This document provides background information on the causes and events of World War I from 1914-1918. It discusses the rise of nationalism, militarism, and imperialism in Europe which increased tensions between countries. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, drawing in allies through a system of entangling alliances. Germany launched attacks following the Schlieffen Plan but it failed due to unexpected French resistance. The war became one of trench warfare and new military technologies. The US initially remained neutral but joined the Allies in 1917 after attacks on shipping and the Zimmerman Telegram.

1. WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I
Causes and ConsequencesCauses and Consequences
1914-19181914-1918

2. KEY TERM: NATIONALISMKEY TERM: NATIONALISM
• Deep devotion to one’s nationDeep devotion to one’s nation
and national interests.and national interests.
• This led to competition andThis led to competition and
rivalry between Europeanrivalry between European
nations in the global market.nations in the global market.

3. KEY TERM: MILITARISMKEY TERM: MILITARISM
• This concept glorifies military might.This concept glorifies military might.
Involves the upkeep of a largeInvolves the upkeep of a large
standing army, which is prepared forstanding army, which is prepared for
war at a moment’s notice. Lots ofwar at a moment’s notice. Lots of
money is invested into themoney is invested into the
development of military technologies.development of military technologies.

4. KEY TERM: IMPERIALISMKEY TERM: IMPERIALISM
• Imperialism involves obtaining power,Imperialism involves obtaining power,
influence, and resources viainfluence, and resources via
diplomacy or militarized force, oftendiplomacy or militarized force, often
against the will of the nativeagainst the will of the native
population.population.

5. SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICASCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
• The "Scramble for Africa" was the invasion,
occupation, division, colonization and
annexation of African territory by European
powers during the period of New
Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914. It is
also called the Partition of Africa and the
Conquest of Africa.

8. GLOBAL IMPERIALISMGLOBAL IMPERIALISM
Triple EntenteTriple Entente
• France- Vietnam,France- Vietnam,
Parts of AfricaParts of Africa
• England-England- Africa,Africa,
Australia, HongAustralia, Hong
Kong, India, Canada,Kong, India, Canada,
S. AmericaS. America
Triple AllianceTriple Alliance
• Germany- Africa,Germany- Africa,
parts of Asiaparts of Asia

9. RESOURCES GAINED VIARESOURCES GAINED VIA
IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM
• Industry demanded raw material.Industry demanded raw material.
Europe, small and densely populated,Europe, small and densely populated,
had to look to other nations to procurehad to look to other nations to procure
raw materials for their factories.raw materials for their factories.

11. LONG TERM CAUSESLONG TERM CAUSES
•Alliance System-Alliance System-
• Designed to keep peace in Europe,Designed to keep peace in Europe,
instead pushed continent towardsinstead pushed continent towards
warwar
• Many Alliances made in secretMany Alliances made in secret
• By 1907 two major alliances: TripleBy 1907 two major alliances: Triple
Alliance and Triple EntenteAlliance and Triple Entente

12. THE TWO SIDESTHE TWO SIDES
Triple AllianceTriple Alliance
GermanyGermany
Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary
ItalyItaly
Central PowersCentral Powers
GermanyGermany
Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary
Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire
Triple EntenteTriple Entente
EnglandEngland
FranceFrance
RussiaRussia
Allied PowersAllied Powers
England, France,England, France,
RussiaRussia,, United States,United States,
Italy, Serbia,Italy, Serbia,
Belgium, SwitzerlandBelgium, Switzerland

13. LEADERSLEADERS
Triple AllianceTriple Alliance
Kaiser Wilhelm IIKaiser Wilhelm II
(Germany)(Germany)
Franz Joseph IFranz Joseph I
(Austria-Hungary)(Austria-Hungary)
Vittorio OrlandoVittorio Orlando
(Italy)(Italy)
Triple EntenteTriple Entente
David Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd George
(England)(England)
Raymond PoincareRaymond Poincare
(France)(France)
Czar Nicholas IICzar Nicholas II
(Russia)(Russia)

14. • July 23July 23rdrd
Austria Hungary Presents Serbia with anAustria Hungary Presents Serbia with an ultimatumultimatum
• July 28July 28thth
Austria-Hungary declares war on SerbiaAustria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
• July 29July 29thth
RussiaRussia MobilizesMobilizes its troopsits troops
• August 1, 1914 Germany mobilizes troops.August 1, 1914 Germany mobilizes troops.
Summer of 1914
Triple Entente/Triple Alliance Actions

15. ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKEASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE
FERDINAND AND HIS WIFEFERDINAND AND HIS WIFE
• The Balkans of 1914 were a hotbed of nationalistic
intrigue. The Bosnian Serbs inhabiting the southern
Austro-Hungarian provinces of Bosnia-Herzogovina
wanted to be united with their brothers living across
the Drina, in Serbia proper.
• Austria-Hungary, having officially annexed Turkish
Bosnia-Herzogovina in 1908, was not about to let go
of it.

