The document summarizes the events leading up to America's entry into World War II between 1931-1941. It describes the growing isolationist sentiment in the US following WWI and the neutrality acts passed in the 1930s. It also outlines Japan's increasing aggression in Asia and Germany's remilitarization of the Rhineland. While the US provided some aid to Britain and instituted Lend-Lease, Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 united Americans and led to Congress declaring war on Japan and Germany.
Following World War I, the United States adopted an isolationist stance. Starting in 1935, Congress even passed various neutrality acts to enforce the will against foreign entanglement. But by December of 1941, President Roosevelt’s formal declaration of war made this legislation irrelevant. Although America attempted isolationism, European and Asian affairs brought global tension that eventually hit the country’s traditional allies. An aim of World War I had been “to make the world safe for democracy”,
Following World War I, the United States adopted an isolationist stance. Starting in 1935, Congress even passed various neutrality acts to enforce the will against foreign entanglement. But by December of 1941, President Roosevelt’s formal declaration of war made this legislation irrelevant. Although America attempted isolationism, European and Asian affairs brought global tension that eventually hit the country’s traditional allies. An aim of World War I had been “to make the world safe for democracy”,
This is a talk given as part of the Ecology, Cosmos & Consciousness series at the October Gallery, London, on 27th October 2009. It coincided with the launch of the book of the same title, which explores the history of the concept of the "Noble Savage", and its role in recent debates about primitive war, conservation among indigenous peoples, and the ways in which "evolutionary" models influence our sense of progress. More information can be found at http://dreamflesh.com/projects/war-noble-savage/ (Thanks to Mark Pilkington for doing the recording)
Eoct review questions gps 19 and 20 wwii and cold warphillipgrogers
world war II cold war d-day v-e day atomic bomb hiroshima nagasaki fall of berlin bay of pigs eisenhower john f. kennedy vietnam war u2 incident kent state incident containment policy
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. INTRODUCTION
• The Second War World, far more than the first, deserves to
be called a global conflict.
• Although the First World War involved operations in Africa,
the Middle East, and in East Asia, Europe ultimately remained
the sole focus from start to finish.
• Europe felt the war’s impact much more profoundly than any
other part of the globe.
• However, the Second War World consisted of two separate
but interconnected conflicts of major proportions:
• One in Europe and the Atlantic.
• The other on the Asian mainland and in the Pacific.
3. INTRODUCTION
• The First World War plainly began in 1914; yet, the start of
the second is not as easy to determine.
• Did the conflict begin with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria
in September 1931?
• Did the conflict begin when Japan launched prolonged
hostilities against China in July 1937?
• Did the conflict begin with the German invasion of Poland in
September 1939?
4. ISOLATIONISM
• Many Americans wanted to isolate the nation from foreign
troubles.
• Between 1934 -1936, a Senate investigating committee
headed by Republican Gerald Nye of North Dakota held well-
publicized hearings on America’s participation in the First
World War.
• The Nye Committee endorsed the claim that United States had
been duped into the war to preserve the profits of American
bankers and arms makers, who had a huge financial stake in
the Anglo-French victory.
• By 1935, public opinion exposed that Americans opposed
involvement in foreign conflicts and feared being
manipulated by “merchants of death.”
5. GERALD NYE
INTERESTING FACTS
Nye was first made famous by an
early political cartoon of Dr. Seuss.
As Chairman of the Public Lands
Committee during the 1920s, Nye
uncovered what later became
known as the Teapot Dome
scandal, which haunted Harding’s
presidency.
Although initially opposed to war,
Nye would join the rest of the
Senate and voting for a
unanimous declaration of war on
December 8, 1941.
6. ISOLATIONISM
• To prevent the United States from being drawn into another
world war, Congress enacted neutrality legislation to halt any
financial ties with countries at war.
• The Neutrality Acts of 1935-1936 mandated an arms
embargo against belligerents, prohibited loans to them, and
reduced travel by Americans on any vessel belonging to a
nation at war.
• The blockade prevented Germany from buying arms from the
United States, but the embargo had the same effect on Britain
and France.
• Roosevelt appealed to Congress to revise the Neutrality Act
because of its effect on Britain and France.
7. ISOLATIONISM
• The Neutrality Act of 1937 broadened the acts of 1935-1936
by covering all trade with any belligerent, unless paid in cash
and carried the products away on its own vessel.
• This piece of legislation is commonly referred to as “cash and
carry.”
• Additionally, it barred American vessels from carrying war
material to Allied ports in an effort to avoid German
submarine attacks on American shipping such as those that
had brought the United States into the First World War.
8. CIVIL WAR IN SPAIN
• Four months after the Rhineland occupation, civil war
erupted in Spain.
• In 1931, Revolutionaries had overthrown the Spanish
monarchy and had established a democratic republic.
• Meanwhile, General Francisco Franco, a Hitler/Mussolini
sponsored fascist, led the “popular-front” Socialist-
Communist coalition against Spain’s republican government.
