The document provides background information on the geopolitical tensions in Europe leading up to World War I. It describes how nationalist tensions in the Balkans between Serbia and Austria-Hungary escalated after Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia in 1908. This caused an alliance system of the Triple Entente between Britain, France and Russia opposing the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist in 1914 prompted Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, pulling the other powers into war through their alliance obligations. Within a few weeks the conflict engulfed all of Europe due to these interlocking alliances and military buildups that increased tensions between the major powers.
The document provides information about the key events and causes that led to the outbreak of World War 1 in 1914. It discusses the alliance system between European powers which divided Europe into two armed camps. It also describes the naval arms race between Britain and Germany, the rivalry over colonial empires, and the assertive personalities of European leaders like the German Kaiser, all of which increased tensions. The immediate trigger was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in June 1914, setting off a series of diplomatic and military events that led the major powers into war by early August.
This document provides an overview of the diplomacy and alliances that contributed to the outbreak of World War 1. It describes how Bismarck established alliances like the Triple Alliance to maintain a balance of power in Europe. However, Wilhelm II disrupted this balance with policies like expanding the German navy, antagonizing Britain. Meanwhile, tensions grew in the Balkans over territories like Bosnia. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists gave Austria-Hungary an excuse to declare war on Serbia, drawing in allies on both sides through existing treaties and causing World War 1 to break out in 1914.
World War I, known as the Great War, was a global war centered in Europe that lasted from 1914 to 1918. It involved over 30 countries and resulted in over 15 million deaths. The document provides an overview of the key causes and events of WWI, including nationalism, imperialism, militarism, alliances, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, major battles like Verdun and the Somme, trench warfare, and the weapons used such as machine guns, tanks, airplanes, and poison gas.
World War 1 PowerPoint (US Perspective)Cassidy Baker
World War 1 was caused by nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system in Europe. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, pulling the other European powers into the war through their alliance obligations. The United States initially remained neutral but was drawn into the war by Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare and the intercepted Zimmermann Telegram. American involvement on the side of the Allies helped tip the balance, and Germany surrendered in November 1918, ending World War 1.
World War I began in 1914 and lasted until 1918. Tensions between European powers like Germany, Britain and France had been increasing for decades prior due to militarism, imperialism and nationalism. When the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist, it pulled these countries and their allies into war. Over 4 years of fighting resulted in massive casualties and new weapons like tanks, planes, chemical weapons. The US joined in 1917, and Germany surrendered in 1918 after its offensive was stopped. The war ended with the Treaty of Versailles and formation of new countries in Europe.
World history unit 2 lesson 3 trench warfare and us enters the warzia learning
Trench warfare involved both sides digging deep trenches for defense during World War I. The western front in France consisted of networks of trenches that stretched for miles, making it very difficult for either side to advance. Fighting conditions in the trenches were terrible, with death, disease, and injury common due to the cramped and unsanitary conditions. Chemical weapons like poison gas were also used against opponents in the trenches despite efforts to use gas masks for protection.
The document provides background information on the causes of World War I, including militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. It discusses the rise of pan-Slavism and pan-Germanism in the Balkans. Key events that increased tensions are outlined, such as the Moroccan Crisis, Balkan Wars, and the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia in response to the assassination, pulling the allied countries of Germany, Russia, France and eventually Britain into the war. Trench warfare ensued as a new strategy, trapping armies in a bloody stalemate on the Western Front for four years.
World War 1 began on July 28, 1914 and ended on November 11, 1918. It started when Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia and escalated as countries took sides. Major battles like the Battle of the Somme killed many soldiers. Men lived for years in muddy, damp trenches under terrible conditions with rats to avoid guns and rifles. Today the trench sites are open to the public to commemorate the brutal sites of the war. Remembrance services continue to be held every year to honor those who fought in World War 1.
The document provides information about the key events and causes that led to the outbreak of World War 1 in 1914. It discusses the alliance system between European powers which divided Europe into two armed camps. It also describes the naval arms race between Britain and Germany, the rivalry over colonial empires, and the assertive personalities of European leaders like the German Kaiser, all of which increased tensions. The immediate trigger was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in June 1914, setting off a series of diplomatic and military events that led the major powers into war by early August.
This document provides an overview of the diplomacy and alliances that contributed to the outbreak of World War 1. It describes how Bismarck established alliances like the Triple Alliance to maintain a balance of power in Europe. However, Wilhelm II disrupted this balance with policies like expanding the German navy, antagonizing Britain. Meanwhile, tensions grew in the Balkans over territories like Bosnia. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists gave Austria-Hungary an excuse to declare war on Serbia, drawing in allies on both sides through existing treaties and causing World War 1 to break out in 1914.
World War I, known as the Great War, was a global war centered in Europe that lasted from 1914 to 1918. It involved over 30 countries and resulted in over 15 million deaths. The document provides an overview of the key causes and events of WWI, including nationalism, imperialism, militarism, alliances, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, major battles like Verdun and the Somme, trench warfare, and the weapons used such as machine guns, tanks, airplanes, and poison gas.
World War 1 PowerPoint (US Perspective)Cassidy Baker
World War 1 was caused by nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system in Europe. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, pulling the other European powers into the war through their alliance obligations. The United States initially remained neutral but was drawn into the war by Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare and the intercepted Zimmermann Telegram. American involvement on the side of the Allies helped tip the balance, and Germany surrendered in November 1918, ending World War 1.
World War I began in 1914 and lasted until 1918. Tensions between European powers like Germany, Britain and France had been increasing for decades prior due to militarism, imperialism and nationalism. When the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist, it pulled these countries and their allies into war. Over 4 years of fighting resulted in massive casualties and new weapons like tanks, planes, chemical weapons. The US joined in 1917, and Germany surrendered in 1918 after its offensive was stopped. The war ended with the Treaty of Versailles and formation of new countries in Europe.
World history unit 2 lesson 3 trench warfare and us enters the warzia learning
Trench warfare involved both sides digging deep trenches for defense during World War I. The western front in France consisted of networks of trenches that stretched for miles, making it very difficult for either side to advance. Fighting conditions in the trenches were terrible, with death, disease, and injury common due to the cramped and unsanitary conditions. Chemical weapons like poison gas were also used against opponents in the trenches despite efforts to use gas masks for protection.
The document provides background information on the causes of World War I, including militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. It discusses the rise of pan-Slavism and pan-Germanism in the Balkans. Key events that increased tensions are outlined, such as the Moroccan Crisis, Balkan Wars, and the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia in response to the assassination, pulling the allied countries of Germany, Russia, France and eventually Britain into the war. Trench warfare ensued as a new strategy, trapping armies in a bloody stalemate on the Western Front for four years.
World War 1 began on July 28, 1914 and ended on November 11, 1918. It started when Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia and escalated as countries took sides. Major battles like the Battle of the Somme killed many soldiers. Men lived for years in muddy, damp trenches under terrible conditions with rats to avoid guns and rifles. Today the trench sites are open to the public to commemorate the brutal sites of the war. Remembrance services continue to be held every year to honor those who fought in World War 1.
1. World War I began due to rising militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism in Europe that created tensions between countries.
2. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip triggered World War I when Austria-Hungary issued a harsh ultimatum to Serbia and Germany backed Austria, leading other countries to join the fighting.
3. Technology advanced rapidly during World War I, including the introduction of tanks, airplanes, chemical weapons, and long-range artillery that increased the lethality and scale of combat.
This document provides information on various aspects of World War 1 through a series of images and captions. It describes the effects of gas warfare on British soldiers in 1918. It also discusses the introduction of tanks to warfare by the British, as well as other weapons such as machine guns. Additionally, it shows images related to key events that sparked the war, such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914.
The document provides historical context about several notable German soldiers from World War 2, including their accomplishments and statistics that contradict the portrayal of the war in Hollywood films. It discusses Michael Wittmann, Hans-Ulrich Rudel, and Eric Hartmann, highlighting Rudel's record of destroying 519 Soviet tanks and Hartmann's 352 aerial victories, making him the top fighter ace of all time. It also reviews key World War 2 battles and campaigns on the Eastern and Western fronts.
First World War Centenary: WW I in Photos (1)guimera
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in 1914 set off a chain of events that led to the outbreak of World War I. Over 30 nations were eventually involved in the war, mobilizing over 65 million soldiers. Modern weapons like machine guns and artillery vastly increased casualties. The war was fought across Europe, the Middle East, Africa and at sea, and lasted from 1914 to 1918. Key events and leaders from countries involved in World War I are described.
1) The document discusses several weapons and technologies that were introduced or advanced during World War 1, including machine guns, tanks, airplanes, poison gas, and submarines.
2) Trench warfare involved soldiers living in trenches for months at a time without proper sanitation or changes of clothing.
3) The United States joined the war on the side of the Allies in 1917 after German U-boats sank passenger ships like the Lusitania.
The document compares and contrasts World War 1 and the Vietnam War. It discusses the causes, weapons, impact on soldiers, casualties, and outcomes of both wars. For causes, it mentions imperialism, militarism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand for WWI, and the Cold War and France's desire to retake North Vietnam for the Vietnam War. Both wars had psychological impacts on soldiers and resulted in numerous casualties, though WWI had almost double the casualties of the Vietnam War.
Captain Kincaid and his troops began to cheer when they heard the British lines advancing far to the right, signaling Lord Wellington's order to pursue the retreating French forces. Emerging from the thick smoke, Kincaid witnessed an exquisite scene of the French army in disarray and retreat, as British and Prussian lines pursued them into the distance. This movement cleared the smoke and revealed the victory over Napoleon, relieving the anxiety of the long and destructive battle.
Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism all contributed to rising tensions in Europe prior to World War 1. By 1914, the major European powers were locked into a complex network of alliances that drew more countries into war once it began between Austria-Hungary and Serbia over the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Germany's unconditional support of Austria-Hungary and invasion of Belgium drew Britain into the war as well.
The document summarizes several key factors that contributed to the outbreak of World War 1:
1) Militarism - European powers including Germany, France, and Russia greatly expanded their armed forces in the decades leading up to 1914.
2) Alliances - By 1914, the major European powers were locked into a system of alliances that drew more countries into a localized conflict.
3) Imperialism and nationalism - The European powers competed for overseas colonies and territory, fueling nationalist sentiments.
4) Significant individuals - Key leaders such as the German Kaiser and Austrian and German leaders helped propel Europe into war through aggressive actions and support for allies.
5) The July Crisis - The assassination of
On May 7, 1915, the German submarine U-20 torpedoed and sank the British passenger liner Lusitania off the coast of Ireland. Of the 1,959 passengers and crew aboard, 1,195 people died, including 123 Americans. The sinking caused outrage in the United States and contributed to growing anti-German sentiment, though the US did not enter World War I until two years later. While some saw the attack as a legitimate military action, others viewed it as a violation of the rules of war due to the large loss of civilian lives.
1) Several factors contributed to the outbreak of WWI, including militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. Major European powers had built up large armies and navies in the decades prior to 1914.
2) By 1914, Europe was split into two alliance systems - the Triple Entente of Britain, France, and Russia, and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. These alliances pulled countries into war once it began.
3) When Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by Serbian nationalists in June 1914, Austria-Hungary issued a tough ultimatum to Serbia, sparking a series of escalating diplomatic crises that led
Women took on many non-traditional roles during World War 1, from factory work to civil service to medical roles. Photos show women working as ambulance drivers, munitions workers, police, and in the newly formed women's branches of the military. Their contributions helped advance the women's suffrage movement in Britain.
1. The document discusses the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War 1. It describes how the Allied powers including the US, Britain, and France met in Paris to decide the peace terms.
2. They debated different views, with US President Wilson wanting a just peace but France seeking to punish Germany. The resulting Treaty assigned blame to Germany, took territory, and required reparations payments.
3. The Treaty was opposed by some as too harsh on Germany, potentially hindering long-term peace in Europe. It also left Germany and Russia out of the new League of Nations organization.
World War 1 saw new technologies that increased lethality, such as machine guns and artillery. Machine guns allowed highly rapid and sustained fire, with water-cooled machine guns able to fire 600 bullets per minute. They proved devastating on the battlefield but overheated quickly. Artillery also became more advanced, such as Germany's "Big Bertha" that could hit Paris from over 100 km away. Both machine guns and artillery were primarily used simply to kill enemy combatants in large numbers and proved highly effective in trench warfare, where soldiers strained to reach cover from incoming fire.
Trench warfare dominated World War I as both sides dug networks of trenches for protection from artillery fire and attacks. Soldiers lived for long periods in wet, muddy trenches infested with rats that fed on human corpses. Despite heavy casualties from assaults, there was little gained territory. A remarkable Christmas Truce in 1914 saw British and German soldiers temporarily cease fire to celebrate Christmas together with singing, gifts, and a soccer match in no man's land between trenches.
1) Several long-term factors contributed to the outbreak of WWI, including militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism in Europe.
2) The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists in June 1914 triggered a series of events, as Austria-Hungary issued demands on Serbia and Russia mobilized in support of Serbia.
3) Germany's invasion of Belgium despite its neutrality pulled Britain into the war in support of France and according to its 1839 treaty to protect Belgium.
Germany declared war on Russia and France after the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. Germany attacked through Belgium, drawing Britain into the war. By the end of 1914, the major powers were engaged in trench warfare on the Western Front in a bloody stalemate, resulting in millions of casualties.
First World War Centenary: WW I in Photos(2)guimera
The document provides an overview of World War 1 on the Western Front through a series of photographs with captions. It describes the bloody stalemate that occurred over 4 years as opposing forces faced machine guns, barbed wire, mortars, and hand-to-hand combat in muddy trenches. The photos show scenes from the battlefield including soldiers in trenches, the use of new technologies like tanks and flamethrowers, and the human cost of the war through images of injured soldiers.
The high medieval age and its troublesafrancksjrcs
The document provides an overview of the High Medieval period in Europe from 1000-1400 CE. It describes several major crises that impacted European civilization during this time, including the Crusades, the Black Death plague, and the Hundred Years' War. These disasters sharply reduced the European population and caused an economic decline that lasted over 150 years, challenging the existing feudal system and agriculture-based economy.
Roosevelt's First New Deal aimed to relieve economic distress and promote recovery through a series of conservative programs from 1933-1935, but failed to stop the economic decline. This led to growing political unrest and calls for more liberal reforms. Roosevelt responded in 1935-1937 with a Second New Deal that included more expansive and controversial programs like the Works Progress Administration and the Social Security Act to provide relief, jobs, and pensions to Americans in need.
The document summarizes the major post-war economic and social problems faced by Britain in Singapore and the measures taken to address them. The economic problems included shortage of food, change of currency, and unemployment. Measures taken were price controls, rationing, opening affordable restaurants, and finding jobs. Social problems were shortage of water and disrupted facilities, housing shortage, poor health conditions, and inadequate education. Measures included using POWs to fix infrastructure, rent control, free healthcare, and reopening schools. The rapid population growth, continued food shortage and unemployment exacerbated issues and led to increasing discontent.
1. World War I began due to rising militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism in Europe that created tensions between countries.
2. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip triggered World War I when Austria-Hungary issued a harsh ultimatum to Serbia and Germany backed Austria, leading other countries to join the fighting.
3. Technology advanced rapidly during World War I, including the introduction of tanks, airplanes, chemical weapons, and long-range artillery that increased the lethality and scale of combat.
This document provides information on various aspects of World War 1 through a series of images and captions. It describes the effects of gas warfare on British soldiers in 1918. It also discusses the introduction of tanks to warfare by the British, as well as other weapons such as machine guns. Additionally, it shows images related to key events that sparked the war, such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914.
The document provides historical context about several notable German soldiers from World War 2, including their accomplishments and statistics that contradict the portrayal of the war in Hollywood films. It discusses Michael Wittmann, Hans-Ulrich Rudel, and Eric Hartmann, highlighting Rudel's record of destroying 519 Soviet tanks and Hartmann's 352 aerial victories, making him the top fighter ace of all time. It also reviews key World War 2 battles and campaigns on the Eastern and Western fronts.
First World War Centenary: WW I in Photos (1)guimera
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in 1914 set off a chain of events that led to the outbreak of World War I. Over 30 nations were eventually involved in the war, mobilizing over 65 million soldiers. Modern weapons like machine guns and artillery vastly increased casualties. The war was fought across Europe, the Middle East, Africa and at sea, and lasted from 1914 to 1918. Key events and leaders from countries involved in World War I are described.
1) The document discusses several weapons and technologies that were introduced or advanced during World War 1, including machine guns, tanks, airplanes, poison gas, and submarines.
2) Trench warfare involved soldiers living in trenches for months at a time without proper sanitation or changes of clothing.
3) The United States joined the war on the side of the Allies in 1917 after German U-boats sank passenger ships like the Lusitania.
The document compares and contrasts World War 1 and the Vietnam War. It discusses the causes, weapons, impact on soldiers, casualties, and outcomes of both wars. For causes, it mentions imperialism, militarism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand for WWI, and the Cold War and France's desire to retake North Vietnam for the Vietnam War. Both wars had psychological impacts on soldiers and resulted in numerous casualties, though WWI had almost double the casualties of the Vietnam War.
Captain Kincaid and his troops began to cheer when they heard the British lines advancing far to the right, signaling Lord Wellington's order to pursue the retreating French forces. Emerging from the thick smoke, Kincaid witnessed an exquisite scene of the French army in disarray and retreat, as British and Prussian lines pursued them into the distance. This movement cleared the smoke and revealed the victory over Napoleon, relieving the anxiety of the long and destructive battle.
Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism all contributed to rising tensions in Europe prior to World War 1. By 1914, the major European powers were locked into a complex network of alliances that drew more countries into war once it began between Austria-Hungary and Serbia over the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Germany's unconditional support of Austria-Hungary and invasion of Belgium drew Britain into the war as well.
The document summarizes several key factors that contributed to the outbreak of World War 1:
1) Militarism - European powers including Germany, France, and Russia greatly expanded their armed forces in the decades leading up to 1914.
2) Alliances - By 1914, the major European powers were locked into a system of alliances that drew more countries into a localized conflict.
3) Imperialism and nationalism - The European powers competed for overseas colonies and territory, fueling nationalist sentiments.
4) Significant individuals - Key leaders such as the German Kaiser and Austrian and German leaders helped propel Europe into war through aggressive actions and support for allies.
5) The July Crisis - The assassination of
On May 7, 1915, the German submarine U-20 torpedoed and sank the British passenger liner Lusitania off the coast of Ireland. Of the 1,959 passengers and crew aboard, 1,195 people died, including 123 Americans. The sinking caused outrage in the United States and contributed to growing anti-German sentiment, though the US did not enter World War I until two years later. While some saw the attack as a legitimate military action, others viewed it as a violation of the rules of war due to the large loss of civilian lives.
