This document discusses water and marine pollution. It begins by introducing different types of water pollution like point sources from pipes/drains and nonpoint sources from diffuse runoff. Specific sources of water pollution are also outlined like sewage, dumping, industrial and agricultural waste, mining, and power plants. The document then discusses effects of pollution like diseases, ecosystem destruction, and impacts on the food chain. Methods for controlling pollution through wastewater treatment are described. The document also covers types of marine pollution and their effects before concluding with the importance of oceans to the global economy and food supply.

1. WATER & MARINE
POLLLUTION
Presented by – KANHU SETHI

2. *Introduction of Water Pollution
*Causes of Water Pollution
*Effects of Water Pollution
*Control of Water Pollution
*Introduction of Marine Pollution
*Types Of Marine Pollution
*Effects of Marine Pollution
*Control of Marine Pollution
*Conclusion

3. Water pollution is one of the biggest issues facing India right now.
As may be evident, untreated sewage is the biggest source of such form of
pollution in India. There are other sources of pollution such as runoff
from the agricultural sector as well as unregulated units that belong to
the small-scale industry. The situation is so serious that perhaps there is
no water body in India that is not polluted to some extent or the other.

4. Point sources
*A point source is a single, identifiable source of pollution, such as
a pipe or a drain. Industrial wastes are commonly discharged to
rivers and the sea in this way. High risk point source waste
discharges are regulated by EPA through the works approval and
licensing system, and associated compliance and
enforcement activities.
Nonpoint sources
*Non-point sources of pollution are often termed ‘diffuse’ pollution
and refer to those inputs and impacts which occur over a wide
area and are not easily attributed to a single source. They are often
associated with particular land uses, as opposed to individual
point source discharges.

5. *Sewers and septic systems –
When improperly installed or not maintained or cleaned correctly,
sewers and septic systems can cause human waste to leach into
groundwater sources and sometimes directly into surface water as well.
This can spread serious illness and cause widespread disease when it
isn’t caught early.

6. *Dumping:
Dumping of solid wastes and litters in water bodies causes huge
problems. Litters include glass, plastic, aluminum, styrofoam etc.
Different things take different amount of time to degrade in water. They
affect aquatic plants and animals.

7. *Industrial Waste:
Industrial waste contains pollutants like asbestos, lead, mercury and
petrochemicals which are extremely harmful to both people and
environment. Industrial waste is discharged into lakes and rivers by
using fresh water making the water contaminated.

8. *Mining :
In areas where mining takes place, sediments and minerals
normally found within the earth’s surface are exposed to water sources,
leading to an overabundance of nutrients in some instances and
poisoning from materials like arsenic and lead in others. Mining also
causes a lot of toxic runoff not unlike factory operation does.

9. *Agriculture :
Agriculture is another source of runoff problems, but it also
contributes to water pollution through pesticide use. Pesticides seep into
groundwater or are carried to surface water by runoff and can cause
poisoning and illness in humans and animals who drink them. In some
agricultural areas, animals with diseases may die or defecate in water
sources and spread illness in this way.

10. *Power plants :
Power plants are a major source of water pollution that causes a
lot of problems. In areas where nuclear power plants are present, water
becomes polluted with radiation very easily due to runoff and dumping.
Fish and animals in this water become unsafe for human consumption,
and drinking water in these areas has been known to cause cancer in
the surrounding communities.

11. *Acid Rain:
Acid rain is pollution of water caused by air pollution. When the
acidic particles caused by air pollution in the atmosphere mix with
water vapor, it results in acid rain.
*Global Warming:
Due to global warming, there is an increase in water temperature.
This increase in temperature results in death of aquatic plants and
animals. This also results in bleaching of coral reefs in water.

12. *Microbiological Pollution :
This type of pollution is not as well known to many. There are so many
places around the world where people drink water that has been untreated,
such as directly from a river or a lake. Sometimes these bodies of water can be
polluted naturally without humans causing the pollution. This can usually
happen because of microorganisms within the water that can be various forms
of bacteria and protozoa. Because of this natural pollution at a microbiological
level, much of the water life can eventually die. This can also cause serious and
even fatal illnesses to humans, which is why it is recommended to drink from a
treated source of water.

13. 2756 2495
4037
6955
11554
4251
9653
14845
16871
24004
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
1977 1988 1995 2006 2009
Treated WasteWater Untreated WasteWater

14. Water Pollution in the World
Today 7 Biggest Water-Polluting
Countries :-
1. China
2. United States
3. India
4. Japan
5. Germany
6. Indonesia
7. Brazil
World’s Top 10 Polluted Rivers
1. Marilao River, Philippines.
2. Yellow River, China.
3. Jordan River, Israel.
4. River Yamuna, India.
5. Buriganga River, Bangladesh.
6. Matanza-Riachuelo River,
Argentina.
7. Ganges River, India.
8. Citarum River, Indonesia.
Feb 23, 2018

15. *Top 10 Polluted Rivers in India :-
1. Ganga River
2. Yamuna River, Delhi
3. Sabarmati River, Gujarat
4. Damodar River, WB & Jharkhand
5. Oshiwara River, Mharastra
6. Gomti River, Lucknow
7. Mahi River, Gujarat
8. Musi River, Deccan Plateau
9. Hindon River,UP
10.Wardha River, Mharastra

16. *Diseases:
In humans, drinking or consuming polluted water in any
way has many disastrous effects on our health. It causes typhoid,
cholera, hepatitis and various other diseases.

