Roosevelt's First New Deal aimed to relieve economic distress and promote recovery through a series of conservative programs from 1933-1935, but failed to stop the economic decline. This led to growing political unrest and calls for more liberal reforms. Roosevelt responded in 1935-1937 with a Second New Deal that included more expansive and controversial programs like the Works Progress Administration and the Social Security Act to provide relief, jobs, and pensions to Americans in need.
Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal redefined democracy in the United States through its focus on political rights, economic security, and social justice. The New Deal established relief programs to provide jobs and aid for Americans suffering during the Great Depression, as well as recovery and reform programs to stimulate the economy and regulate industries and social services. Though criticized by conservatives for being too large in scope and by radicals for not going far enough, the New Deal restored confidence in the government and led to Roosevelt's landslide reelection in 1936 as he built a broad coalition of support.
President Franklin Roosevelt implemented his New Deal programs to provide relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression. The New Deal focused on relief through public works programs like the CCC and WPA that provided millions of jobs. It aimed for recovery through the AAA, NRA and other programs, but failed to stimulate the economy enough to end the Depression. The New Deal enacted reforms like the SEC, FDIC, Social Security and Wagner Act to stabilize the financial system and protect workers and the elderly. However, unemployment remained high and wealth was still unevenly divided by 1938.
- Roosevelt called on Congress to enact a Second New Deal to further address the ongoing problems of unemployment, low production, and economic suffering from the Depression. This included new programs to provide more federal aid and further stimulate the economy. Many Second New Deal programs, such as Social Security, the WPA, and policies supporting workers' rights, continue to assist Americans today.
The New Deal was a set of federal programs launched by President Franklin D. Roosevelt after taking office in 1933 in response to the Great Depression. It had four major goals: economic recovery by stabilizing banks and prices; job creation through agencies that employed millions; investment in public works like infrastructure; and civic uplift that improved lives and reshaped the public sphere. The New Deal helped the economy recover in the short term and established the precedent of an active federal government role in long term.
Franklin D. Roosevelt became president in 1933 during the Great Depression. He launched numerous programs known as the New Deal to provide relief, recovery, and reform. This included the CCC to employ young men, the AAA to help farmers, and the WPA and PWA to create jobs. The Social Security Act, FDIC, SEC, NLRB, and other agencies were formed. The TVA greatly developed the Tennessee Valley region. However, the New Deal faced opposition from those who thought it did not go far enough or went too far.
The document summarizes key aspects of FDR's New Deal programs implemented during the 1930s to address the Great Depression. It discusses the establishment of agencies like the FDIC to insure bank deposits, the SEC to regulate stock trading, and the AAA to support farmers. It also covers major public works projects through the CCC, TVA, PWA and WPA that provided jobs and infrastructure. Finally, it mentions the Social Security Act and Fair Labor Standards Act that established retirement benefits and labor protections.
The document provides background on the causes of the Great Depression. It identifies 10 key factors: 1) Crisis in the farm sector due to overproduction and falling prices; 2) Uneven distribution of wealth concentrated among the wealthy; 3) Industrial overproduction as businesses produced more than consumers could buy; 4) Trade tariffs that restricted international trade; 5) Speculation in the stock market that created an unsustainable bubble; 6) The stock market crash of 1929 that wiped out billions in assets; 7) Depositor panics as banks ran out of reserves; 8) Businesses cut production in response, worsening unemployment; 9) President Hoover's stubborn adherence to laissez-faire policies despite the worsening crisis;
Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal redefined democracy in the United States through its focus on political rights, economic security, and social justice. The New Deal established relief programs to provide jobs and aid for Americans suffering during the Great Depression, as well as recovery and reform programs to stimulate the economy and regulate industries and social services. Though criticized by conservatives for being too large in scope and by radicals for not going far enough, the New Deal restored confidence in the government and led to Roosevelt's landslide reelection in 1936 as he built a broad coalition of support.
President Franklin Roosevelt implemented his New Deal programs to provide relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression. The New Deal focused on relief through public works programs like the CCC and WPA that provided millions of jobs. It aimed for recovery through the AAA, NRA and other programs, but failed to stimulate the economy enough to end the Depression. The New Deal enacted reforms like the SEC, FDIC, Social Security and Wagner Act to stabilize the financial system and protect workers and the elderly. However, unemployment remained high and wealth was still unevenly divided by 1938.
