War & the Noble Savage
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This is a talk given as part of the Ecology, Cosmos & Consciousness series at the October Gallery, London, on 27th October 2009. It coincided with the launch of the book of the same title, which explores the history of the concept of the "Noble Savage", and its role in recent debates about primitive war, conservation among indigenous peoples, and the ways in which "evolutionary" models influence our sense of progress. More information can be found at http://dreamflesh.com/projects/war-noble-savage/ (Thanks to Mark Pilkington for doing the recording)
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When god-like Odysseus returned from the wars in Troy, he hanged all on one rope a
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THE ETHICAL SEQUENCE
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The Land Ethic By Aldo Leopold, from A Sand County Almanac.docx
The Land Ethic
By Aldo Leopold, from A Sand County Almanac, 1948
When god-like Odysseus returned from the wars in Troy, he hanged all
on one rope a dozen slave-girls of his household, whom he suspected of
misbehavior during his absence.
This hanging involved no question of propriety. The girls were property.
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day covered wives, but had not yet been extended to human chattels. During the
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action in the struggle for existence. An ethic, philosophically, is a differentiation
of social from anti-social conduct. These are two definitions of one thing. The
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evolve modes of co-operation. The ecologist calls these symbioses. Politics and
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There is as yet no ethic dealing with man’s relation to land and to the
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property. The land relation is still strictly economic, entailing privileges but no
obligations.
The extension of ethics to this third element in the human environment
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necessity. It is the third step in a sequence. The first two have already been taken.
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Taylor & Francis, Ltd. and Association of American Geographer.docx
Taylor & Francis, Ltd. and Association of American Geographers are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and
extend access to Annals of the Association of American Geographers.
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The Pristine Myth: The Landscape of the Americas in 1492
Author(s): William M. Denevan
Source: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 82, No. 3, The Americas before
and after 1492: Current Geographical Research (Sep., 1992), pp. 369-385
Published by: on behalf of the Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Association of American Geographers
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The Pristine Myth: The Landscape of the
Americas in 1492
William M. Denevan
Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
Abstract. The myth persists that in 1492 the
Americas were a sparsely populated wilder-
ness, "a world of barely perceptible human
disturbance." There is substantial evidence,
however, that the Native American landscape
of the early sixteenth century was a humanized
landscape almost everywhere. Populations
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modified, grasslands had been created, wild-
life disrupted, and erosion was severe in
places. Earthworks, roads, fields, and settle-
ments were ubiquitous. With Indian depopu-
lation in the wake of Old World disease, the
environment recovered in many areas. A good
argument can be made that the human pres-
ence was less visible in 1750 than it was in 1492.
Key Words: Pristine myth, 1492, Columbus, Native
American settlement and demography, prehistoric
New World, vegetation change, earthworks.
"This is the forest primeval . . . "
Evangeline: A Tale of Acadie
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War & the Noble Savage
- 1. W A R & T H E N O B L E S A V A G E Gyrus ~ The October Gallery ~ 27 th October 2009
- 5. [In pre-state societies] there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. — Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan , 1651
- 6. “ The Noble Savage” ? — Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
- 7. “ The Noble Savage” ? — Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) I am as free as Nature first made man, 'Ere the base Laws of Servitude began, When wild in woods the noble Savage ran. — John Dryden, The Conquest of Granada , 1672
- 8. “ The Noble Savage” ? — Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
- 10. John Crawfurd (1783-1868) Charles Darwin
- 11. John Crawfurd (1783-1868) Charles Darwin Natives of Tierra del Fuego (from J.G. Wood’s Uncivilized Races of Men , 1871)
- 13. “ The 3 Modern Dogmas” • The Blank Slate (the mind has no innate traits) • The Noble Savage (people are born good and corrupted by society) • The Ghost in the Machine (each of us has a soul that makes choices free from biology)
- 14. Based on Lawrence Keeley, War Before Civilization , 1996
- 15. Keeley’s evidence for prehistoric violence
- 25. The “nightmare past” that Hobbes envisioned in which individuals lived in continual fear of violent death clearly never existed. On the other hand, an effort to locate ethnographic instances of societies in which conflict is absent and utopia concretely exemplified invites disappointment. — Raymond C. Kelly
- 26. The seeming peacefulness of such small hunter-gatherer groups may therefore be more a consequence of the tiny size of their social units and the large scale implied by our normal definition of warfare than of any real pacifism on their part. — Lawrence Keeley, War Before Civilization
- 27. The seeming peacefulness of such small hunter-gatherer groups may therefore be more a consequence of the tiny size of their social units and the large scale implied by our normal definition of warfare than of any real pacifism on their part. — Lawrence Keeley, War Before Civilization As hunting reduces the numbers of some species, the foragers shift their aim toward other more common animals because the cost, in time, of getting the rare ones is too high. But this is not conservationist behavior. It is behavior that is focused on the short term. Deciding to stop hunting a species that has become rare differs from consciously hunting that animal so lightly that it does not become rare. The true conservationist will not kill a rare species, even when it is easy to do so. — Steven LeBlanc, Constant Battles
- 28. It is no surprise that revisionist assaults on “noble savages” and “wilderness” come at the historical moment when the global culture’s unsustainable cultural imperative of perpetual capital accumulation is reducing the earth’s stocks of water, soil, forests, and fisheries to dangerously low levels and disrupting ecosystems and natural cycles on an unprecedented scale. — John H. Bodley