17. *Destruction of Ecosystems:
Ecosystems are extremely dynamic and respond to even small
changes in the environment. Water pollution can cause an entire
ecosystem to collapse if left unchecked.
*Eutrophication:
Chemicals in a water body, encourage the growth of algae.
These algae form a layer on top of the pond or lake. Bacteria feed
on this algae and this decreases the amount of oxygen in the
water body, severely affecting the aquatic life there.

18. *Effects the food chain:
Disruption in food chains happens when toxins and pollutants
in the water are consumed by aquatic animals (fish, shellfish etc)
which are then consumed by humans.

19. *
*STEP 1: PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
Material that is abrasive, primarily sand, that could accelerate wear
of equipment is removed. Rags, paper, plastic and other items that could
clog the equipment are collected on screens. All this material is washed
and sent to a landfill.

20. *STEP 2: PRIMARY TREATMENT
Next the waste water flows into a large tank where the flow rate is
reduced to allow heavier solids suspended in the water to sink to the
bottom and lighter solids to float to the top. The solids, called sludge, are
removed from the bottom of the tank.

21. *STEP 3: BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL
In the first tank, naturally occurring bacteria use oxygen to digest
the biodegradable material in the waste water. Large quantities of oxygen
are provided by pumping air into the tank and conditions are controlled
to keep the bacteria growing and multiplying rapidly, grouping together
in clumps. Also, the waste water contains nitrogen in the form of
ammonia. Bacteria that can convert ammonia to nitrate are provided
with sufficient oxygen convert the ammonia into nitrate.
In another tank, a different type of bacteria is deprived of oxygen,
which causes them to convert the nitrate to nitrogen gas. The nitrogen
gas is released into the atmosphere, which is already 78% nitrogen, so
this is benign.
When the waste water is pumped into the next tank, the flow rate is
reduced to allow the clumps of bacteria to settle to the bottom and be
returned to the first tank to digest newly arrived biodegradable material
and ammonia.

22. *STEP 4: DISINFECTION
The next step in waste water treatment is to lower the
concentration of bacteria to levels that will not result in infection. The
requirement for waste water discharge is the same as for swimming
pools and beaches. Simsbury uses ultraviolet (UV) light for disinfection,
which disrupts the ability of bacteria to reproduce. The waste water is
now clean and safe enough to release into the Farmington River.

23. *STEP 5: SLUDGE PROCESSING
The products of wastewater treatment are clean water and sludge.
The sludge results from the settling processes in the tanks. In Simsbury,
the sludge is stored in covered tanks and aerated to limit odor production.
Then water is squeezed out of it to form sludge cake, which is hauled to
the Metropolitan District Commission treatment facility in Hartford and
burned in their incinerator.

24. The simplest solution for water pollution prevention is to be responsible
with any chemical use:
*Read and explicitly follow the directions for mixing and use.
*Use organic options whenever possible. Check your local storm water
division for suggestions.
*Prevent spills. As spills are generally accidental, prepare in advance
to contain and absorb the solution if there is a spill.
*Don't leave the unused chemicals exposed to weather. Dispose of the
leftover chemicals and container properly per the product instructions,
or check with your local municipality.
*Do not apply near water systems such as wells, streams, lakes, or curb
inlets/drains.

25. Marine pollution occurs when harmful, or potentially harmful,
effects result from the entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles,
industrial, agricultural, and residential waste, noise, or the spread of
invasive organisms. Eighty percent of marine pollution comes from land.
Air pollution is also a contributing factor by carrying off pesticides or
dirt into the ocean. Land and air pollution have proven to be harmful to
marine life and its habitats.

26. Types of Marine Pollution :-
*Sedimentation
* Agricultural runoff (herbicides, pesticides and nutrients)
* Energy (thermal and light)
* Sewage (Faecal Coliform and nutrients)
* Solid Waste
* Chemicals, Metals and Radioactive Substances
* Oil
* Biological

27. Major Marine Pollutants Worldwide
• 10 billion tonnes of ballast water with invasives
• Est. 10,000 million gallons of sewage annually
• 3.25 million metric tonnes of oil annually
• Millions of tonnes of Solid waste
Ballast Water Sewage Water
Oil Pollution Solid Waste

28. Major Marine Pollutants –Metals
*Introduced dangerous metals include mercury, lead, and copper
*Heavy Metals Heavy Metals Heavy Metals are a great concern because
they enter the food chain
*Fuel combustion, electric utilities, steel and iron manufacturing, fuel oils,
fuel additives and incineration of urban refuse are the major sources of
oceanic and atmospheric contamination by heavy metals
*Copper is dangerous to marine organisms and has been used in marine
anti-fouling paints
*Mercury and lead poisoning cause brain damage and behavioral
disturbances in children
*Contaminated land runoff, rain of pollutants from the air, and fallout
from shipwrecks pollute the ocean with dangerous metals
*Human activities release 5 times as much mercury and 17 times as much
lead as is derived from natural sources.