17. ASSASSINATION, CON’TDASSASSINATION, CON’TD
• The heir to the Hapsburg throne, Archduke Franz
Ferdinand, was in favor of giving an equal voice to
the Slavs of the empire - a belief counter to the very
core of the Serb cause. The Archduke was also
Inspector General of the Austrian army. The
summer maneuvers would bring him into the area
and diplomacy would ordain a visit to Sarajevo on
June 28th, St. Vitus Day, a Serbian holiday.

18. ASSASSINATION, CON’TDASSASSINATION, CON’TD
• It was also a special day for Archduke Franz
Ferdinand - it was his 14th wedding anniversary. In
Vienna, his wife Sophie, not being of royal enough
blood, was not allowed to ride in the same car with
her husband during high affairs of state. But this was
Sarajevo. Here, on their anniversary, she would be
afforded all the royal treatment of which she was
deprived at home. The Duchess of Hohenburg
would most certainly ride in the car with her
husband today.

19. THE ASSASSINSTHE ASSASSINS
• The group of seven ranged in age from 19 to 27. All
had tuberculosis, a death sentence in 1914. Their
training and arms came from Belgrade's "Union or
Death" terrorist league. They belonged to the
Serbian terrorist group, “The Black Hand.” They
awaited the Archduke in Sarajevo armed with
pistols, homemade bombs, and cyanide.

20. Princip took cyanide afterPrincip took cyanide after
the assassination, butthe assassination, but
vomited up the poison. Hevomited up the poison. He
attempted to shootattempted to shoot
himself but the pistol washimself but the pistol was
wrestled away from him.wrestled away from him.
He was taken intoHe was taken into
custody. At 19, he wascustody. At 19, he was
too young for thetoo young for the
Hapsburg death penalty,Hapsburg death penalty,
so was sentenced to 20so was sentenced to 20
years. He died during hisyears. He died during his
internment of skeletalinternment of skeletal
Gavrilo Princip

21. ARCHDUKEARCHDUKE
FRANZFRANZ
FERDINANDFERDINAND

22. SOPHIE,SOPHIE,
DUCHESS OFDUCHESS OF
HOHENBERGHOHENBERG

24. JULY 28JULY 28THTH
, 1914, 1914
Austria-Hungary declares war onAustria-Hungary declares war on
Serbia.Serbia.

25. • August 2August 2ndnd
Germany declares war on Russia Germany invades Poland andGermany declares war on Russia Germany invades Poland and
Luxemburg, invasion of France startsLuxemburg, invasion of France starts
• August 3: Germany declares war on FranceAugust 3: Germany declares war on France
• August 4: Germany declares war on Belgium and invades it,August 4: Germany declares war on Belgium and invades it,
• August 4:England declares war on GermanyAugust 4:England declares war on Germany
• August 5: Austria declares war on Russia and Great BritainAugust 5: Austria declares war on Russia and Great Britain
Summer of 1914
Triple Entente/Triple Alliance Actions

26. WHO DECLARED WAR ON WHO?WHO DECLARED WAR ON WHO?
• Austria-Hungary Declares War on SerbiaAustria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia
• Russia Declares War on Austria HungaryRussia Declares War on Austria Hungary
• Germany Declares War on RussiaGermany Declares War on Russia
• Germany Declares War on FranceGermany Declares War on France
• England Declares War on Germany andEngland Declares War on Germany and
Austria HungaryAustria Hungary

28. • By the end of 1914, not only EuropeBy the end of 1914, not only Europe
was at war, but also all of Europe’swas at war, but also all of Europe’s
colonies in Asia, Africa and Southcolonies in Asia, Africa and South
America were at war.America were at war.

29. SOLDIERS IN THE COLONIESSOLDIERS IN THE COLONIES

30. SCHLIEFFEN PLANSCHLIEFFEN PLAN

31. WHY THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN?WHY THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN?
• The Problem of the Franco-Russian Alliance:
• Because the Franco-Russian alliance was in place at the
time, Germany was unable to attack just one country or just
the other. Instead, it would be forced to fight both countries in
a two front war. Wilhelm II was aware that Britain, in
an entente with France and anxious to keep the region stable,
would most likely intervene in the case of any conflict,
potentially putting Germany at war with three powerful states.

