This document provides an overview of wastewater and sewerage systems. It defines wastewater as water used in homes, commercial spaces, and industries that needs treatment and disposal. Effective wastewater collection is important to prevent unhygienic conditions. The document then describes the components of typical sewerage systems and different types of sewer pipes used, including their characteristics and suitable applications. It also discusses factors that affect wastewater flow estimation and formulas used to calculate peak storm discharge in sewer design.
Hydraulic Design of Sewer:
Hydraulic formulae, maximum and minimum velocities in sewer, hydraulic
characteristics of circular sewer in running full and partial full conditions,
laying and testing of sewer, sewer appurtenances and network.
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
Present slideshow provides brief introductory part of various Intake Structures. This is useful for Environmental Engineering Students, faculties and learners.
01 Sewage Generation, Collection and Conveyanceakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
Hydraulic Design of Sewer:
Hydraulic formulae, maximum and minimum velocities in sewer, hydraulic
characteristics of circular sewer in running full and partial full conditions,
laying and testing of sewer, sewer appurtenances and network.
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
Present slideshow provides brief introductory part of various Intake Structures. This is useful for Environmental Engineering Students, faculties and learners.
01 Sewage Generation, Collection and Conveyanceakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
Sewer appurtenances are those structures and devices of a sewerage system which are constructed at suitable intervals along a sewer line to assist in the efficient operation and maintenance of the system. Following are the important sewer appurtenances: 1. Inlets 2. Catch Basins or Catch Pits 3. Clean-Outs 4.
sewer appurtenances ppt
sewer appurtenances and their details
types of appurtenances
appurtenances definition construction
appurtenances in construction
sewerage appurtenance
pipeline appurtenances definition
building appurtenances
sewerage appurtenance
sewer appurtenances and their details
appurtenances in construction
building appurtenances
appurtenances definition construction
types of appurtenances
pipeline appurtenances definition
This presentation includes the estimation of storm sewage generated as a result of storm/rainfall events. It includes the detailed usage of rational formula for quantity estimation with solved examples.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Sewer appurtenances are those structures and devices of a sewerage system which are constructed at suitable intervals along a sewer line to assist in the efficient operation and maintenance of the system. Following are the important sewer appurtenances: 1. Inlets 2. Catch Basins or Catch Pits 3. Clean-Outs 4.
sewer appurtenances ppt
sewer appurtenances and their details
types of appurtenances
appurtenances definition construction
appurtenances in construction
sewerage appurtenance
pipeline appurtenances definition
building appurtenances
sewerage appurtenance
sewer appurtenances and their details
appurtenances in construction
building appurtenances
appurtenances definition construction
types of appurtenances
pipeline appurtenances definition
This presentation includes the estimation of storm sewage generated as a result of storm/rainfall events. It includes the detailed usage of rational formula for quantity estimation with solved examples.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
storm water
rain water harvesting
shoratge of water
advantages
road surface run off
open drains
plans
drawing
pictures
storm water program
design consideration
This presentation includes the basic introduction to sewage/ wastewater, quantity estimation, the basic terms commonly used in the sewerage system, Types of sewer, sewage, and sewerage system.
Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for various purposes (called water reclamation).
Types, benefits & materials used in sewer lines.pdfYuktaNarvekar
A sewer line is a network of underground pipes used to transport sewage from homes or businesses to a treatment facility or disposal site. A sanitary sewer is a particular kind of gravity sewer and a component of the larger sewer system. Industrial effluent may also be transported by sanitary sewers that serve industrial districts. Separate storm drains may route surface runoff into surface water in sewer-served regions.
Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for various purposes (called water reclamation).
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
2. What is Wastewater?
Every human society uses water for domestic, commercial
and industrial activities and as a result of that there is a
formation of wastewater.
The wastewater from residential and commercial area is
known as domestic wastewater.
The wastewater from industrial area is known as industrial
wastewater.
3. Why wastewater collection is required?
Wastewater from residential area contain human excreta
urine, micro organisms.
Domestic wastewater may have pathogenic organisms in it.
Inhygienic condition shall be developed if proper collection,
conveyance treatment and disposal system do not exist.
4. Terminology
Sewage :
Wastewater generated in latrines is known as Sewage.
Sullage :
Wastewater generated in bathrooms and kitchen is known as
Sullage.
Soil pipe :
Sewage convey through Soil pipe.
Waste pipe :
Sullage convey through Waste pipe.
9. Classification of Sewers
Brick Sewer
Stoneware or Vitrified clay Sewer
Asbestos Cement Sewer
Cement Concrete or Reinforced Cement Concrete Sewer
Plastic Sewer Pipes
Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic Sewer Pipes
10. Brick Sewer
Quiet Cheaper
Locally available and moderately smooth surfaces.