29. 68%
8%
4%
20%
Heavy Metals
Lead
Copper
Natural
Mercury
Heavy Metal Entering Oceans :

30. Land Based
Sources
17%
Natural
8%
Oil Industry
31%
Marine
Transport
44%
Marine Oil Pollution

31. Major Marine Pollutants - Biological
* International Maritime Organization top ten
Cholera, Cladoceran Water Flea, Mitten Crab, Toxic algae (R,G,B tides),
Round Goby, European Green Crab, Asian kelp, Zebra Mussel, North
Pacific Seastar, North American Comb Jelly.
*Spreading infestation of Jamaican waters by a Green mussel

32. Maritime
*Oily discharges from ballast water and bilge water during routine ship
operations and illegal dumping of solid waste
*Designated dumping grounds at sea (dredged spoil, old munitions,
sewage sludge, fly ash, oil based drilling muds)
*Accidental spills from Ships carrying hazardous substances, oil, gas etc.

34. Generally marine pollution affects ecosystem health, public
health, recreational water quality and economic viability in the
following ways:
*Mechanical
*Eutrophication
*Saphrogenic
*Toxicity
*Mutagenic and Carcinogenic

35. Cost of Marine Pollution
*3.25 million metric tons of oil wasted vs. 3.4 million tons used by
Jamaica annually
*100,000 mammal and 2 million bird deaths annually
*Reduction of GDP by decreasing fishery resource (11.9k tonnes –
7.7k landed 1960-97) and decreased tourism earnings
*Loss of bio-diversity and potential life saving medicines (for AIDS
&Cancer)

36. *Marine Pollution Conventions
*There are no less than 6 international marine pollution
conventions. Some are listed below:
*Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping
from Ships and Aircraft (1972) The Oslo Convention
*Convention for the prevention of pollution from ships
(1973)MARPOL
*Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Land-
based Sources (1974) The Paris Convention
*Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the
North-East Atlantic (1992) The OSPAR Convention

37. *1. Be careful with our chemicals.
Climate change and marine pollution are both results of excess human
interference in the natural world. If we choose eco-friendly household
cleaners and take measures to reduce the fumes we release into the air (for
instance, by choosing public transport over cars) we can reduce the impact
of our lives on the oceans.
Further, careful site monitoring to prevent or stop any chemical or oil
spills at all times will reduce the instances of oil spills.
*2. Don’t flush or rinse away harmful particles.
If we do not flush plastics down the toilet, and if we do not pour oils and
exfoliating beads down the faucet, we prevent these particles from reaching
our oceans. Switch to exfoliants that use natural materials like seeds, sugar
or sand instead – and recycle all plastics!
*3. Campaign.
Influence the decisions of policymakers and factory bosses to make them
more eco-friendly by lobbying, writing letters, spreading the word on
social media and campaigning. Motivating the shipping companies to use
safe and environmentally friendly vessels are among the key measures that
can be taken here.

38. *4. Volunteer at an oil spill site.
Volunteers are always needed at oil spill sites to save the lives of
marine birds by washing the oil from their feathers and caring for
them until they are ready to fly, swim and dive under water again.
Intervention is always needed as soon as possible to ensure that
these birds do not suffer any ill effects to their health.
*5. Volunteer at a beach cleanup – or organize one yourself.
Rid your local beach of litter by getting together with the rest of
the community to pick up the trash left behind by careless
picnickers, boat crews and more. Joining together as a community
to care for the natural world is a wonderful way to remind
everyone how intimately we are connected to nature, and how
much we depend on it. Working together with other people also
helps to keep us motivated and reminds us that we are not alone in
our quest to care for the environment.
*6. Ensuring no debris is released into the ocean.
Recycling our plastics and other recyclable, and disposing of
our waste responsibly is key here.

39. Marine pollution is a serious issue, and it comes in many forms.
Nevertheless, there are several ways that we can take positive action
right now to solve this problem of marine pollution. We should never
think that our individual actions do not count when it comes to caring
for the environment: they do! If we refrained from dumping rubbish in
the ocean, for instance, every single individual on this earth could
prevent several tonnes of trash from spoiling the habitats of marine
animals – this is no small achievement! And, when we club together
with other people, our ability to fight marine pollution becomes even
bigger. So why not start today? Write to your local authority, organize a
beach cleanup, research environmentally friendly household cleaning
products and stop using exfoliating products containing plastic beads.
You could save a life in the sea today!

40. *According to the OECD, oceans contribute $1.5 trillion annually in
value-added to the overall economy. The FAO estimates that around 60
million people are employed in fisheries and aquaculture, with the
majority of those employed by capture fisheries working in small-scale
operations in developing countries. In 2016, fisheries produced roughly
171 million tons of fish, with a “first sale” value estimated at US$362
billion, generating over US$143 billion in exports. Moreover, fish
provided about 3.2 billion people with almost 20 percent of their
average intake of animal protein, even more in poor countries.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
Food and Agriculture Organization