32. BASICS OF THE PLANBASICS OF THE PLAN
• a devastating attack on France via Belgium as soon as Russia
had announced her intention to mobilize.
• a holding operation on the Russian/German border to be
carried out if necessary and if required.
• Germany had 6 weeks to defeat France.
• Germany would then use her modernized rail system to move
troops from the French operation to the Russian front.
• Russia would then be attacked and defeated.

33. THE PLAN’S WEAKNESSESTHE PLAN’S WEAKNESSES
• The actions of Russia determined when Germany
would have to start her attack on France even if she
was ready or not.
• It assumed that Russia would need six weeks to
mobilize.
• It assumed that Germany would defeat France in
less than six weeks.

35. WAR TECHNOLOGY &WAR TECHNOLOGY &
INNOVATIONINNOVATION

36. NEW TECHNOLOGYNEW TECHNOLOGY
GUNSGUNS
•The Machine GunThe Machine Gun
• It was used by both sides, hundredsIt was used by both sides, hundreds
of rounds a minute could be shotof rounds a minute could be shot
by one person.by one person.

38. • Fun Fact: French use of machineFun Fact: French use of machine
guns are one of the main reasonsguns are one of the main reasons
that the Schlieffen Plan failed.that the Schlieffen Plan failed.

40. TRENCH WARFARETRENCH WARFARE
-Both sides dug long trenches that faced each other. The-Both sides dug long trenches that faced each other. The
trenches ran for miles.trenches ran for miles.
-From time to time, one side would attempt to cross the-From time to time, one side would attempt to cross the
“No-Man’s Land” the area in between the trenches.“No-Man’s Land” the area in between the trenches.
-Trench warfare made WWI extend from a few months-Trench warfare made WWI extend from a few months
of fighting to four years of fighting. Over 25,000 milesof fighting to four years of fighting. Over 25,000 miles
of trenches were dug during the war.of trenches were dug during the war.

45. TECHNOLOGY:TECHNOLOGY:
CHEMICAL WEAPONSCHEMICAL WEAPONS
-WWI was the first major war to use-WWI was the first major war to use
chemical weapons.chemical weapons.
-Mustard gas and chlorine gas were-Mustard gas and chlorine gas were
the two most popular weapons: Theythe two most popular weapons: They
caused suffocation, blindness, andcaused suffocation, blindness, and
death.death.

48. TECHNOLOGY:TECHNOLOGY:
THE U-BOAT (SUBMARINE)THE U-BOAT (SUBMARINE)
-Germany’s secret weapon during the-Germany’s secret weapon during the
war.war.
-Sank dozens of British ships, controlled-Sank dozens of British ships, controlled
the oceans.the oceans.

49. TECHNOLOGY:TECHNOLOGY:
AIRPOWERAIRPOWER
-Both sides used aircraft for observation,-Both sides used aircraft for observation,
limited bombing, and air battleslimited bombing, and air battles
-Airplanes were slow, clumsy, and unreliable,-Airplanes were slow, clumsy, and unreliable,

51. TECHNOLOGY:TECHNOLOGY:
TANKSTANKS

52. TECHNOLOGY:TECHNOLOGY:
TANKSTANKS

53. TECHNOLOGY:TECHNOLOGY:
FLAME THROWERSFLAME THROWERS

54. WESTERN FRONT: BATTLESWESTERN FRONT: BATTLES
• Battle of VerdunBattle of Verdun
• Ten months longTen months long
• French and German armies.French and German armies.
• Estimated 540,000 French and 430,000 German casualtiesEstimated 540,000 French and 430,000 German casualties
• No strategic advantages were gained for either side.No strategic advantages were gained for either side.
• Battle of SommeBattle of Somme
• English and French vs GermanyEnglish and French vs Germany
• Six months of fightingSix months of fighting
• Five miles of advancement for AlliesFive miles of advancement for Allies
• 1 million men killed1 million men killed

55. OTHER FRONTSOTHER FRONTS
• Japan, Australia, India join AlliesJapan, Australia, India join Allies
• Ottoman Turks, Bulgaria join Central PowersOttoman Turks, Bulgaria join Central Powers
• Gallipoli Campaign in the Ottoman EmpireGallipoli Campaign in the Ottoman Empire
• Battles occur in Africa and Asia for Colonial PossessionsBattles occur in Africa and Asia for Colonial Possessions

56. RUSSIA EXITS THE WARRUSSIA EXITS THE WAR
• In March 1917, Nicholas II abdicates his throne,In March 1917, Nicholas II abdicates his throne,
• the Russian Duma continues to fight.the Russian Duma continues to fight.
• In October 1917: Lenin and the Bolsheviks take command: The SovietIn October 1917: Lenin and the Bolsheviks take command: The Soviet
Union is created.Union is created.
• March 1918: Soviets and Germans sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk,March 1918: Soviets and Germans sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk,
ending the war in the East.ending the war in the East.