• Republicans in Spain appealed to antifascist nations for
assistance, but only the Soviet Union responded.
• Both the United States and Britain adopted policies of
noninvolvement.
9. CIVIL WAR IN SPAIN
• The Spanish Civil War initiated a major debate in American
foreign policy.
• As the 1930s continued, some continued to advocate
neutrality and isolation (Isolationists), but others argued for a
strong stand against fascist militarism and aggression
(Interventionists).
• Though Congress maintained a policy of noninvolvement,
Roosevelt called for international cooperation to “quarantine”
aggressive nations.
10. JAPANESE AGGRESSION
ON THE ASIAN MAINLAND
• On December, 12, 1937, Japanese planes attacked the
American gunboat U.S.S. Panay while she was anchored in
the Yangtze River outside Nanking.
• The Japanese claimed to have not seen the American flags
painted on the deck of the Panay but their quick apology and
indemnity payment defused a potential crisis.
• Although the United States and Japan were not yet at war,
the attack and subsequent Allison incident in Nanking
caused American opinion to turn against the Japanese.
• On January 26, 1938, John Allison, the U.S. Ambassador to
Japan, was struck in the face by a Japanese soldier.
11.
12. A CAUTIOUS APPROACH
• In the fall of 1940, the America First Committee was
established to unite all groups (pro-Nazi and/or pro-
isolationist) that opposed war.
• In contrast, the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the
Allies and the Fight for Freedom Committee were established
to counteract the isolationists and push ahead for war.
• The interventionists were able to win over Congress through
the passage of measures that strengthened the armed forces
and established the first U.S. peacetime draft.
13. A CAUTIOUS APPROACH
• With Congress in agreement to offer aid to the Allies,
Roosevelt agreed to provide Britain with fifty American
destroyers for convoy duty.
• In return, Britain granted 99-year leases for American naval and
air bases in British possessions in the West.
• After winning reelection for an unprecedented third term,
Roosevelt was able to provide greater aid to Britain through
the Lend-Lease Act.
• Lend-Lease authorized the president to lend or lease arms with
all payments deferred until after the war.
• The agreement had a greater symbolic importance because it
signified the start of closer cooperation between America and
Great Britain.
14.
15. A CAUTIOUS APPROACH
• Shortly after the 1940 reelection, navy planners drafted Plan
Dog, which contended that America’s chief priority was the
defeat of Germany.
• The document stated that American intervention in the
European war was necessary to achieve this aim.
• At the same time, it insisted that American forces would have
to assume a defensive stance against Japan in the Pacific.
• Both Roosevelt and the Army accepted the navy’s proposal.
• By January 1941, a public opinion poll indicated that seventy
percent of Americans favored aid to Britain, even at the risk
of war.
16. GROWING SUPPORT FOR
BRITAIN
• In January 1941, American military and naval leaders met
with their British counterparts in Washington to explore
contingency plans in case the United States should enter the
war.
• These American-British Conversations (ABC) took place in the
greatest secrecy and lasted for two months.
• In August, Roosevelt and Churchill met in a secret
rendezvous on the British battleship Prince of Wales, off the
coast of Newfoundland.
• There they drafted the Atlantic Charter, a joint declaration of
policy between a belligerent nation and a technically neutral
nation.
17.
18. GROWING SUPPORT FOR
BRITAIN
• The charters idealistic terms:
• Upheld the rights of all people to choose their own
government.
• Affirms Anglo-American dedication to peace “after the final
destruction of the Nazi tyranny.”
• And rejects any territorial conquest as a result of the war.
• The Atlantic Charter was symbolic of Anglo-American
solidarity and was a propaganda appeal to the conquered
peoples of Europe, encouraging them not to lose hope.
19. GROWING SUPPORT
FOR BRITAIN
• During July 1941, Roosevelt ordered U.S. naval and air units
to patrol the Atlantic to warn Britain of the presence of
German submarines.
• AGAIN hardly an act of a neutral nation.
• In October, U-boats attacked two American destroyers, the
U.S.S. Greer and the U.S.S. Reuben James.
• The Greer suffered zero damage but the Reuben James was
sunk, which cost America 115 lives.
• Roosevelt reacted by persuading Congress to authorize the
arming of U.S. merchant ships and allowing them to carry
cargoes to Allied ports.
• By the fall of 1941, America was a participant in the war,
although on a limited basis.
20.
21.
22. DETERIORATION IN AMERICAN-
JAPANESE RELATIONS
• With Hitler mounting victories in Europe, the Japanese
sought to take full advantage of Southeast Asia.
• Roosevelt responded to this aggression by imposing an
embargo on exports of aviation fuel and all grades of iron and
steel scrap to Japan.
• On November 26, 1941, Secretary of State Cordell Hull
presented the Japanese ambassador with a note demanding
a complete withdrawal of all Japanese troops from French
Indochina and China.
• Roosevelt knew that Japan would be aggressive in their
response to the Hull note.
