What were the Underlying Causes of World War IIntroduction .docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
What were the Underlying Causes of World War I?
Introduction
At the turn of the 20th century, Europe was feeling pretty darned good! It controlled empires that encircled the globe. European technology was unsurpassed. Even its art and music were the envy of the rest of world. In 1900, Europeans believed the world was their oyster.
However, this feeling was not to last. By the end of 1918, after four long years of war, European confidence was badly shaken. Ten million soldiers had died on the battle fields, another 20 million had been wounded. Empires that had lasted for centuries lay in ruin.
In the late 19th century European leaders believed that by creating a balance of power they could prevent large-scale war. The idea was that if the major powers of Europe ---countries like England, France, Russia, and Germany---- were balanced in strength, no one country could dominate the rest. War could be avoided.
Otto von Bismark, the Chancellor of Prussia who led the unification of the German states disliked the fact that Germany was sandwiched between Russia and France. To avoid war, Bismark made an alliance with Austria-Hungry and Italy which became known as the Triple Alliance. In response, France Russia and Great Britain formed their own alliance known as the Triple Entente.
On the surface, these alliances could be seen as a way to maintain a balance of power and thereby preserve peace but suspicions ran high. Political and military leaders spent countless hours developing plans in case a war began. Countries engaged in militarism---building up of arms, weapons, ships and men.
The tension between countries was matched by tension within countries. Especially in southeastern Europe, in an area known as the Balkans. In the Balkans, the spirit of nationalism and independence ran high. Some ethnic groups revolted. Out of the numerous dissatisfied ethnic groups, one emerged in Sarajevo, Bosnia called the Black Hand. They wanted independence from their mother country, Austria-Hungry and for all Serb people to have their own country. Their solution to the situation was to assassinate Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, when he visited Sarajevo to make an inspection of the Austro-Hungarian troops. Seven young men who had been trained in bomb throwing and marksmanship were recruited to accomplish the task.
On June 28, 1914, Franz Ferdinand and his pregnant wife Sophie toured Sarajevo in an open car. Seven assassins were stationed along the route that Franz Ferdinand's car would follow from the City Hall to the inspection. The first two terrorists were unable to throw their grenades because the streets were too crowded and the car was travelling quite fast. The third terrorist, a young man called Cabrinovic, threw a grenade which exploded under the car following the Archduke’s car.
Although the Archduke and his wife were unhurt, some of his attendants were injured and had to be taken.
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2. Today’s lesson
We are consolidating our knowledge and understanding of the key
events that led to the outbreak of war in 1914.
By the end of today’s lesson I should be able to…
1) Describe what life was like in Scotland before 1914.
2) Explain the short term and long term causes of WW1.
3) Describe the ‘Road to War’
Today’s lesson will involve:
Note-taking.
Guided reading
Creating a diagram
3. Task 1
Split your double page into 6 sections like so with each of the headings:
Rivalry over an Empire The Assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
Pan Slavism The Alliance System
Naval Arms Race European Leaders
Using your own knowledge and
the info sheets around the
room you have got 20 minutes
to complete this table in as
much detail as possible. You
must describe each and explain
why each led to war
4. Alliance System
• During the 19th & early 20th century there were Five ‘Great Powers’ in Europe;
France, Germany, Austria, Russia and Great Britain. They all had large armed
forces, economies and lots of resources.
• They began to worry about their own safety and become suspicious of one
another and for that reason, they formed formal friendships or alliances
between 1887-1907. These alliances were usually the result of treaties or
agreements where the countries involved agreed to go to war to protect the
other.
• These alliances resulted in Europe being divided into two camps (See right) in
particular the old rivals France and Germany were in opposing camps. These
countries did not like each other as Germany took French territory following a
war in 1871, this territory was the economically successful Alsace – Lorraine.
• Why it led to war: The alliance system divided Europe into two armed camps.
It meant that if any of the countries involved in alliances quarrelled, it would
lead to a war involving all of the ‘Great Powers’.
• The signing of alliances created a great deal of suspicion and paranoia
between the Great Powers too. Britain for example, worried Germany was
planning to attack them in the future– why else would they want to sign a
military alliance.
5. Naval Arms Race
• As an island, the most likely attack on Britain would come from
the sea. For this reason, Britain had always had the largest and
most powerful Navy in the world. The Royal Navy was the ‘jewel
in the crown’ of the British armed forces.
• Around 1900, Germany started to increase the size of their Navy.
This worried Britain. Was Germany planning an attack on Britain?
Germany also built the Kiel Canal in 1895, allowing German ships
easy access to the North Sea.
• To counter the German threat, Britain launched it’s biggest and
most powerful battleship of all time in 1906, The Dreadnought. It
made all previous ships obsolete, and Britain believed this won
them the ‘Naval Race.
• However, Germany copied the Dreadnought and the next few
years saw Britain and Germany compete to build the most
Dreadnoughts.
• Why it led to war: Britain assumed that Germany was planning to
attack due to the Naval Race. This created much distrust and
suspicion between the British King and German Kaiser. The more
warships and arms each country had, the more likely they would
go to war to use them.