1) Several factors contributed to the outbreak of WWI, including militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. Major European powers had built up large armies and navies in the decades prior to 1914.
2) By 1914, Europe was split into two alliance systems - the Triple Entente of Britain, France, and Russia, and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. These alliances pulled countries into war once it began.
3) When Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by Serbian nationalists in June 1914, Austria-Hungary issued a tough ultimatum to Serbia, sparking a series of escalating diplomatic crises that led
Women took on many non-traditional roles during World War 1, from factory work to civil service to medical roles. Photos show women working as ambulance drivers, munitions workers, police, and in the newly formed women's branches of the military. Their contributions helped advance the women's suffrage movement in Britain.
1. The document discusses the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War 1. It describes how the Allied powers including the US, Britain, and France met in Paris to decide the peace terms.
2. They debated different views, with US President Wilson wanting a just peace but France seeking to punish Germany. The resulting Treaty assigned blame to Germany, took territory, and required reparations payments.
3. The Treaty was opposed by some as too harsh on Germany, potentially hindering long-term peace in Europe. It also left Germany and Russia out of the new League of Nations organization.
World War 1 saw new technologies that increased lethality, such as machine guns and artillery. Machine guns allowed highly rapid and sustained fire, with water-cooled machine guns able to fire 600 bullets per minute. They proved devastating on the battlefield but overheated quickly. Artillery also became more advanced, such as Germany's "Big Bertha" that could hit Paris from over 100 km away. Both machine guns and artillery were primarily used simply to kill enemy combatants in large numbers and proved highly effective in trench warfare, where soldiers strained to reach cover from incoming fire.
Trench warfare dominated World War I as both sides dug networks of trenches for protection from artillery fire and attacks. Soldiers lived for long periods in wet, muddy trenches infested with rats that fed on human corpses. Despite heavy casualties from assaults, there was little gained territory. A remarkable Christmas Truce in 1914 saw British and German soldiers temporarily cease fire to celebrate Christmas together with singing, gifts, and a soccer match in no man's land between trenches.
1) Several long-term factors contributed to the outbreak of WWI, including militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism in Europe.
2) The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists in June 1914 triggered a series of events, as Austria-Hungary issued demands on Serbia and Russia mobilized in support of Serbia.
3) Germany's invasion of Belgium despite its neutrality pulled Britain into the war in support of France and according to its 1839 treaty to protect Belgium.
Germany declared war on Russia and France after the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. Germany attacked through Belgium, drawing Britain into the war. By the end of 1914, the major powers were engaged in trench warfare on the Western Front in a bloody stalemate, resulting in millions of casualties.
First World War Centenary: WW I in Photos(2)guimera
The document provides an overview of World War 1 on the Western Front through a series of photographs with captions. It describes the bloody stalemate that occurred over 4 years as opposing forces faced machine guns, barbed wire, mortars, and hand-to-hand combat in muddy trenches. The photos show scenes from the battlefield including soldiers in trenches, the use of new technologies like tanks and flamethrowers, and the human cost of the war through images of injured soldiers.
The high medieval age and its troublesafrancksjrcs
The document provides an overview of the High Medieval period in Europe from 1000-1400 CE. It describes several major crises that impacted European civilization during this time, including the Crusades, the Black Death plague, and the Hundred Years' War. These disasters sharply reduced the European population and caused an economic decline that lasted over 150 years, challenging the existing feudal system and agriculture-based economy.
Roosevelt's First New Deal aimed to relieve economic distress and promote recovery through a series of conservative programs from 1933-1935, but failed to stop the economic decline. This led to growing political unrest and calls for more liberal reforms. Roosevelt responded in 1935-1937 with a Second New Deal that included more expansive and controversial programs like the Works Progress Administration and the Social Security Act to provide relief, jobs, and pensions to Americans in need.
The document summarizes the major post-war economic and social problems faced by Britain in Singapore and the measures taken to address them. The economic problems included shortage of food, change of currency, and unemployment. Measures taken were price controls, rationing, opening affordable restaurants, and finding jobs. Social problems were shortage of water and disrupted facilities, housing shortage, poor health conditions, and inadequate education. Measures included using POWs to fix infrastructure, rent control, free healthcare, and reopening schools. The rapid population growth, continued food shortage and unemployment exacerbated issues and led to increasing discontent.
The document provides background information on the drafting and signing of the Declaration of Independence. It describes how the Committee of Five, including Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Livingston, and Roger Sherman, was tasked with drafting the declaration. Jefferson wrote the first draft, which was then edited by Franklin and Adams before being submitted to Congress. On July 4th, 1776, Congress approved the final version, which was then signed by members on August 2nd, 1776. The engrossed copy was prepared by Timothy Matlack and signed in individual states' order.
The document summarizes the events leading up to America's entry into World War II between 1931-1941. It describes the growing isolationist sentiment in the US following WWI and the neutrality acts passed in the 1930s. It also outlines Japan's increasing aggression in Asia and Germany's remilitarization of the Rhineland. While the US provided some aid to Britain and instituted Lend-Lease, Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 united Americans and led to Congress declaring war on Japan and Germany.
The document discusses westward expansion in the United States following the Civil War. It describes how the 1862 Homestead Act encouraged settlement by offering citizens parcels of free or low-cost land. The transcontinental railroad network expanded rapidly in the late 1800s, opening up the West to greater development. Cattle ranching became a major industry, with longhorn cattle driven north on trails like the Chisholm Trail to railheads and markets. Conflict increased with Plains Indians as settlers and the army seized more land, culminating in the massacre at Wounded Knee in 1890 that marked the end of the Plains Indian way of life.
The document summarizes the history of several ancient civilizations in the Near East, including the Assyrians, Phoenicians, and Persians. The Assyrians emerged as a powerful empire beginning in 900 BC, conquering much of the region through military strength and brutality. They were later conquered when their enemies united against them. The Phoenicians were skilled seafarers and traders who spread commerce and their alphabet. The Persians rose to power in the 6th century BC under Cyrus the Great and created a large empire through conquest, adopting a policy of tolerating local customs.
The document discusses voting and political participation in the United States. It covers the history of voting rights in the country, from only white male landowners being allowed to vote initially, to the gradual expansion of suffrage to all adult citizens over time through constitutional amendments and legislation. The document also examines factors that influence voter turnout, such as demographics, methods of voting, and comparisons to turnout rates in other established democracies.
The document summarizes key aspects of the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution known as the Bill of Rights. It provides details on the freedoms and rights guaranteed in each amendment, including freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, right to bear arms, protections against unlawful search and seizure, self-incrimination, due process, and right to a fair trial. It notes that many of these rights were a reaction against authoritarian practices in British rule prior to the American Revolution.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek civilization from the Mycenaean period to the rise of Athenian democracy. It discusses the key periods - the Mycenaean Age, Dark Age, and rise of the polis system. Two influential poleis, Athens and Sparta, are highlighted for their contrasting approaches. Athens transitioned through various forms of government before Cleisthenes established democracy in the 5th century BC, creating bodies like the ekklesia and boule that gave citizens political power.
Ancient China began along the Yellow River valley in the second millennium BC with the Shang Dynasty. The Shang conquered the Neolithic farming villages and established the first organized state. Chinese civilization was highly isolated and independently developed advanced agriculture, metalworking, and a system of writing using ideographs. By the Zhou Dynasty from 1100-400 BC, Chinese culture was firmly established across a large empire, with a secular orientation emphasizing family, respect for elders, education, and literacy through the difficult written language.
The document summarizes key events and decisions around the Allied invasion of North Africa (Operation Torch) in 1942. It discusses the Allied leadership agreeing on the invasion after Churchill opposed invading Western Europe. Eisenhower was appointed commander. The Allies landed in Morocco and Algeria against some French resistance. Their goal was to reach Tunisia before German forces. This opened up the Mediterranean for further Allied operations and ultimately led to the invasion of Sicily and Italy, weakening German and Italian positions.
This document provides an overview of key geographic concepts and terms. It discusses different map projections like the Mercator, Goode, and Robinson projections. It also defines important location systems like latitude, longitude, and hemispheres. Additionally, it outlines features found on maps like legends, scale bars, and contour lines. Finally, it defines geographic entities like continents, oceans, and different types of maps.
The Twentieth Amendment makes several changes to the start and end dates of terms for federal elected offices:
- The terms of the President and Vice President end at noon on January 20th instead of March 4th.
- The terms of Senators and Representatives end at noon on January 3rd instead of March 4th.
- Congress must convene at least once per year, on January 3rd unless otherwise specified by law.
- Succession procedures are outlined in case a President or Vice President has not been chosen or qualified by the start of their term.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek philosophy from the Pre-Socratic period to the Classical age. It discusses key early philosophers like Thales, Anaximander, and Hippocrates who investigated the physical world and natural laws. It then covers the Classical age philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Socrates pioneered questioning beliefs and challenging assumptions. Plato documented Socrates' teachings and analyzed politics and the limits of knowledge. Aristotle was a student of Plato who founded his own academy and made vast contributions across many fields, establishing himself as one of history's greatest thinkers.