Sewer structure like manholes easily made by it.
Construction cost is higher .
They are not rapidly constructed.
It is found suitable for large size sewers carrying combine
wastewater system.
12. Corrosion of Brick Sewer
Cement reacts with the gases liberated from faecal matter
containing wastewater and subjected to corrosion.
13. Vitrified clay Sewer
Widely used for manufacturing sewers.
Surface of it is very smooth, impervious and also high durable.
It has high resistance to corrosion and erosion.
They are used for small discharge because of their diameters are
small.
The maximum diameter is restricted up to 60cm.
It is difficult to make large size pipes and glaze it.
Another reason is their weight and difficulties in shipping and
transport.
It has a spigot type arrangement.
15. Cement Concrete Sewer Pipes
Very popular when size of sewer is very large
High strength with low cost.
They may precast and cast in situ.
It may be plain or reinforced cement concrete depend up on the
strength required.
Cost of construction is plausible.
Smoother and low weights.
17. Chemical Attack on Cement Concrete Sewer
If the sewer exposed to sewage , it is subjected to corrosion.
To resist adverse effect of above, concrete with good quality,
made from well graded aggregates, acid resistant cement.
The corrosion of sewer is mainly due to acidic industrial
wastewater and hydrogen sulphide produced due to anaerobic
decomposition of the organic matters with sulphates.
18. Precaution to Chemical Attack
Partially purification of wastewater to reduce sulphur.
Raising Oxidation reduction potential by adding nitrates compounds.
Aeration
Chlorination
Dosage of copper, iron or zinc salts to throw sulphur compounds.
Protective coating.
Good Ventilation facilities.
Sewer may be designed to full run.
19. Indian Standard 458 1971
Class of Pipes Description Condition
NP1 Unreinforced concrete non pressure
pipes
Drainage or irrigation use above ground
or shallow trenches
NP2 reinforced concrete light duty non
pressure pipes
Drainage or irrigation use for culvert
carrying light traffic
NP3 reinforced concrete heavy duty non
pressure pipes
Drainage or irrigation use for culvert
carrying heavy traffic
NP4 reinforced concrete heavy duty
pressure pipes
Drainage or irrigation use for culvert
carrying heavy traffic likes railways
20. Steel Pipe Sewer
Steel pipes used when lightness, imperviousness and resistance
to bursting pressure are the major requirement.
It also absorb shocks and high external pressures by deflecting,
buckling and flatting without failure.
Erosion and corrosive actions can be prevented by bituminous
coating to the internal surfaces.
22. Asbestos Cement Pipe Sewers
Manufacture with the help of cement and asbestos fibres.
Light weight smooth and durable.
It can sustain moderately good internal pressure.
The can easily cut, drilled jointed and fitted.
They are brittle, thus unable to bear the external loads.
Mostly used for rain water pipes in house drainage system.
24. Cast Iron Sewer Pipes
When Extra Strength is required, cast iron pipes are used as
sewer pipes.
They are strong against internal and external pressure.
Smooth, durable and Strong.
Costly and heavy.
26. Plastic Sewer Pipes
Mainly used in House Drainage System.
Available in various sizes Diameter between 25mm to 100mm.
27. Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic Sewer Pipes
These are known as GRP pipes.
They are made From Polyester Resins(thermoset plastics), Glass
fibre and sometimes silica sand is used as filler.
Light weight
Easy to handle
Smooth surface hence less headloss
Repair work can be quickly done.
Faster installation
29. Why Estimation of Wastewater Discharge
Required?
Under Estimation Would Result In Less Diameter Of Sewer
Causing The Overflow Problems.
Over estimation of wastewater flow would result in a sewer
of large diameter which would increase the cost of sewerage
system.
30. Wastewater Discharge
Dry Weather Flow
The Flow which always available through out the year.
It is the summation of domestic supply and industrial supply.
Wet Weather Flow
It consist the combination of Dry Weather Flow And The Storm
Water flow.
It is generally estimated when the combine sewerage system has
adopted.
31. Estimation of Dry Weather Flow
Domestic Wastewater
Industrial Wastewater
Ground water Infiltration in to Sewer through Joints.
Thumb Rule : Wastewater generated from a city is the 80% of
the water supplied.