57. US CLAIMS NEUTRALITYUS CLAIMS NEUTRALITY
““I didn’t raise my boy to be a soldierI didn’t raise my boy to be a soldier
I brought him up to be my pride and joyI brought him up to be my pride and joy
Who dares to place a musket on his shoulder,Who dares to place a musket on his shoulder,
To shoot some other mother’s darling boy?”To shoot some other mother’s darling boy?”

58. US ROAD TO WARUS ROAD TO WAR
• British BlockadeBritish Blockade
Did not allow products to leave or enterDid not allow products to leave or enter
GermanyGermany
• German U-Boat ResponseGerman U-Boat Response
Counter to blockade, destroy all boatsCounter to blockade, destroy all boats
headed for British shores.headed for British shores.

59. US ROAD TO WARUS ROAD TO WAR
May 7May 7thth
19151915
Sinking of the LusitaniaSinking of the Lusitania

60. 1916 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION1916 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
AND THE WINNER IS…AND THE WINNER IS…
Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson
becausebecause
““He kept us outHe kept us out
of the war.”of the war.”

61. US ROAD TO WARUS ROAD TO WAR
THE LAST STRAWTHE LAST STRAW
Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note

62. ZIMMERMAN NOTEZIMMERMAN NOTE
• The Zimmerman Note was a communicationThe Zimmerman Note was a communication
between Germany and Mexico. It proposed abetween Germany and Mexico. It proposed a
military allegiance between the Mexico andmilitary allegiance between the Mexico and
Germany.Germany.

63. US DECLARES WARUS DECLARES WAR
• Senate Declares War April 4Senate Declares War April 4thth
19171917
• House of Representatives Declares War April 6House of Representatives Declares War April 6thth
19171917
-President Wilson wanted to “Make the world-President Wilson wanted to “Make the world
safe for democracy.”safe for democracy.”

64. WAR ON THE HOMEFRONTWAR ON THE HOMEFRONT
• World War I as aWorld War I as a Total WarTotal War
• All Resources devoted to homefrontAll Resources devoted to homefront
• Gov’t took over factories to make Military goodsGov’t took over factories to make Military goods
• All had to work (Women took place of men inAll had to work (Women took place of men in
factories)factories)
• Rationing- limit consumption of resources/goodsRationing- limit consumption of resources/goods
necessary for the war effortnecessary for the war effort
• Propaganda- one-sided information to keepPropaganda- one-sided information to keep
support for the warsupport for the war

65. PROPAGANDAPROPAGANDA
USUS

66. PROPAGANDAPROPAGANDA
GREAT BRITAINGREAT BRITAIN

67. PROPAGANDAPROPAGANDA
GERMANYGERMANY

68. ENDING THE WAR 1917-1918ENDING THE WAR 1917-1918
• US Enters the War in April of 1917US Enters the War in April of 1917
• March 1918 Russia and Germany sign the Treaty of Brest-March 1918 Russia and Germany sign the Treaty of Brest-
LitovskLitovsk
• Germans now use all resources on Western FrontGermans now use all resources on Western Front
• March of 1918 Germany begins a massive attack on FranceMarch of 1918 Germany begins a massive attack on France

69. ENDING THE WAR (1918)ENDING THE WAR (1918)
THE TIDE TURNSTHE TIDE TURNS
• German troops fatiguedGerman troops fatigued
• US had 140,000 “fresh” troopsUS had 140,000 “fresh” troops
• 22ndnd
Battle of the Marne (June 1918)Battle of the Marne (June 1918)
• Central Powers CrumbleCentral Powers Crumble
• Revolutions in Austria HungaryRevolutions in Austria Hungary
• Ottoman Empire surrendersOttoman Empire surrenders
• German soldiers mutiny, public turns against Kaiser Wilhelm IIGerman soldiers mutiny, public turns against Kaiser Wilhelm II