This is a talk given as part of the Ecology, Cosmos & Consciousness series at the October Gallery, London, on 27th October 2009. It coincided with the launch of the book of the same title, which explores the history of the concept of the "Noble Savage", and its role in recent debates about primitive war, conservation among indigenous peoples, and the ways in which "evolutionary" models influence our sense of progress. More information can be found at http://dreamflesh.com/projects/war-noble-savage/ (Thanks to Mark Pilkington for doing the recording)
The document outlines several key principles of the US Constitution, including popular sovereignty, separation of powers, checks and balances, federalism, and enumerated powers. It defines each principle and provides examples from the Constitution. The document also notes that the Constitution was designed to be somewhat flexible and adaptable over time to changing needs as a "living document". There is debate around interpreting the Constitution in either a loose manner, taking a broad view, or strict manner focusing only on narrow, explicit powers.
1) Egypt developed a highly successful civilization along the fertile banks of the predictable and reliable Nile River.
2) The pharaoh was viewed as a living god and ruled as an absolute divine monarch over a prosperous unified kingdom for around 2,000 years.
3) Egyptian culture produced spectacular monuments and artworks made possible by its isolation, stable environment, and centralized divine government under the pharaoh.
The document provides information on several long term and short term causes of World War 1:
1) The alliance system from 1887-1907 divided Europe into opposing military alliances and led to increased suspicion between countries.
2) A naval arms race between Germany and Britain to build more battleships caused distrust between the two countries.
3) Competition for overseas empires, known as imperialism, increased tensions in Europe as countries scrambled for territory in Africa and elsewhere.
4) The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian nationalists in June 1914 triggered a series of events that led countries to declare war on one another within a month due to their alliance commitments.
1. The document provides historical context on imperialism and its relationship to World War 1. Late 19th century European powers had significant military and economic advantages that they used to colonize parts of Asia and Africa with weak governments and abundant resources.
2. Between 1870-1914, there was a "scramble for Africa" as European powers divided up the continent based on the Berlin Conference of 1885. Colonialism took different forms, from direct rule to protectorates with local rulers. The British Empire was the largest, spanning over 13 million square miles.
3. Militarism, alliances, nationalism, and imperialism were some of the key causes of World War 1. The assassination of Archdu
The document summarizes the key events that led to the outbreak of World War 1 in 1914. It discusses the rise of imperialism and nationalism in European powers in the late 19th century which increased tensions. It also describes the system of alliances between European countries and how the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand resulted in Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia and led Germany and their allies to join the war against Russia, France and their allies.
Canada entered World War 1 after Britain declared war on Germany in 1914. Over the course of the war, Canadian troops fought in major battles in Europe such as Ypres, Somme, Vimy Ridge, and Passchendale. Life in the trenches of the Western Front was difficult, as opposing forces faced each other across no man's land. While the war was expected to be over quickly, it led to four years of brutal trench warfare with high casualties and little territory gained. Canada's involvement helped develop a stronger national identity and unity among Canadians.
On June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo, six Serbian terrorists assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife. One terrorist threw a bomb at the Archduke's car but missed. Later, when the Archduke's car took a wrong turn by accident, one of the terrorists shot and killed Franz Ferdinand and his wife at close range. This assassination sparked increased tensions between Serbia and Austria-Hungary and helped precipitate the start of World War I.
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian nationalists. This triggered a series of military and political events that led major European powers to declare war on each other. The war involved all of the European powers and dragged on for four years, resulting in massive casualties and new military technologies like tanks and chemical weapons being used. By 1918, the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary had been exhausted and surrendered. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, which imposed punitive terms on Germany and helped create new countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Over 10 million soldiers and civilians died in the war, and
World War 1 started in summer 1914 and lasted until November 1918. It was caused by imperialist rivalries and alliances between European powers. Germany and Austria-Hungary faced the Allied forces of France, Britain, Italy and later the United States. Trench warfare led to attrition as both sides constructed elaborate trench systems. Advances in military technology like machine guns, tanks and chemical weapons caused massive casualties before an Allied victory ended the war.
Woodrow Wilson was the US President during WWI. Tensions in Europe led to war in 1914 due to militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian nationalists triggered the war. Though the US remained neutral at first, events like the sinking of passenger ships like the Lusitania by German U-boats and the Zimmerman Telegram eroded American neutrality and led the US to enter the war in 1917 on the side of the Allies.
Woodrow Wilson was the US President during WWI. Tensions in Europe led to war in 1914 due to militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian nationalists triggered Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia and drew other European powers into the growing conflict. While the US aimed to remain neutral, events like the sinking of passenger liners like the Lusitania by German U-boats and the Zimmerman Telegram drew the US into the war on the side of the Allies in 1917.
World War I began on July 28, 1914 and ended on November 11, 1918. It resulted in almost 8 million deaths, with Russia experiencing the most at 1.7 million. Militarism, imperialism, nationalism, and alliances between European powers all contributed to the outbreak of the war. The war was the first to utilize advanced weapons and tactics on a massive scale across trenches along the Western Front. It ultimately redrew the map of Europe following hostilities.
This document outlines objectives for understanding the US involvement in WWI. It discusses Wilson's initial neutrality policy, events like the sinking of the Lusitania that drew the US closer to supporting the Allies, and the content of the Zimmermann Telegram intercepted by Britain that proposed a German alliance with Mexico against the US and contributed to the US declaration of war in 1917. The objectives cover understanding US wartime leadership and mobilization as well as the costs and actions taken to prepare the nation for war.
This document provides information about World War 1 objectives and topics for two units of study. The first part outlines objectives about the causes of WWI and the key players and alliances involved. It also describes the trench warfare experience. The second part covers US involvement, including policies of neutrality and causes that led to entry into the war such as the sinking of civilian ships. It also discusses mobilization efforts through propaganda, food conservation, and war industries.
This document provides background on the events leading up to World War 1. It discusses the rise of nationalism and imperialism in Europe, which led to increased tensions over territorial disputes. It also examines the system of alliances between European powers and the rise of militarism, as countries built up their armed forces. When the Archduke of Austria-Hungary was assassinated, the complex system of alliances drew the major European powers into war. The document summarizes the initial outbreak of fighting and the onset of trench warfare on the Western Front.
This document provides background information on the causes and events of World War I from 1914-1918. It discusses the rise of nationalism, militarism, and imperialism in Europe which increased tensions between countries. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, drawing in allies through a system of entangling alliances. Germany launched attacks following the Schlieffen Plan but it failed due to unexpected French resistance. The war became one of trench warfare and new military technologies. The US initially remained neutral but joined the Allies in 1917 after attacks on shipping and the Zimmerman Telegram.
The document provides background information on the main powers in Europe prior to World War 1, including Britain, France, Russia, Austria-Hungary and Germany. It describes their overseas empires, political situations, alliances and rivalries. It then outlines some of the key events that increased tensions between the powers and ultimately led to the outbreak of World War 1 in 1914.
1. Several factors contributed to the outbreak of WWI, including militarism, imperialism, nationalism, and a system of overlapping alliances that drew the major European powers into war.
2. Specific events, such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the ultimatum from Austria to Serbia, exacerbated tensions and escalated the conflict.
3. Germany's invasion of Belgium, as outlined in the Schlieffen Plan, prompted Britain to declare war on Germany in defense of Belgian neutrality.
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand sparked World War 1 in 1914. Several factors contributed to the war, including military alliances between countries, territorial disputes, and an arms race. The war lasted from 1914 to 1918 and involved many major battles in France. Key figures included Woodrow Wilson, Gavrilo Princip who assassinated Ferdinand, and the Red Baron fighter pilot. Germany signed an armistice in 1918 due to food shortages, ending the war. The Treaty of Versailles held Germany responsible and reduced its military. The war had wide-ranging effects including the fall of several empires and the rise of new democratic governments and labor movements.
World War I began when Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in 1914. This triggered a series of events due to the complex system of alliances in Europe. Austria declared war on Serbia, pulling in Russia and Germany due to their alliances. France joined Russia, and Germany declared war on France by invading through Belgium. Britain then entered the war to defend Belgian neutrality. The war quickly escalated from a regional conflict between Austria and Serbia into a global war between the Allied and Central powers of Europe due to the entangling system of alliances.
Woodrow Wilson advocated for neutrality and honesty in international affairs as tensions rose in Europe prior to WWI. The main causes of the war included militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist triggered Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia and aligned nations, starting WWI. While the US initially remained neutral, events like the sinking of the Lusitania and revelations in the Zimmerman Telegram turned American public opinion against Germany and led to the US entering the war in 1917 on the side of the Allies.
What were the Underlying Causes of World War IIntroduction .docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
What were the Underlying Causes of World War I?
Introduction
At the turn of the 20th century, Europe was feeling pretty darned good! It controlled empires that encircled the globe. European technology was unsurpassed. Even its art and music were the envy of the rest of world. In 1900, Europeans believed the world was their oyster.
However, this feeling was not to last. By the end of 1918, after four long years of war, European confidence was badly shaken. Ten million soldiers had died on the battle fields, another 20 million had been wounded. Empires that had lasted for centuries lay in ruin.
In the late 19th century European leaders believed that by creating a balance of power they could prevent large-scale war. The idea was that if the major powers of Europe ---countries like England, France, Russia, and Germany---- were balanced in strength, no one country could dominate the rest. War could be avoided.
Otto von Bismark, the Chancellor of Prussia who led the unification of the German states disliked the fact that Germany was sandwiched between Russia and France. To avoid war, Bismark made an alliance with Austria-Hungry and Italy which became known as the Triple Alliance. In response, France Russia and Great Britain formed their own alliance known as the Triple Entente.