32. Factors Affect to DWF
Rate of Water Supply
Area Served
Population Growth
Infiltration as well as Exfiltration
33. Rate Of Water Supply
Sr No. Population Rate of Water Supply Rate of Sewage
Production
1 Up to 20000 110 90
2 20000 to 50000 110 to 150 90 to 120
3 50000 to 200000 150 to 180 120 to 150
4 2 lakhs to 5 lakhs 180 to 210 150 to 170
5 5 lakhs to 10 lakhs 210 to 240 170 to 190
6 Above 10 lakhs 240 to 270 190 to 200
34. Population Growth
Wastewater treatment plant should also consider population
forecasting for design period.
Waste water treatment projects designed to serve for a
period of 30 years.
Design Period should neither be too long nor to short
It should note exceed the useful life of the component
structure or equipment.
35. Area Served
Waste water generated in residential area depends upon the
water supplied per capita per day.
Waste water generated in Industrial area depends upon the
type of industries.
Sr no. Name of Industry Unit of Production Wastewater generation
1 Milk Production Ton 20000
2 Steel Ton 260000
3 Bread Ton 2100-4200
4 Automobile Vehicle 40000
5 Sugar Tonne Cruched 1000 to 2000
6 Textile 100 kg 8000 to 14000
36. Infiltration
Ground Pressure higher than pressure inside the sewer, thus
Ground water entered in inside the sewer known as
infiltration.
Depth of Sewer below the ground water level.
Size and length of sewer
Nature and type of soil
Workmanship during lying off sewer.
37. Exfiltration
Inside Sewer Pressure higher than outside Ground water,
sewage shall leak out of the sewer through the faulty joints.
There is addition in sewage due to unaccounted private
water supplies.
The Additional in sewage due to infiltration.
Water losses due to leakage
Some water is not entering the sewerage system e.g.
gardening, garages for washing cars,etc
38. Net Quantity of Domestic Wastewater
The net amount of domestic wastewater formed may vary
between 70 to 140% of water supplied.
In India Generally this value taken as 75 to 80%.
39. Variation in Sewage Flow
The generation of wastewater from the residential,
commercial and industrial areas is function of time.
Water consumption is not uniform through out the day, thus
wastewater generation also vary hour to hour.
40. Variation in Sewage Flow
Sr No Type of Sewer Peak Factor
1 Main Sewer Dia of sewer 1.25m 1.5
2 Main Sewer Dia of sewer up to 1m 2.0
3 Branch Sewer up to dia 0.5m 3.0
4 Laterals and small sewer up to 0.25m 4.0
Peak Factor : The Ratio between Peak flow to Average Flow
Size of Sewer can be easily designed for carrying the computed maximum hourly flow with
sewer running 3/4th full.
41. Estimating Peak Storm Discharge
It is only considered if separate sewerage system is
available.
Storm Runoff : It Is A Maximum Storm Discharge Of Rainfall In Sewer.
Runoff depends on rainfall intensity, duration of rainfall and
frequency, types of soil of catchment area soil moisture
deficiency.
Proper and economical value of rainfall frequency must be
choose for design of drain.
42. Estimating Peak Runoff
It is not possible to precisely determine runoff.
It is determine with the help of empirical formulae.
Area less than or equal to 50 hectares the rational method is
more suitable.
The empirical formulae are used for very large areas.
Time of Concentration : The period after which the entire area starts to contributing to the runoff.
Maximum runoff shall be obtained from rainfall having duration equal to time of concentration and
this is called critical rainfall duration.
43. Rational formula
Basic principle of rational formula developed by frushing,
Kuichling and Lloyd Davis.
𝑹 =
𝟏
𝟑𝟔
𝒌 𝑷 𝑨
Where R = Peak rate of runoff in cumec
k = Coefficient of runoff
A = Catchment Area
P = Critical Rainfall Intensity of design frequency
Value of k depend upon the imperviousness of soil.
k = 1for impervious soil , generally its value taken 0.9 for paved surface and 0.15
for lawns and gardens.