6. Race for an Empire
• When Queen Victoria was in power 11837-1901, Britain’s Empire was it it’s biggest. This meant
Britain ruled lots of other countries, known as colonies. The Empire covered around ¼ of the
globe and included countries such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada and India. People said ‘the
sun never sets on Britain’.
• These countries made Britain very rich and added to their armed forces, as the other countries
would fight for Britain in the event of a war.
• The building up of an Empire is known as imperialism. Germany saw what Britain had and wanted
an Empire of it’s own. In the late 1800s there was a ‘scramble for Africa’ where European
countries desperately grabbed African countries for their own, desperate for an Empire. In 1884
Germany acquired Togoland, the Cameroons and South West Africa (now Namibia). By 1990 a
sizeable chunk of East Africa was under German control; this territory was renamed Tanganyika
(now Tanzania). Britain felt Germany was trying to outdo their Empire.
• Why did it lead to war: Britain was becoming increasingly worried about Germany’s
determination to outdo Britain in terms of its Empire. Britain started to believe that Germany was
planning to go to war with them.
• The Scramble for Africa increased tension between all the European Leaders who were competing
for an Empire. It led to many disagreements and diplomatic crises.
7. European Leaders
• The British King in 1914 was King George V, the grandson of Queen Victoria & Albert.
• The German Emperor, or Kaiser, was Wilhelm, also the grandson of Queen Victoria & Albert. He and King
George were first cousins.
• The Russian Emperor, or Tsar, was Nicholas. His mother and King George’s mother were sisters, making him
also King George’s First cousin.
• Many historians have commented on the Kaiser’s personality as a reason for the outbreak of war. He built up
the German armed forces and in particular, the Navy, moves which angered Britain and let to conflict
between the countries. He led the expansion of the German Empire, causing much anger amongst European
countries.
• The Kaiser also got involved in a war against Britain, known as the Boer War, where the German forces
supported the Boers.
• Many historians have described Wilhelm as belligerent, meaning he went looking for a fight and did little to
stop the war breaking out.
• In fact in 1914, he encouraged Austria to go to war with Serbia which was the trigger point of WWI
• Why did it lead to war: The Kaiser’s behaviour and the aggressive personalities & policies of many of the
European leaders led to war. They competed against one another and did little to avoid war in 1914. The
Kaiser particularly made diplomatic moves to deliberately anger Britain. Few of the leaders of the Great
Powers cared for negotiation or settling arguments and instead saw war as a better way to settle disputes
8. Pan Slavism
• In the Austro-Hungarian Empire many millions of Czechs, Slovaks and
Croats wanted the freedom to speak their own language and practice their
own customs. These minority groups had their rulers and wanted Pan-
Slavism.
• Pan Slavism is a movement to bring about the unity of all Slav nations
(Serbia, Macedonia, Bosnia & Albania).
• These countries looked to Russia to help protect them from their foreign
rulers.
• This led to the outbreak of war: because Russia’s role was seen as
interference by Austria-Hungary (A German Ally) who wanted to control
the Slav nations in their own empire without interference from any other
country.
9. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• On the 28th June 1914, in Sarajevo, Bosnia the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne Archduke
Franz Ferdinand was assassinated.
• Seven young Bosnian Serbs planned to assassinate Franz Ferdinand as he drove along the main
road in Sarajevo, the Appel Quay they were inspired by views of Pan-Slavism.
• The first conspirator who tried to kill Franz Ferdinand threw a bomb at his car. He missed and was
arrested.
• No one had told the driver the route had changed. On the way back, therefore, the driver turned
into Franz Josef Street, following the published route and, when told of his error, stopped the car
to turn around.
• Unfortunately, the car stopped in front of Gavrilo Princip, one of the conspirators, who was on his
way home thinking he had failed. Princip pulled out a gun and shot at Franz Ferdinand, hitting him
in the jugular vein. There was a tussle, during which Princip shot and killed Sophie. By 11.30am,
Franz Ferdinand had bled to death.
• Why did it lead to war: Bosnia was taken over by Austria-Hungary in 1908 however Bosnians who
wanted freedom were supported by Serbia. Serbia was a major ally of Russia and Austria-Hungary
was a major ally of Germany allowing both alliances to enter the war.
10. Task 2
Take a new single page in your jotter titled at the top ‘The Road to War’
and then draw a straight line down the middle. We are going to quickly
revise the steps which led to WW1.
11. 28th June 1914: Archduke Franz
Ferdinand was assassinated.
5th July 1914: Germany
agreed to support Austria
23rd July: Austria-Hungary sent a
list of 10 demands to Serbia to
avoid war, including Serbia
taking the blame for what
happened in Sarajevo
25th July 1914: Serbia rejected two
of the demands
28th July 1914: Austria-Hungary
attacks Serbia
29th July 1914: Serbia’s ally Russia prepares to
help Serbia
30th July 1914: Russia
orders a full
mobilisation of its
army
31st July 1914:
Germany told
Russia to stop
mobilising its
army.
1st August 1914:
Germany declared war
on Russia.
3rd August 1914: Germany
declared war on Russia’s ally
France
4th August 1914: Germany invaded
Belgium using the Schlieffen plan
to distract the French troops.
Leads to Britain declaring war on
Germany.
EXTENSION: What do you
think was the key factor
behind the outbreak of World
War 1. Write you answer on a
post-it note