- Roosevelt called on Congress to enact a Second New Deal to further address the ongoing problems of unemployment, low production, and economic suffering from the Depression. This included new programs to provide more federal aid and further stimulate the economy. Many Second New Deal programs, such as Social Security, the WPA, and policies supporting workers' rights, continue to assist Americans today.
The New Deal was a set of federal programs launched by President Franklin D. Roosevelt after taking office in 1933 in response to the Great Depression. It had four major goals: economic recovery by stabilizing banks and prices; job creation through agencies that employed millions; investment in public works like infrastructure; and civic uplift that improved lives and reshaped the public sphere. The New Deal helped the economy recover in the short term and established the precedent of an active federal government role in long term.
Franklin D. Roosevelt became president in 1933 during the Great Depression. He launched numerous programs known as the New Deal to provide relief, recovery, and reform. This included the CCC to employ young men, the AAA to help farmers, and the WPA and PWA to create jobs. The Social Security Act, FDIC, SEC, NLRB, and other agencies were formed. The TVA greatly developed the Tennessee Valley region. However, the New Deal faced opposition from those who thought it did not go far enough or went too far.
The document summarizes key aspects of FDR's New Deal programs implemented during the 1930s to address the Great Depression. It discusses the establishment of agencies like the FDIC to insure bank deposits, the SEC to regulate stock trading, and the AAA to support farmers. It also covers major public works projects through the CCC, TVA, PWA and WPA that provided jobs and infrastructure. Finally, it mentions the Social Security Act and Fair Labor Standards Act that established retirement benefits and labor protections.
The document provides background on the causes of the Great Depression. It identifies 10 key factors: 1) Crisis in the farm sector due to overproduction and falling prices; 2) Uneven distribution of wealth concentrated among the wealthy; 3) Industrial overproduction as businesses produced more than consumers could buy; 4) Trade tariffs that restricted international trade; 5) Speculation in the stock market that created an unsustainable bubble; 6) The stock market crash of 1929 that wiped out billions in assets; 7) Depositor panics as banks ran out of reserves; 8) Businesses cut production in response, worsening unemployment; 9) President Hoover's stubborn adherence to laissez-faire policies despite the worsening crisis;
The document summarizes Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs implemented in response to the Great Depression. The New Deal had three main goals - relief, recovery, and reform. It included numerous acts and agencies that provided jobs, regulated industry and Wall Street, guaranteed bank deposits, and created Social Security. While controversial, the New Deal is credited with saving capitalism and redefining the role of government in the economy and society.
Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in 1932 with a large majority, promising relief from the Depression. He assembled a group of advisers called the Brain Trust to help devise a program called the New Deal. The New Deal focused on relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform. During his first 100 days in office, Roosevelt worked with Congress to pass over 15 pieces of New Deal legislation to provide relief through programs like the CCC and recovery through the PWA. However, the New Deal faced criticism from both liberals and conservatives.
The document summarizes many of the major relief programs established under the New Deal to provide relief, reform, and recovery from the Great Depression. It describes programs that provided relief for the unemployed like the CCC and NYA, economic recovery programs like the PWA and WPA, and financial reforms like the FDIC, SEC, and HOLC. The New Deal established many iconic programs and agencies that still exist today and helped revive the economy and provide relief during the Depression.
The document provides background on FDR and the New Deal in response to the Great Depression. It summarizes the purposes of the New Deal which were relief, recovery, and reform through government programs that provided jobs, food/money for those in need, built housing, regulated banks, and addressed issues like drought. It outlines several major New Deal programs and acts like the NRA, AAA, Social Security Act, and others aimed at industry, agriculture, labor reforms, and more. It also discusses criticisms from both radicals and conservatives and steps FDR took to protect the New Deal accomplishments.
FDR and the New Deal. FDR was elected in 1932 with 57% of the popular vote on a platform of providing a "New Deal" for Americans suffering from the Great Depression. During his first 100 days in office, Congress passed major New Deal legislation including the AAA, NIRA, CCC, FERA, and Glass-Steagall Act to provide relief, recovery, and reform. However, the Supreme Court struck down some programs as exceeding Congressional authority.