On the surface, these alliances could be seen as a way to maintain a balance of power and thereby preserve peace but suspicions ran high. Political and military leaders spent countless hours developing plans in case a war began. Countries engaged in militarism---building up of arms, weapons, ships and men.
The tension between countries was matched by tension within countries. Especially in southeastern Europe, in an area known as the Balkans. In the Balkans, the spirit of nationalism and independence ran high. Some ethnic groups revolted. Out of the numerous dissatisfied ethnic groups, one emerged in Sarajevo, Bosnia called the Black Hand. They wanted independence from their mother country, Austria-Hungry and for all Serb people to have their own country. Their solution to the situation was to assassinate Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, when he visited Sarajevo to make an inspection of the Austro-Hungarian troops. Seven young men who had been trained in bomb throwing and marksmanship were recruited to accomplish the task.
On June 28, 1914, Franz Ferdinand and his pregnant wife Sophie toured Sarajevo in an open car. Seven assassins were stationed along the route that Franz Ferdinand's car would follow from the City Hall to the inspection. The first two terrorists were unable to throw their grenades because the streets were too crowded and the car was travelling quite fast. The third terrorist, a young man called Cabrinovic, threw a grenade which exploded under the car following the Archduke’s car.
Although the Archduke and his wife were unhurt, some of his attendants were injured and had to be taken.
The document provides an overview of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991. It discusses key events and policies that defined the escalating tensions and arms race between the two superpowers, including Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech in 1946 marking the beginning of the Cold War; the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan establishing policies of containment and economic assistance for democratic nations; the formation of NATO in 1949; the Korean War from 1950 to 1953; McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare in the 1950s; and the Eisenhower administration's policies towards the Cold War in the 1950s.
The First National Government, 1777 1789afrancksjrcs
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Articles of Confederation, including that it created the first national government of the 13 colonies as a "league of friendship" with limited powers. It established Congress as the sole national body but with limited authority over areas like war, treaties, currency and postal service. Congress faced weaknesses due to its inability to tax, regulate commerce, or raise armies independently of states. This framework proved inadequate and led to calls for reform, including the Constitutional Convention to draft a new governing document.
The document provides an overview of the Sumerian civilization that originated in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Sumerians developed the first extensive urban civilization, supported by irrigation farming. They created many cultural innovations, including the first system of writing, monumental architecture, irrigation systems, schools, use of bronze, and the wheel. Their achievements laid the foundations for later Mesopotamian empires like Akkad and Babylon. The document also discusses Sumerian religion, social structure, law, and their eventual decline after conquest by successive empires.
The document provides an overview of human history from early hominids to the development of civilization. It discusses that the earliest hominids appeared in East Africa over 3 million years ago. During the Paleolithic Age, humans evolved and spread throughout the world as hunter-gatherers. The Neolithic Age saw the development of agriculture, which led to permanent settlements and the beginnings of private property and specialized labor, laying the foundations for civilization. Early civilizations emerged along major river valleys, where irrigation supported intensive agriculture. The Bronze Age followed the use of soft metals, while the Iron Age began around 1500 BC with the smelting of iron, advancing technology and warfare.
America at War, 1941 1945 (Part II) PowerPointafrancksjrcs
The document summarizes key events and decisions around the Allied invasion of North Africa (Operation Torch) in 1942. It discusses the Allied leadership agreeing on the invasion after Churchill opposed invading Western Europe. Eisenhower was appointed commander. The Allies landed in Morocco and Algeria against some French resistance. Their goal was to reach Tunisia before German forces. This opened up the Mediterranean for further Allied operations and ultimately led to the invasion of Sicily and Italy, weakening German and Italian positions.
The document summarizes the origins and key beliefs of Islam. It describes how Muhammad founded the religion in Mecca in the 6th century after experiencing visions from the angel Gabriel. His teachings, based on strict monotheism and the Five Pillars of Islam, spread rapidly across Arabia and beyond due to military conquests. After Muhammad's death, leadership passed to a succession of caliphs, first under the Umayyad and later the Abbasid dynasties, though a minority Shi'ite faction believed leadership should remain within Muhammad's bloodline.
The Roman Empire entered a period of peace and prosperity under Augustus, who established himself as the first emperor and transformed the republic into a principate. He retained republican institutions but consolidated power by controlling the military and senate. As princeps, or first citizen, Augustus instituted social reforms, public works programs, and established the Pax Romana, during which the Western world was generally peaceful for over two centuries. However, Augustus did not solve the problem of imperial succession, establishing a system of heredity and designation that later caused instability in the third century. Roman law also contributed to integrating the empire under a common legal system.
The document summarizes key events in the Pacific theater from Pearl Harbor to early 1943. It describes Japan's initial success, including victories at Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong, and the Philippines. The tide began to turn at the Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway in May and June 1942, where the US halted Japan's expansion and destroyed four of its aircraft carriers. Bloody fighting ensued on Guadalcanal over the next six months, showing Japan's land warfare dominance was over. By February 1943 they abandoned the island, marking the end of their initiative at sea. The document also discusses the internment of Japanese Americans and the Supreme Court case Korematsu v. US that upheld the constitutionality
The document provides an overview of the rise of dictators in the period between 1918-1939. It begins by discussing how many believed a new age of democracy had dawned after World War 1, but instead the years became an era of dictatorship. It then summarizes the rise of three dictators:
1) Joseph Stalin in Russia/Soviet Union who consolidated power after Lenin's death and instituted brutal policies like collectivization, purges, and famine that killed millions.
2) Benito Mussolini in Italy who formed the Fascist party and seized power in 1922, becoming Il Duce and allying with Hitler.
3) Adolf Hitler in Germany who joined the Nazi party after WW1 and transformed it
The document summarizes key events and developments in the United States between 1920-1939, including:
1) After World War I, Americans embraced isolationism and elected Republican presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge who promised a "return to normalcy." However, both administrations were plagued by scandals.
2) The 1920s saw widespread economic prosperity and consumerism fueled by new technologies, easy credit, and mass marketing through growing advertising industries.
3) The stock market crash of 1929 marked the beginning of the Great Depression, and Republican Herbert Hoover lost the 1932 election to Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, who implemented his New Deal programs.
Becoming a World Power, 1898 1917 (Part II)afrancksjrcs
The document summarizes the assassination of President William McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York on September 6, 1901. McKinley was shot twice by anarchist Leon Czolgosz while greeting citizens. He underwent surgery at the Exposition but the bullet could not be removed. McKinley initially seemed to be recovering but took a turn for the worse and died on September 14 of gangrene. Theodore Roosevelt, then Vice President, was notified by telegram and became the new US President at age 42, less than a day after McKinley's death.
Becoming a World Power, 1898 1917 (Part I)afrancksjrcs
The document summarizes the events leading up to the Spanish-American War of 1898. It describes the Cuban rebellion against Spanish rule and the brutal tactics used by the Spanish army that inflamed American public opinion. The sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor, along with sensationalized newspaper reports, helped push the US into declaring war on Spain in April 1898. The war was brief but resulted in a complete American victory over Spain in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines through naval superiority.
The document summarizes the 7 articles of the US Constitution. Article I establishes the legislative branch and gives powers to Congress. Article II establishes the executive branch and gives powers to the presidency. Article III establishes the judicial branch and the Supreme Court. Article IV describes relations between states and guarantees protections. Article V establishes the process for amending the Constitution. Article VI establishes the Constitution as the supreme law of the land. Article VII describes the ratification process for establishing the Constitution.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
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An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
2. Europe by 1914
• In 1814-1815, a meeting of European nations was held Vienna to settle
the numerous issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the
Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution [break up] of the Holy Roman
Empire.
• The Congress of Vienna consisted of representatives from all the nations
which had participated in the wars; however, the principal negotiations were
lead by the “Big Four” – Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
• The Congress established international order and a balance of power
that lasted for almost a century.
• By 1914, however, a multitude of forces were threatening to tear this order
and balance apart.
3. Europe by 1914
• The Balkan Peninsula, in southeastern Europe, was a particularly
violent region.
• Order in the region depended on the cooperation of two competing powers:
Russia and Austria-Hungary.
• In 1908, Austria-Hungary annexed the twin Balkan provinces of Bosnia-
Herzegovina.
• This grab for territory and control angered the independent Balkan
nation of Serbia – who considered Bosnia a member of the Serbian
homeland.
• In retaliation, Serbia doubled its territory in back-to-back Balkan wars (1912
and 1913), which further threatened Austria-Hungary.
4.
5. Europe by 1914
• Meanwhile, Russia had entered into treaties with two Western European
powers:
• France was angry over Germany’s annexation of their lands in the
aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870-1871.
• Great Britain’s legendary naval dominance was now being threatened by
Germany’s growing navy.
• This Triple-Entente, squared off against the German-Austro-
Hungarian alliance, meant that any regional conflict had the potential to
turn into a European war.
• Entente – “friendship, understanding, agreement” [French].
6. Europe’s Descent into War
• In mid-June 1914, the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand met with
his great friend, Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany, to discuss the tense
situation in the Balkans.
• Two weeks later, on June 28, Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, traveled to
Sarajevo to inspect the imperial armed forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
• When Gavrilo Princip and his fellow members of the nationalist Young
Bosnia movement learned of the Archduke’s planned visit, they took
action.
• Supplied with weapons by a Serbian terrorist organization called the Black
Hand, Princip and his co-conspirators traveled to Sarajevo for the
Archduke’s visit.