70. ENDING THE WAR (1918)ENDING THE WAR (1918)
• Kaiser WilhelmKaiser Wilhelm abdicatesabdicates on November 9on November 9thth
19181918
• 1111thth
hour of the 11hour of the 11thth
day of the 11day of the 11thth
month in 1918 Germanymonth in 1918 Germany
agrees to a cease-fireagrees to a cease-fire
• 8.5 million soldiers dead8.5 million soldiers dead
• 21 million soldiers wounded21 million soldiers wounded
• Cost of 338 billion dollarsCost of 338 billion dollars

71. PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE,PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE,
VERSAILLES PEACE CONFERENCEVERSAILLES PEACE CONFERENCE
• Held in Paris in 1919. Meeting between victorious AlliedHeld in Paris in 1919. Meeting between victorious Allied
Powers and defeated Central Powers. The “Big Four” were thePowers and defeated Central Powers. The “Big Four” were the
chief attendants----chief attendants----Woodrow Wilson of the United States,
David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of
Italy, and Georges Clemenceau of France.

72. WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTSWILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS
• These points were a declaration of principles for peace. TheyThese points were a declaration of principles for peace. They
were used as a guide in treaty negotiations following Worldwere used as a guide in treaty negotiations following World
War I. They were outlined in a speech in 1918.War I. They were outlined in a speech in 1918.

73. • 1. Open diplomacy.
• 2. Freedom of the seas.
• 3. Removal of economic barriers.
• 4. Reduction of armaments.
• 5. Adjustment of colonial claims.
• 6. Conquered territories in Russia evacuated.
• 7. Preservation of Belgian sovereignty.

74. • 8. Restoration of French territory. 9. Redrawing of Italian
frontiers.
• 10. Division of Austria-Hungary.
• 11. Redrawing of Balkan boundaries.
• 12. Limitations on Turkey.
• 13. Establishment of an independent Poland.
• 14. Association of nations.

75. CONSEQUENCES FOR GERMANYCONSEQUENCES FOR GERMANY
• War Guilt Clause: An agreement that Germany would acceptWar Guilt Clause: An agreement that Germany would accept
responsibility for the war, dissolve their military, Alliedresponsibility for the war, dissolve their military, Allied
occupation of the Rhineland, and pay reparations to destroyedoccupation of the Rhineland, and pay reparations to destroyed
nations.nations.
• This made Germans very angry and bitter. These feelingsThis made Germans very angry and bitter. These feelings
festered until World War Two.festered until World War Two.

77. EFFECTS OF WORLD WAR IEFFECTS OF WORLD WAR I
• Before World War I feeling of optimism and progress of Human KindBefore World War I feeling of optimism and progress of Human Kind
• After the War feelings of pessimismAfter the War feelings of pessimism
• New forms of Art, Literature, Philosophy and ScienceNew forms of Art, Literature, Philosophy and Science
• (ex. Surrealism, “Lost” Generation, Psychoanalysis, Existentialism)(ex. Surrealism, “Lost” Generation, Psychoanalysis, Existentialism)

78. KEEP IN MIND: WHAT WASKEEP IN MIND: WHAT WAS
HITLER UP TO?HITLER UP TO?
• Hitler moved to Germany in 1913 to avoid military service inHitler moved to Germany in 1913 to avoid military service in
Austria. He supported himself (fairly unsuccessfully) by sellingAustria. He supported himself (fairly unsuccessfully) by selling
his paintings. In World War I, he served as a German soldier,his paintings. In World War I, he served as a German soldier,
He was promoted to Corporal and awarded several medals. THe was promoted to Corporal and awarded several medals. T
• The end of the war crushed him emotionally, because he felt aThe end of the war crushed him emotionally, because he felt a
sense of belonging and purpose in the military.sense of belonging and purpose in the military.
• The Reichswehr, or German Army, employed him as anThe Reichswehr, or German Army, employed him as an
educator and informant.educator and informant.

82. Hitler was serving in his position as informant when he attendedHitler was serving in his position as informant when he attended
the infamous meeting of the German Worker’s Party in 1919.the infamous meeting of the German Worker’s Party in 1919.
This failed coup, now known as the Beer Hall Putsch, resulted inThis failed coup, now known as the Beer Hall Putsch, resulted in
his incarceration. While in prison, he wrote his manifesto, Meinhis incarceration. While in prison, he wrote his manifesto, Mein
Kampf.Kampf.
And that’s all on him, for now.And that’s all on him, for now.