44. Coefficient of Runoff
Sr no. Types of Area k
1 Asphalt pavement in good condition 0.85 to 0.90
2 Water bound macadam roads 0.25 to 0.60
3 Parks lawn, garden 0.05 to 0.25
4 Unpaved streets and vacant land 0.10 to 0.30
5 Wooden land 0.01 to 0.20
6 Gravel roads and walks 0.15 to 0.30
45. Coefficient of Runoff
Sr no. Type of locality Approx. Population
density
k
1 Extreme Suburban area with 20 to 30%
parking facilities
75 to 125 0.30
2 Suburban area with widely detached
houses
125 to 150 0.45 to 0.55
3 Area with 50% attached and 50%
detached houses
375 to 500 0.65
4 Closely built up area 500 to 625 0.75
5 Business area >625 0.85
46. Dicken’s Formula
𝑸 = 𝑪𝑴 𝟑/𝟒
Where Q = Peak drainage discharge cumecs
M = Catchment area in sq.m
C = A constant are in sq.km
Sr no. Area C Value
1 Kachchh 6
2 North Gujarat 6 to 11
3 Saurashtra and South Gujarat 14
47. Dredge or Burge’s Formula
𝑸 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟔
𝑴
𝑳 𝟐/𝟑
Where Q = Maximum storm drainage discharge in cumecs
M = Catchment area in sq.km
L = Length of drainage basis in kilometer
48. Ryve’s Formula
𝑸 = 𝑪 𝑴
𝟐
𝟑
Where Q = Maximum discharge in cumecs
M = Catchment area in sq.km
C = A constant depending upon the factor affecting runoff.
Sr no. Area C Value
1 Area within 24 km from the coast 6.8
2 Area within 24-16 km from coast 8.8
3 Limited Area near hills 10.1
50. Peak Runoff
Example 1 : Find out the peak runoff from the following data, Total area is 72 hectares and critical
rainfall intensity is 8cm/hr.
Sr No. Area % Covered Runoff Coefficient
1 Roofs 15 0.90
2 Pavements 20 0.85
3 Paved Yards of House 10 0.80
4 Macadam Roads 15 0.40
5 Garden Lawns 35 0.10
6 Wooded 5 0.50
51. Peak Runoff
Example 2 : In the pervious example the density of people/hectare = 300 and quota of water
supply is 200lpcd ,
(i) Domestic wastewater for which a sewer of separate system should be designed
(ii) Storm water for which a sewer of a separate system should be designed.
52. Hydraulic Design of Sewer
Hydraulic design means finding out their section and
gradients.
Domestic and industrial wastewater contains lot of
suspended, colloidal and dissolved impuries.
The velocity of wastewater is non silting non scouring
velocity.
Normally the sewer size of greater than 0.4 m in diameter
are designed as running 2/3rd or 3/4th full at max discharge.
53. Why freeboard provided in wastewater sewer?
Freeboard provided for factor of safety against :
Low estimate of maximum flow.
Infiltration of storm water due to illegal connections and
underground water penetration through cracks leaky joints
etc.
Unforeseen increase in population and contribution of sewer
by the private water supplies.
54. Freeboard
Design Peak discharge Free Board
Below 0.3 0.3
0.3 to 1.0 0.4
1.0 to 5.0 0.5
5.0 to 10.0 0.6
10.0 to 30.0 0.75
30.0 to 150 0.9
More than 150 1.0
55. Hydraulic Design of Sewer
Chezy’s Formula
𝑽 = 𝒄 𝒓𝒔
where V = average velocity of flow in pipe
r = Hydraulic mean radius
r =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑊𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
S = hydraulic gradient
c = chezy’s constant
56. Chezy’s Constant
Kutters equation for find out C
C=
𝟐𝟑+
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟓
𝒔
+
𝟏
𝒏
𝟏+(𝟐𝟑+
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟓
𝒔
)
𝒏
𝒓
where n = rugosity coefficient depend upon roughness of surface
S = bed slope of sewer
=
Head loss between two points
𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
r =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑊𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
57. Chezy’s Constant
Bazin’s equation for find out C
C=
𝟏𝟓𝟕.𝟔
𝟏.𝟖𝟏+
𝒌
𝒓
Sr No. Inside Surface K Value of sewer pipe
1 Very smooth surface 0.11
2 Smooth brick and concrete surface 0.29
3 Rough brick and concrete surface 0.50
4 Smooth rubble masonry surface 0.83
5 Good earthen channel 1.54
6 Rough earthen channel 3.17
58. Hydraulic Design of Sewer
Manning Formula
𝑽 =
𝟏
𝒏
𝒓
𝟐
𝟑 𝒔
𝟏
𝟐
where V = average velocity of flow in pipe
r = Hydraulic mean radius
r =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑊𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
S = hydraulic gradient
n = Manning rugosity coefficient or roughness coefficient depend upon
roughness of internal pipe surface
59. Hydraulic Design of Sewer
Manning Rugosity coefficient for different type of sewer
Sr No. Pipe Material Value of n for full depth
Good Interior surface Fair interior Surface
1 Glazed sone ware pipe 0.012 0.014
2 Cement concrete pipes 0.013 0.015
3 Cast iron pipes 0.012 0013
4 Bricks unglazed sewers 0.013 0.015
5 Plastic pipes 0.011 0.011
The Value for Lined channel is between 0.020 to 0.025