7. Kaiser Wilhelm II
Wilhelm II, the last German Emperor and
King of Prussia, was the eldest grandson
of the Great Britain’s Queen Victoria.
Crowned in 1888, Wilhelm was related to
two notable contemporaries: his first cousin
King George V of the United Kingdom
and his second cousin Tsar Nicholas II of
the Russian Empire.
8. Franz Ferdinand
Franz Ferdinand was never meant to
ascend to the throne. In 1889, his life
changed dramatically when his cousin,
Crown Prince Rudolf, committed suicide at
his hunting lodge.
This act left his father, Karl Ludwig, as the
immediate successor to the throne. Ludwig,
however, immediately renounced the
throne in favor of his son, Franz
Ferdinand.
9.
10. Europe’s Descent into War
• The seven conspirators joined the crowd lining the Archduke’s route to
City Hall – each took a different position, ready to attack the royal
procession if the opportunity presented itself.
• The first two conspirators had no practical chance of assassinating the
Archduke.
• At 10:10 a.m., as the six-car procession approached the third conspirator,
he tossed a bomb at the Archduke’s open-top vehicle.
• The bomb bounced off the folded back convertible cover and exploded
underneath the following car.
• Unhurt, the Archduke and the Archduchess sped away to the reception
at City Hall.
• The remaining conspirators did not attempt to interfere with the motorcade.
11.
12.
13. Europe’s Descent into War
• After the ceremonies finished, an Austrian Commander pleaded with the
Archduke to leave the city immediately for fear of rebellion.
• He persuaded Ferdinand to drive the shortest possible route out of the city
and to do so quickly.
• At 10:45 a.m., the Archduke and the Archduchess returned to the
motorcade in the same open-top vehicle.
• Surprisingly, the Royal procession retraced its route in an attempt to exit the
city.
• Continuing back along the Appel Quay, the driver, who was unaware of
the change in routes, turned right onto Franz Josef Street.
• Realizing his error, the driver put his foot on the brake and began to reverse
the vehicle – in doing so, the engine stalled and the gears locked.
14.
15.
16. Europe’s Descent into War
• Gavrilo Princip stepped forward from the curb, drew his Belgian-made
semi-automatic pistol and fired two shots from an estimated five feet.
• The first struck the Archduchess in the abdomen – she died instantly.
• The second struck the Archduke millimeters from the heart – he died
moments later.
• Police officers seized Princip almost immediately, and would eventually
apprehend and prosecute all seven conspirators..
• During the trial, the conspirators acknowledged that the assassination
was meant as a protest of Austria-Hungary’s imperial presence in the
Balkans.
• Additionally, it was meant to encourage the Bosnians, Croatians, and other
Balkan peoples to join the Serbs in establishing independent nations free of
imperial rule.
17.
18.
19.
20. Gavrilo Princip
At the time of the assassination,
Princip was under the age of twenty,
therefore, he received a maximum
sentence of twenty years
imprisonment.
He would die on April 28, 1918, of
tuberculosis while serving out his
sentence.
21. The Road to War
• In response to the testimony of the conspirators, Austria-Hungary
responded to this provocation on July 28, 1914, by declaring war on
Serbia, holding it responsible for the Archduke’s murder.
• This incident might have remained local if not for an intricate series of
treaties, which had divided Europe into two hostile camps.
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (the so-called Triple Alliance) had
promised to come to each other’s aid if attacked.
• Britain, France, and Russia (the Triple Entente) opposed such an alliance.
• Russia was obligated to defend Serbia against Austria-Hungary if such a
conflict ever arose.
• On July 30, Russia mobilized its armed forces to give Serbia aid.
22. The Road to War
• Russia’s support of Serbia brought Germany into the conflict to protect
Austria-Hungary from a Russian attack.
• On August 3, German troops struck not at Russia but at France, Russia’s
western ally, thus bringing France into the conflict.
• To reach France, German troops had marched through neutral Belgium,
a British ally.
• On August 4, Britain responded by declaring war on Germany.
• Within the space of only a few weeks, all of Europe was engulfed in war.
• In essence, Europe was a powder keg needing only a spark to explode – a
spark which came in the form of a political assassination of an Austrian
archduke.
23.
24. The Road to War
• Complicated alliances and defense treaties of the European nations
undoubtedly accelerated the rush toward war.
• Equally important was the competition among the larger powers to build the
strongest economies, the largest armies and navies, and the grandest colonial
empires.
• Britain and Germany, in particular, were engaged in a bitter struggle for
European and world supremacy.
• Few Europeans had any idea that these military buildups might lead to a
terrible war that would kill nearly an entire generation of young men and
expose the barbarity lurking in their civilization.
25. The Road to War
• Historians now believe that several advisors close to the German
emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm II, were actually eager to engage Russia and
France in a fight for supremacy on the European continent.
• They expected that a European war would be swift and decisive – in
Germany’s favor.
• England and France also believed in their own supremacy.
• Millions of young men, rich and poor, rushed to join the armies on both
sides and share in the expected glory.
• Victory was not swift – both camps were evenly matched.
• Moreover, the first wartime use of machine guns and barbed wire
made defensive against attack easier than staging an offensive.
• Both tanks and airplanes had been invented by this time, but military
strategists on both sides were slow to put them to offensive use.
26. The Road to War
• On the Western Front, after the initial German attack failed to take
Paris in 1914, the two opposing armies confronted each other along a
battle line stretching from Belgium in the north to the Swiss border in
the southeast.
• Troops dug trenches to protect themselves from artillery bombardment and
poison gas attacks.
• Commanders on both sides mounted suicidal ground assaults on the
enemy by sending tens of thousands of infantry, armed only with rifles,
bayonets, and grenades, out of the trenches and directly into enemy fire.
• Barbed wire further slowed forward progress, enabling enemy artillery and
machine guns to cut down appalling numbers of men.
27.
28. Trench Warfare
Trench warfare occurred when a revolution in firepower was not matched by advances
in mobility, resulting in a grueling form of warfare in which the defender held the
advantage.
The trenches significantly protected troops from the enemy’s small arms fire and
substantially sheltered them from artillery – the area between opposing trench lines,
known as “no man’s land,” was fully exposed to enemy fire.
29. The Road to War
• In 1916, during one ten-month German offensive at Verdun (France),
600,000 German troops died; 20,000 British troops were killed during
only the first day of an Entente assault on the Somme River (also in
France).
• Many of those who were not killed in combat succumbed to disease that
spread rapidly in the cold, wet, and rat-infested trenches.
• In Eastern Europe, the armies of Germany and Austria-Hungary
squared off against those of Russia and Serbia.
• Although that front did not employ trench warfare, the combat was no less
lethal.
• By the time the First World War ended, an estimated 8.5 million soldiers
had died and more than twice that number had been wounded.
30. The Battle of the Somme
The Battle of the Somme was one of the largest clashes of troops during World
War I, in which more than one million men were wounded or killed, making it one
of humanity's bloodiest battles.
The battle is well-known for the importance of air superiority and the first use of
the tank on the battlefield.
31. American Neutrality
• Soon after the fighting began, President Woodrow Wilson told
Americans that this was a European war; neither side was threatening a
vital American interest.
• The United States would therefore proclaim its neutrality and maintain
normal relations with both sides while seeking to secure peace.
• Normal relations meant that the United States would continue trading with
both camps.
• Wilson’s neutrality policy was met with lively opposition, especially from
Theodore Roosevelt, who was convinced that the United States should
join the Entente to check German power and expansionism.
• Most Americans, however, applauded Wilson’s determination to keep the
country out of war.
32. Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson served as the twenty-eighth
President of the United States, in
office from March 4, 1913 to March 4,
1921.
Prior to his election to America’s highest
office, Wilson served as the president of
Princeton University (1902-1910) and
Governor of New Jersey (1911-1913).
33. American Neutrality
• Neutrality was easier to proclaim than to achieve, however, because many
Americans, especially those with economic and political power, identified
culturally more with Britain than with Germany.
• They shared with the English a language, a common ancestry, and a
commitment to liberty.
• On the contrary, Germany’s acceptance of monarchical rule, the
prominence of militarists in German politics, and its lack of democratic
traditions inclined U.S. officials to judge Germany harshly.
• The United States had strong economic ties to Great Britain as well.
• In 1914, the United States exported more than $800 million in goods to
Britain and its allies, compared with $170 million to Germany and Austria-
Hungary.
34. American Neutrality
• As soon as the war began, the British and French turned to the United
States for food, clothing, munitions, and other war supplies.
• The American economy enjoyed a boom as a result.
• Bankers began to issue loans to the Allied Powers, further knitting together
the American and British economies and giving American investors a direct
stake in an Allied victory.
• Moreover, the British navy had blockaded German ports, which damaged
the United States’ already limited trade with Germany.
• By 1916, American exports to the Central Powers had plummeted to barely
one million, a fall of more than ninety-nine percent in two years.
35. American Neutrality
• The British blockade of German ports clearly violated American
neutrality.
• The Wilson administration protested the British navy’s search and
occasional seizure of American merchant ships but it never retaliated by
suspending loans or exports to Great Britain.
• To do so would have plunged the American economy into a severe
recession.
• In failing to protect its right to trade with Germany, however, the United
States compromised its neutrality and allowed itself to be drawn into war.
36. Submarine Warfare
• To combat British control of the seas and to check the flow of American
goods to the Allies, Germany unveiled a terrifying new weapon, the
Unterseeboot or U-Boat, the first militarily effective submarine.
