimal use.
• GIS is an hightech equivalent of map. It represents a
means to locate ourselves in relation to world around us.
It deals with measurement, mapping, monitoring and
modeling of geographic information around us.

28. Structural Engineering
• Structure is the assemblage of two or more basic
elements such as beam, slab, column, truss, frame,
shells etc.
• Deals with the requirements considering design for
limit states of collapse and serviceability.
Petronas
Burj khalifa

29. Structural
Engineering
• Involves determination of support
reactions, member forces and
moments, deflection and
deformations.
• Deals with planning of
positions/layout of different
elements and design (determination
of size, shape and material) of
component such that safety and
serviceability requirements are not
sacrificed, yet economy is
considered.
• Repair, rehabilitation and
maintenance is part of structural
engineering.
• Dams, Bridges, Stadiums,
Auditoriums, Multi-storeyed
buildings are analysed & designed

31. Transportation
Engineering
• Application of scientific approach
(planning, design, operation and
management) of transportation systems
such as roads, railway, sea/river & air
transports.
• It involves planning, design,
construction/operation and maintenance
of transportation facility.
• In air strip runways, roads and railway,
the study includes the design of
pavement system.
• Maintenance and upgradation of docks,
harbors, airports, railway system based
on requirements, population growth is a
part of this discipline.

32. Role of Civil engineers in Infrastructural
development
• Construction of roads, railway, ports, harbors and
airports
• Construction of dams and proper utilization of water
resources.
• Construction of Housing, commercial and industrial
complexes
• Maintenance of facility
• Rebuilding, Rehabilitation, Retrofitting and Repair

43. BUILDING MATERIALS

64. wood

67. Glass

75. Metals are versatile housing materials because they can be
shaped in so many ways. They are available in a variety of
natural colors or can be coated for a wider array of colors and
for added protection. Metals are strong, decorative, and good
conductors of heat and electricity.
CAST IRON is made of
iron and carbon, melted in
a furnace and cast into
shapes such as wood
burning stoves, bathtubs,
sinks, skillets, sewer lines,
waste disposal systems,
lawn furniture and gas
pipes.
WROUGHT IRON is
nearly pure iron used
for ornamental lawn
furniture, lighting
fixtures, fences, and
staircase/porch railings.
BRONZE is an alloy of
copper and tin, forming a
strong, beautiful, stately
material that weathers
well. It is used for
thresholds, screws,
plumbing supplies, and
decorative pieces
including sculpture.

76. ALUMINUM is lightweight, highly
resistant to corrosion, an excellent
conductor of electricity, a good
reflector of light and heat, easily
formed into many shapes, and
receptive to many finishes. Aluminum
can be “extruded” into window and
door frames, railings, and hardware. It
can also be “cast” into lamp bases,
plant stands, cookware, and grills. It
can be “rolled” into range hoods,
awnings, garage doors, appliance
panels, and ductwork.
COPPER is most important
for it’s electrical and heat
conductivity, and resistance
to corrosion. Exposed to
moist air, it becomes coated
with a thin layer of green
carbonate that protects it
from further corrosion. It is
used in wiring and roofing
materials, cookware, lamps,
and decorative pieces.
BRASS is an alloy of copper and
zinc, ranging in color from a
coppery red to silvery white. Tin
can be added or it can be coated
with clear enamel to prevent
tarnishing. Ir can be cast,
hammered, stamped, rolled, or
drawn into bolts, screws, pipe
fittings, wire, furniture, and
decorative pieces.

77. STAINLESS STEEL is
steel with chromium
added, making it hard
and corrosion resistant
over a wide
temperature range. It is
used for gutters,
downspouts, cooking
and eating utensils,
appliances, sinks,
countertops, and even
furniture.
LEAD is a heavy but
workable metal
resistant to corrosion. It
is used under showers
and as liners for pools,
and in drainage pipes.
It expands and
contracts in different
temperatures, and it
can cause lead
poisoning… limiting
many household
applications. It is used
in leaded window
designs.