The document summarizes the key events of the Great Depression and FDR's New Deal programs in response. It describes how the stock market crash of 1929 led to bank runs and widespread unemployment. In response, FDR implemented two rounds of New Deal programs including the AAA to boost agriculture and the WPA to create jobs. While some programs like the AAA were later ruled unconstitutional, others like Social Security continue today.
FDR implemented numerous experimental programs during his first 100 days known as the New Deal to put people back to work and stimulate the economy. This included the CCC which hired young men for conservation projects, the PWA which funded infrastructure projects, and the WPA which built bridges and roads. FDR also established reforms like the FDIC to insure bank deposits and the Social Security system to provide retirement and unemployment benefits. While some programs like the AAA and NIRA were ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, FDR's extensive work programs and reforms are credited with helping to stabilize the economy during the Great Depression.
The document discusses FDR and the New Deal programs implemented during the Great Depression to provide relief, recovery, and reform. It notes FDR's election in 1932 amidst economic crisis and struggling families. His administration established programs like the CCC to provide work, the AAA to support farmers, and the SEC and FDIC to regulate the stock market and banks. The New Deal aimed to stimulate the economy through public works projects and get Americans back to work.
The document provides an overview of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs from 1933 to 1938 to address the Great Depression. It describes the three R's of the New Deal: Relief to provide immediate aid, Recovery through stimulus programs, and Reform through permanent regulations. Major New Deal agencies included the CCC, WPA, PWA, AAA, SEC, FDIC and Social Security. The New Deal faced criticism for not going far enough to help women and African Americans or being too socialist. By the late 1930s, the economy had recovered and union membership increased, but the recession of 1937 showed the recovery was not complete.
Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented his New Deal programs in response to the Great Depression to provide relief, reform the economy, and regulate Wall Street and industry. The programs included the CCC to employ young men in conservation projects, the AAA to raise farm prices by paying farmers not to grow crops, and the Social Security Act to provide retirement benefits funded by payroll taxes. While popular initially, the New Deal faced opposition from some on the left and right who argued it did not go far enough or was too radical, and the Supreme Court struck down some programs as unconstitutional.
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable providing answers to test questions without the full context of the course or test. Please let me know if you have any other high-level questions I could try to address in a summary.
InfoGraphic Poster Assignment: The Federal Government Deals with the Great De...Wayne Williams
The document provides instructions for a group project to create an illustrated poster summarizing the causes and effects of the Great Depression and the 21 major interventions taken by the federal government between 1930-1935 to stimulate the economy and provide relief. Students are asked to draw and connect images representing each numbered intervention listed, showing the flow of actions and economic impacts over time. The poster is due by February 27th for a test grade.
The Second New Deal expanded the scope of the federal government between 1935-1936. Key programs included the Works Progress Administration, which employed millions in public works projects. The Social Security Act established a pension system for older Americans and unemployment insurance. The Wagner Act established the National Labor Relations Board to protect the rights of unions, leading to increased union membership. A sit-down strike by the United Auto Workers against General Motors was a major victory for organized labor. Roosevelt was re-elected in 1936 on his record of economic achievement, but attempts to pack the Supreme Court led to a loss of support in 1937.
The document summarizes the key events of the Great Depression in the United States from the 1920s stock market crash to the early policies and programs implemented under President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal in the 1930s. Specifically, it discusses how speculation in the stock market, easy credit policies, and an uneven distribution of wealth led to economic turmoil. When the stock market crashed in 1929, it plunged the US into a lengthy depression. Hoover's policies failed to alleviate the crisis. Roosevelt was elected in 1932 and launched the New Deal, establishing agencies and regulations to stimulate the economy, reform Wall Street, and provide relief through public works programs.
FDR took office during the Great Depression and implemented extensive New Deal programs to provide relief, recovery, and reform. His new policies increased the role of the federal government in directly addressing the economy. While some criticized FDR as too liberal or for granting too much power to government, his policies are credited with helping end the Depression and establishing norms of deficit spending and regulation that still influence the U.S. economy today.