• Early in 1915, Germany announced its intent to use its U-boats to sink on
sight enemy ships en route to the British Isles.
• On May 7, 1915, without warning, a German U-boat torpedoed the
British passenger liner Lusitania, en route from New York to London.
• The ship sank in twenty-two minutes, killing 1,198 men, women, and
children, 128 of them American citizens.
• Americans were shocked the innocent civilians had been murdered in
cold blood with a warning or a chance to surrender.
37. German Unterseeboot
More like submersible vessels than the submarines of today, U-Boats operated
primarily on the surface using diesel engines and submerging occasionally to attack
under electrical power.
On September 5, 1914, the U-21 sunk the HMS Pathfinder, the first ship to be sunk
by a submarine using a self-propelled torpedo.
38. RMS Lusitania
The Lusitania was torpedoed eleven miles off the southern coast of Ireland and
inside the declared “zone of war.” A second internal explosion sent the vessel to
the bottom of the ocean floor in eighteen minutes.
39. Submarine Warfare
• The attack appeared to confirm what anti-German agitators were saying:
that the Germans were by nature barbaric and uncivilized.
• Before its sailing, the Germans had alleged that the Lusitania was secretly
carrying a large store of munitions to Great Britain (a charge later proved
true) and that it was therefore subject to U-boa attack.
• Moreover, Germany claimed, with some justification, that the purpose of
the U-boat attacks – the disruption of Allied supply lines – was no
different from Britain’s purpose in blockading German ports.
• Many argued that the German underwater strategy was reprehensible; yet,
the Germans countered saying so was the British attempt to starve the
German people into submission with a blockade.
40. Submarine Warfare
• Wilson denounced the sinking of the Lusitania and demanded that
Germany pledge never to launch another attack on the citizens of
neutral nations, even if they were traveling on British or French vessels.
• The result was a short-lived lull in submarine warfare.
• In 1916, the Allies began to arm their merchant vessels with guns and
depth charges capable of destroying German U-boats.
• In March 1916, a German submarine torpedoed the French passenger
liner Sussex, causing a heavy loss of life and injuring several Americans.
• In the so-called Sussex pledge, Germany once again relented but warned
that it might resume unrestricted submarine warfare if the United States did
not prevail on Great Britain to permit neutral ships to pass through the
naval blockade.
41. Submarine Warfare
• The German submarine attacks strengthened Theodore Roosevelt’s hand
that war with Germany was inevitable and that the United States must
prepare itself to fight.
• Wilson could no longer ignore the facts and won congressional approval
for bills to:
• increase the size of the army and navy
• tighten federal control over National Guard forces
• authorize the building of a merchant fleet
• To the contrary, he accelerated his diplomatic initiatives to secure peace
by dispatching Colonel Edward M. House, his closest foreign policy
advisor, to London to draw up a peace plan with Lord Grey, the British
foreign secretary.
43. Submarine Warfare
• This initiative resulted in the House-Grey memorandum of February
22, 1916, in which Britain agreed to ask the United States to negotiate a
settlement between the Allies and the Central Powers.
• The British believed that the terms of such a peace settlement would favor
the Allies.
• They were furious when Wilson revealed that he wanted an impartial,
honestly negotiated peace in which the claims of the Allies and Central
Powers would be treated with equal respect and consideration.
• Britain rejected the American peace overtures and relations between the
two nations grew unexpectedly tense.
44. The Peace Movement
• Underlying Wilson’s 1916 peace initiative was a vision of a new world
order in which:
• relations would be governed by negotiation rather than war
• justice would replace power as he fundamental principle of diplomacy
• In a major foreign policy address on May 27, 1916, Wilson formally
declared his support for a League of Nations.
• The League would be an international parliament dedicated to the pursuit of
peace, security, and justice for all the world’s peoples.
45. “Peace without Victory”
• The 1916 presidential election revealed the extent of the peace
sentiment.
• At the Democratic convention, Governor Martin Glynn of New York
re-nominated Woodrow Wilson for a second term and praised the
president for keeping the United States out of war.
• His portrayal of Wilson as the “peace president” electrified the convention
and made “He kept us out of war” a campaign slogan.
• The slogan proved effective against Wilson’s Republican opponent,
Charles Evan Hughes, whose close ties to Theodore Roosevelt seemed to
place him in the pro-war camp.
• Wilson won by a narrow margin of 277 to 254.
46.
47. “Peace without Victory”
• Encouraged by his electoral triumph, Wilson intensified his quest for peace
by sending peace notes to belligerent nations.
• The notes asked each nation to consider ending the conflict and, to that end, to
state their terms for peace.
• Wilson appeared before the Senate on January 22, 1917, to outline his plan
for peace and argued for a “peace without victory.”
• Only a peace settlement that refused to crown a victor or humiliate a loser would
ensure the equality of the combatant nations and “only a peace between equals
can last.”
• Additionally, Wilson listed the crucial principles of a lasting peace:
• freedom of the seas
• disarmament of all nations
• the right of every people to self-determination, democratic self-government, and
security against aggression
48. German Escalation
• Wilson’s rhetoric of peace came to late.
• Sensing the imminent collapse of Russian forces on the eastern front,
Germany had decided, in early 1917, to throw its full military might at France
and Britain.
• On land Germany planned to launch a massive assault on the trenches.
• At sea Germany prepared to unleash its submarines to attack all vessels heading
for British ports.
• Germany knew this last action would compel the United States to enter the
war, but was gambling on crippling Britain’s economy and isolating France
before significant American troops could reach the European shores.
• On February 1, the United States broke off diplomatic relations with
Germany.
49. German Escalation
• All hopes for peace ended on February 25, when the British intercepted
and passed on to the president a telegram from Germany’s foreign
secretary, Arthur Zimmermann, to the German minister in Mexico.
• The infamous “Zimmermann telegram” instructed the minister to ask the
Mexican government to attack the United States in the event of war
between Germany and the United States.
• In return, Germany would pay the Mexicans a large fee and regain for them
the “lost provinces” of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
• Wilson, Congress, and the American public were outraged by the story.
• In March, new arrived that Tsar Nicolas II’s autocratic regime in Russia
had collapsed and had been replaced by a liberal-democratic government
under the leadership of Alexander Kerensky.
50. Zimmermann
Telegram
The telegram had such an impact on
American opinion that, according to David
Kahn, author of The Codebreakers, “no other
single cryptanalysis has had such enormous
consequences.”
It is his opinion that “never before or since
has so much turned upon the solution of a
secret message.”
51.
52.
53. German Escalation
• The fall of the tsar and the need of Russia’s fledging democratic
government for support gave Wilson the rationale he needed to justify
American intervention.
• Appearing before a joint session of Congress on April 2, Wilson
declared that the United States must enter the war because “the world
must be made safe for democracy.”
• Inspired by his words, Congress broke into thunderous applause and
voted in favor of declaring war on April 6:
• House of Representatives – 373 to 50
• Senate – 82 to 6
54.
55. German Escalation
• The United States thus embarked on a grand experiment to reshape the
world.
• Wilson had given millions of people around the world reason to hope,
both that the terrible war would soon end and that their strivings for
freedom and social justice would be realized.
• Wilson understood all to well the risks that he was undertaking:
• The American people, once at war, will “forget there ever was such a
thing as tolerance. To fight you must be brutal and ruthless, and the
spirit of ruthless brutality will enter into the very fiber of out
national life, infecting Congress, the courts, the policeman on the
beat, the man in the street.”
56. American Intervention
• The entry of the United States into the war gave the Allies the muscle
they needed to defeat the Central Powers, but it came almost too late.
• Germany’s resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare took a frightful
toll on Allied shipping.
• From February through July 1917, German U-Boats sank almost four
million tons of shipping – more than one-third of Britain’s entire merchant
fleet.
• American intervention ended Britain’s vulnerability in dramatic fashion:
• American and British naval commanders now grouped merchant vessels
into convoys and provided them with warship escorts through the most
dangerous trenches of the North Atlantic.
57. American Intervention
• Destroyers armed with depth charges were particularly effective as
escorts.
• American and British navies had begun to use sound waves (later called
sonar) to pinpoint the location of underwater craft.
• This new technology increased the effectiveness of destroyer attacks as well.
• By the end of 1917, the tonnage of Allied shipping lost each month to
U-boat attacks had declined by two-thirds, from almost one million tons
in April to 350,000 tons in December.
• The increased flow of supplies stiffened the resolve of the exhausted
British and French troops.
58. American Intervention
• The German strategy of defeating the Russians on the Eastern Front
then shifting for a final assault on the weakened British and French lines
on the Western Front finally manifested in the winter and summer of
1918.
• A second Russian revolution in November 1917 had overthrown Kerensky’s
liberal-democratic government and brought into power a revolutionary
socialist government under Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik Party.
• Lenin pulled Russia out of the war on the grounds that the war did not
serve the best interests of the working classes.
• In March 1918, Lenin signed a treaty at Brest-Litovsk that gave
Germany additional territory and resources and enabled Germany to
shift focus to the Western Front.
59. Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the Bolshevik
faction, orchestrated the October
Revolution in 1917, which established the
world’s first constitutionally socialist state.
Following his death in 1924, Lenin was
embalmed and permanently exhibited in
Lenin’s Mausoleum in Moscow.
60. American Intervention
• Russia’s exit from the war hurt the Allies in numerous ways.
• It exposed British and French troops to a much larger German force.
• It also challenged the Allied claim that they were fighting a just war against
German aggression.