97. Concrete Grade Proportion of Cement :
Sand : Stone pieces
Expected Compressive
Strength at 28 days
M10 1 : 3 : 6
10 N/mm2 or 100
Kg/cm2
M15 1 : 2 : 4
15 N/mm2 or 150
Kg/cm2
M20 1 : 1.5 : 3
20 N/mm2 or 200
Kg/cm2
M25 1 : 1 : 2
25 N/mm2 or 250
Kg/cm2

107. Reinforced concrete (RC), also called
reinforced cement concrete (RCC):
It is a composite material in which concrete's
relatively low tensile strength and ductility are
compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement
having higher tensile strength or ductility.
Steel reinforcements are often included to increase
the tensile. strength of concrete; such concrete is
called reinforced cement. concrete (RCC) or simply
reinforced concrete

108. Applications of Reinforced Concrete
•Buildings. Buildings consist of beams,
columns, walls, floors, and roofs. ...
•Bridges. ...
•Roads. ...
•Floating Structures. ...
•Foundations. ...
•Marine Structure. ...
•Pipes and Conduits. ...
•Precast Works.

109. What are the constituents of RCC?
The constituents of RCC are:
•Reinforcement Bars (Steel Bars)
•Concrete.
•Cement (Portland Cement [FlyAsh in recent
times])
•Coarse Aggregates (Stone Chips/brick chips)
• Fine Aggregates (Crushed Stone or Sand)
• Water

110. PSC

111. Advantages of pre-stressed concrete.
• Factory products are possible.
• Reduction of steel corrosion
• Long span structure are possible so that saving of wt is significant & thus it
become economical.
• Pre-stressed member are tested before use.
• Dead load are get counter balanced by eccentric pre-stressing
• It has high ability to resist the impact.
• It has high fatigue resistance.
• It has high live load carrying capacity.
• It free from cracks from service loads and enable entire section to take
part in resisting moments.
• Member are free from the tensile stresses.

112. Disadvantages of pre-stressed concrete.
• Required skilled builders & experienced engineers.
• Initial equipment cost is very high.
• Availability of experienced engineers is less.
• Required complicated formwork.
• It requires high strength concrete & steel.
• Pre-stressed concreteA is less fiber resistant.

113. • Prestressed concrete was started to be used in building frames,
parking structures, stadiums, railway sleepers, transmission line
poles and other types of structures and elements.
Materials for pre-stress concrete member
1. Cement,
2. Concrete,
3. Steel.
# Cement:
# Ordinary portland cement,
# Portland slag cement,
# Rapid hardening portland cement,
# High strength ordinary portland cement.

114. # Concrete:
Pre-stress concrete requires high strength concrete, which
has high compressive strength comparatively higher tensile strength
than ordinary concrete.
The concrete is a material should be compose of gravels or
crushed stones, sand, cement.
In pre-stress concrete minimum grade of concrete M20.
#Steel:
High tensile steel, tendons, strands.
In pre-stress concrete high tensile steel with tensile strength
around 2000MPa.
According to IS: 1343-1980 prestress concrete is design.

115. Pre-tensioning or Post-tensioning
Pre-tensioning
The tension is applied to the tendons before
casting of the concrete. The pre-compression is
transmitted from steel to concrete through bond
over the transmission length near the ends. The
following figure shows manufactured pre-
tensioned electric poles.

116. Stages of pre-tensioning or Hoyer’s long line system

117. Pre-tensioned electric poles

118. Post-tensioning
The tension is applied to the tendons (located
in a duct) after hardening of the concrete. The
pre-compression is transmitted from steel to
concrete by the anchorage device (at the end
blocks). The following figure shows a post-
tensioned box girder of a bridge.

119. Post-tensioning of a box girder

120. SMART MATERIALS
• Smart materials have different properties that
can be changed according to the conditions in
a controlled way by external factors, such as
temperature, light, stress, moisture, electric or
magnetic fields, pH or chemical compounds.
These are also known as intelligent or
responsive materials.