• On this day, the Japanese began to plan the attack on the
United States at Pearl Harbor.
23. CORDELL
HULL
INTERESTING FACTS
Best known as the longest
serving Secretary of State, Hull
held the position for eleven
years (1933-1944).
Hull was informed of the attack
on Pearl Harbor while
discussing a truce with Japanese
ambassadors, in frustrations he
uttered, “scoundrels and p***-
ants.”
Hull is the recipient of the 1945
Nobel Peace Prize for his role in
establishing the United Nations.
24. DETERIORATION IN AMERICAN-
JAPANESE RELATIONS
• How does America become actively involved in the Second
World War when its government and citizens are opposed to
such action?
• President Lincoln’s maneuver to resupply Fort Sumter
provoked the South into firing the first shot in 1860.
• This act was crucial to get the North into a fighting spirit.
• Roosevelt needed an incident, likewise, to give the U.S. the
ability to get involved militarily.
• Henry Stimson, the Secretary of War, wondered, “how we
should maneuver them [the Japanese] into the position of
firing the first shot without allowing too much danger to
ourselves.”
25. PREPARATIONS FOR
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
• By far the strongest Allied naval force was the U.S. Pacific
Fleet at Pearl Harbor.
• In addition to its three carriers, Pearl Harbor held seven
battleships, seven heavy cruisers, and numerous smaller craft.
• If the Japanese could destroy this force, especially the
carriers, then they would gain naval supremacy in the Pacific.
• Their plan called for the simultaneous attacks on the U.S.
outposts of Wake Island and Guam and the British
possessions of Malaya and Hong Kong.
• Additional assaults on the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies,
and the British island of Burma would occur after.
26. PREPARATIONS FOR
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
• To deliver the blow against Pearl Harbor, Japanese planners
provided a striking force of six carriers with a complement of
360 planes.
• These consisted of high-level bombers, dive bombers, torpedo
bombers, and fighter planes.
• The six carriers would be escorted by two battleships, three
cruisers, and eight destroyers.
• Admiral Chuichi Nagumo had received the honor by virtue of
seniority although he opposed the attack as too reckless.
• Indeed, Yamamoto’s plan contained extremely dangerous
elements.
27. PREPARATIONS FOR
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
• Admiral Yamamoto’s plan required the striking force to travel 3,500
miles without being discovered.
• To avoid detection, the Japanese imposed absolute radio silence.
• Additionally, they adopted technical innovations that they hoped
would enhance their prospects for success.
• Fearing their torpedoes might sink too low, the Japanese
borrowed a method developed by the British - the use of more
buoyant wooden fins.
• They also attached fins to the armor-piercing naval gun shells,
which they substituted for bombs.
• The fins made the shells fall like bombs, but the shells could pierce
the armor of warships much more effectively than bombs.
28.
29. PREPARATIONS FOR
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
• On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese striking
force attacked Pearl Harbor.
• Of the seven battleships on “Battleship Row” – four were sank
(the Arizona and Oklahoma were beyond salvage ) while the
other three were severely damaged.
• Three destroyers were sank, 160 aircraft were destroyed and
128 others were disabled.
• 2,400 American personnel lost their lives.
• Pearl Harbor was a disaster for Americans but it could have
been far worse.
• Three carriers had left for other destinations, seven heavy
cruisers were also at sea.
• The Japanese failed to destroy the Navy’s submarine base, fuel
storage tanks, and maintenance facilities.
30.
31.
32. PREPARATIONS FOR
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
• Japan had won a remarkable tactical victory but did not
score the strategic triumph Yamamoto had gambled on.
• Instead of convincing the American people of the futility of
war, the attack on Pearl Harbor united the government and the
people in the determination to pursue the conflict to a
victorious conclusion.
• Roosevelt went before a joint session of Congress on
December 8, 1941, to deliver a grim but stirring speech.
• He referred to the previous day as “a date which will live in
infamy” and called for a declaration of war.
• The House responded 388 to 1 in favor, the Senate was
unanimous.
33.
34. JEANNETTE
RANKIN
INTERESTING FACTS
Rankin, a Representative from
Montana, is the first ever
woman elected to the United
States Congress.
A lifelong pacifist, Rankin
opposed entry into World War I
in 1917 and opposed declaring
war against Japan following the
attack on Pearl Harbor.
“As a woman I can’t go to war
and I refuse to send anyone
else.”
35. PREPARATIONS FOR
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
• Japan’s assault on Pearl Harbor caught Hitler by surprise as
much as it did the United States.
• The Japanese asked Hitler to honor his pledge and he
complied without hesitation.
• It is quite remarkable that Hitler honored his commitment.
• On December 11, both Germany and Italy declared war on
the United States.
• The three Axis Powers failed to foresee America’s ability to
mobilize swiftly and effectively in a united war effort.
• America’s involvement, alongside Great Britain and the Soviet
Union, virtually assured that Germany would lose the war.