• Lenin had published the secret texts of the Allied treaties showing that
Britain and France, like Germany plotted to enlarge their nations and
empires through war.
• The revelation that the Allies were fighting for land and riches rather
than democratic principles outraged large numbers of peoples
throughout Europe.
• Additionally, it demoralized Allied troops and threw the British and French
governments into disarray.
61. American Intervention
• The treaties also embarrassed Wilson, who had brought America into the
war to fight for democracy, not territory.
• Wilson quickly moved to restore the Allies’ credibility by unveiling in
January 1918, a concrete program for peace.
• His Fourteen Points reaffirmed America’s commitment to an international
system governed by laws rather than might and renounced territorial gains
as a legitimate war aim.
• This document provided the ideological cement that held the Allies together
at a critical moment.
62. Arousing Patriotic Ardor
• In 1917, to arouse public support for the war, Wilson established a new
agency, the Committee on Public Information (CPI), to popularize the
war.
• Under the direction of George Creel, the CPI distributed seventy-five
million pamphlets explaining American war aims in several languages.
• Creel wanted to give the people the “facts” of the war, believing that well-informed
citizens would see the wisdom of Wilson’s policies.
• The CPI trained a force of 75,000 “Four-Minute Men” to deliver brief,
uplifting war speeches to numerous groups in their home cities and
towns.
• Additionally, it papered the walls of virtually every public institution with
posters and placed advertisements in magazines and newspapers.
63.
64. Arousing Patriotic Ardor
• Americans everywhere learned that:
• the United States entered the war “to make the world safe for democracy”
• to help the world’s weaker peoples achieve self-determination
• to bring a measure of justice into the conduct of international affairs
• The CPI imparted to many a deep love of country and a sense of
participation in a grand democratic experiment.
• In America, this sparked a new spirit of protest in those experiencing
poverty and discrimination:
• Industrial workers, women, European immigrants and blacks.
65. Raising an Army
• To raise an army, the Wilson administration committed itself to
conscription by means of the Selective Service Act of 1917.
• Conscription is the drafting of most men of a certain age, irrespective of
their family’s wealth, ethnic background, or social standing.
• By the war’s end, local Selective boards had registered twenty-four
million men age eighteen and older and had drafted nearly three million
of them into the military; another two million volunteered.
• Relatively few men resisted the draft, even among recently arrived
immigrants.
• Foreign-born men = 18% of the armed forces
• Blacks = 10% of the armed forces
66. Raising an Army
• The U.S. Army, under the command of Chief of Staff Peyton March
and General John J. Pershing, faced the difficult task of fashioning
these ethnically and racially diverse millions into a professional fighting
force.
• Teaching raw recruits to fight would be a difficult task but it would be much
easier than teaching them to put aside their prejudices.
• Rather than integrate the armed forces, March and Pershing segregated
black soldiers from white; assigning African-American troops to all-black
non-combat units.
• Given the apparent differences among American troops and the short
period of time to train recruits, the performance of the American
Expeditionary Force was impressive.
67. John J. Pershing
Pershing is the only person to be promoted
in his own lifetime to the highest rank ever
held in the United States Army.
He was regarded as a mentor by the
generation of American generals who led
the U.S. Army in Europe during World War
II, including George Marshall, Dwight
Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, and George
Patton.
68. Raising an Army
• The United States increased the army from a mere 100,000 to five
million in little more than a year.
• In combat, American troops became known for their tremendous
sharpshooting skills.
• The most decorated soldier of the AEF was Sergeant Alvin C. York of
Tennessee, who captured thirty-five machine gun posts, took 132 prisoners,
and killed seventeen German soldiers with seventeen bullets.
69. Securing a Work Force
• War increased the demand for industrial labor; however, million of workers
were being conscripted into the military.
• European immigrants had long been the most important source of new labor
for American industry but during the war they stopped coming.
• Manufacturers responded to the labor shortage by recruiting new sources of
labor:
• 500,000 blacks from the rural South migrated to northern cities between 1916
and 1920.
• 500,000 southern whites followed the same path during the same period.
• Approximately 40,000 northern women found work customarily reserved for
men.
• These workers alleviated but did not eliminate the nation’s labor shortage.
70. Americans in War
• In March and April 1918, Germany launched a massive assault against
British and French positions, sending Allied troops reeling.
• A ferocious assault against French lines on May 27 met with little
resistance – German troops were advancing ten miles a day – until they
reached the Marne River, within striking distance of Paris.
• This was a much faster pace than any on the Western front since the earliest
days of the war.
• As the French government prepared to evacuate the city, a large, fresh,
and well-equipped American army arrived to reinforce what remained of
the French lines.
• Pershing ordered his “doughboys” – as they were called – into battle to
counter the German spring offensive in 1918 and they fought well.
71. “Doughboys”
The term “doughboy” originates from the
Mexican-American War of the 1840s.
Observers noticed the U.S. infantry forces
were constantly covered with white chalky
dust from marching in the dry terrain of
northern Mexico, giving the appearance of
unbaked bread.
72. Americans in War
• Many American soldiers fell, but the German ground offensive came to a
halt.
• Paris was saved and Germany’s best chance for victory slipped from its
grasp.
• Strengthened by this show of AEF strength, the Allied troops launched a
major offensive of their own in late September:
• Millions of Allied troops (including more than one million from the AEF)
advanced across the 200-mile-wide Argonne forest in France, cutting
German supply lines.
• Faced with an invasion of their homeland and with rapidly mounting
popular dissatisfaction with the war, German leaders asked for an
armistice.
73. Battle of the Argonne Forest
During the Hundred Days Offensive, the Allies launched an offensive attack,
which would become the largest battle in American military history, involving 1.2
million American soldiers.
This forty-seven day engagement was the principle battle for the AEF during the
First World War.
74. A “Total” War
• The Allies ended the war on November 11, 1918 – the carnage was
finally over.
• Compared to Europe, the United States suffered little from the war.
• The deaths of 112,000 Americans soldiers paled in comparison to European
losses:
• 900,000 by Great Britain
• 1.2 million by Austria-Hungary
• 1.4 million by France
• 1.7 million by Russia
• 2 million by Germany
• The American civilian population was spared most of the war’s ravages.
75. A “Total” War
• Millions of Europeans were affected by:
• the destruction of homes and industries
• the shortages of food and medicine
• the spread of disease
• Only with the flu epidemic that swept across the Atlantic from Europe
in 1919 to claim approximately 500,000 American lives did Americans
briefly experience wholesale suffering and death.
• The war still had a profound impact on American society because the
First World War was different.
• It was a “total” war to which every combatant had committed virtually all of
its resources.
76. The Paris Peace Conference
• In the month following Germany’s surrender, Wilson was confident
about the prospects of achieving a just peace.
• To capitalize on his fame and to maximize the chances for a peace
settlement based on his Fourteen Points, Wilson broke with diplomatic
precedent and decided to head the American delegation at the Paris
Peace Conference in January 1919.
• Some two million enthusiastic Europeans lined the parade route to catch a
glimpse of “Wilson, le juste,” “The Savior of Humanity,” and “The Moses
from Across the Atlantic.”
77. The Paris Peace Conference
• Although representatives of twenty-seven nations began meeting in Paris
on January 12, 1919, to discuss Wilson’s Fourteen Points, negotiations
were controlled by the “Big Four:”
• President Woodrow Wilson of the United States
• Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Great Britain
• Premier Georges Clemenceau of France
• Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy
• When Orlando quit the conference after a dispute with Wilson, the “Big
Four” became the “Big Three.”
• Wilson quickly learned that his negotiating partners’ support for the
Fourteen Points was much weaker than he had believed.
78.
79. The Paris Peace Conference
• Wilson did win partial endorsement for his principle of self-determination
and numerous new nations were created:
• Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia,
Estonia, Armenia, Palestine, Mesopotamia, and Syria.
• Nor could Wilson blunt the drive to punish Germany for its wartime
aggression:
• France acquired the Saar basin.
• Denmark acquired portion of northern Germany while Czechoslovakia and
Poland acquired portions of eastern Germany.
• Germany was stripped of virtually its entire navy and air force, and forbidden to
place soldiers along the Rhine.
• Germany was also forced to admit its responsibility for the war – in accepting
the “war guilt” clause, Germany agreed to compensate the victors in cash.
80. The Paris Peace Conference
• The German people, after their nation’s 1918 defeat, had overthrown the
monarch who had taken them to war and reconstituted their nation as a
democratic republic – the first in their country’s history.
• On June 28, 1919, Great Britain, France, the United States, Germany, and
other European nations signed the Treaty of Versailles.
• In 1921, an Allied commission notified Germany that they were to pay $33
billion, a sum well beyond their resources.
• Wilson had won the approval of the most important of his Fourteen
Points; yet the League of Nations provision would spark an intense and
fiery debate.
• The League’s success depended on Wilson’s ability to convince the Senate to
ratify the Treaty of Versailles.
81. The Paris Peace Conference
• Wilson’s dream of a new world order died on March 8, 1920, after the
Senate voted against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles.
• Two things hampered Wilson’s efforts:
• He refused to negotiate with the Republicans and announced that he would carry his
case directly to the American people.
• He suffered a near-fatal stroke on October 2 that left the left side of his body
paralyzed, his speech slurred, his energy level low, and his emotions unstable.
• Wilson bore little resemblance to the hero who, barely fifteen months
before, had been greeted in Europe as the world’s savior.
• He filled out the remaining twelve months in office as an invalid.