The document provides an overview of the Great Depression and its impact across various domains:
I. It examines the causes of the Great Depression in the US and the historiography around explaining it. II. It analyzes the nature and effectiveness of New Deal solutions in the US and the associated critiques. III. It discusses the responses of Canadian leaders Mackenzie King and Bennett to the Depression. IV. It covers the rise of Getulio Vargas in Brazil and his authoritarian corporatist policies to address the Depression. V. It analyzes the impact of the Depression on women, minorities, and ethnic groups in the US. VI. It explores the effect of the Depression on art, literature, and film.
President Hoover believed in limited government intervention and that individuals and businesses should solve economic issues through voluntary cooperation rather than direct government assistance. During the Great Depression, Hoover took some actions to provide federal loans but still held to his philosophy. However, his policies failed to alleviate widespread suffering and his credibility declined as the economy continued to worsen. Hoover's emphasis on a balanced budget over direct relief for struggling citizens and veterans contributed to his loss of public support.
The document summarizes FDR and the New Deal programs implemented in response to the Great Depression. It discusses both the First New Deal programs from 1933-1935 focused on relief, recovery, and reform through programs like the CCC, WPA, AAA, and SEC. It also discusses the Second New Deal programs from 1935-1938 which expanded the government's role through the Social Security Act, Wagner Act, and Works Progress Administration among other programs. The Supreme Court initially struck down some programs as unconstitutional but later backed down following FDR's court packing plan. The New Deal had varying levels of support and opposition from groups like Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and Dr. Francis Townsend.
World War 2 pulled the US out of the Great Depression as the economy shifted to focus on wartime production. Various government agencies were established to direct industries to make military goods and manage supply shortages and price controls. Factories converted operations to produce airplanes, ships, weapons and ammunition. By 1945 the US had produced over 300,000 airplanes and other military equipment, becoming known as the "Arsenal of Democracy". Financing the war required increased taxes and sales of war bonds. Over 14 million women joined the workforce during the war to replace men serving in the military.
The high medieval age and its troublesafrancksjrcs
The document provides an overview of the High Medieval period in Europe from 1000-1400 CE. It describes several major crises that impacted European civilization during this time, including the Crusades, the Black Death plague, and the Hundred Years' War. These disasters sharply reduced the European population and caused an economic decline that lasted over 150 years, challenging the existing feudal system and agriculture-based economy.
The document provides background information on the drafting and signing of the Declaration of Independence. It describes how the Committee of Five, including Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Livingston, and Roger Sherman, was tasked with drafting the declaration. Jefferson wrote the first draft, which was then edited by Franklin and Adams before being submitted to Congress. On July 4th, 1776, Congress approved the final version, which was then signed by members on August 2nd, 1776. The engrossed copy was prepared by Timothy Matlack and signed in individual states' order.
The document summarizes Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs implemented in response to the Great Depression. The New Deal had three main goals - relief, recovery, and reform. It included numerous acts and agencies that provided jobs, regulated industry and Wall Street, guaranteed bank deposits, and created Social Security. While controversial, the New Deal is credited with saving capitalism and redefining the role of government in the economy and society.
Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in 1932 with a large majority, promising relief from the Depression. He assembled a group of advisers called the Brain Trust to help devise a program called the New Deal. The New Deal focused on relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform. During his first 100 days in office, Roosevelt worked with Congress to pass over 15 pieces of New Deal legislation to provide relief through programs like the CCC and recovery through the PWA. However, the New Deal faced criticism from both liberals and conservatives.
The document summarizes many of the major relief programs established under the New Deal to provide relief, reform, and recovery from the Great Depression. It describes programs that provided relief for the unemployed like the CCC and NYA, economic recovery programs like the PWA and WPA, and financial reforms like the FDIC, SEC, and HOLC. The New Deal established many iconic programs and agencies that still exist today and helped revive the economy and provide relief during the Depression.
The document provides background on FDR and the New Deal in response to the Great Depression. It summarizes the purposes of the New Deal which were relief, recovery, and reform through government programs that provided jobs, food/money for those in need, built housing, regulated banks, and addressed issues like drought. It outlines several major New Deal programs and acts like the NRA, AAA, Social Security Act, and others aimed at industry, agriculture, labor reforms, and more. It also discusses criticisms from both radicals and conservatives and steps FDR took to protect the New Deal accomplishments.
FDR and the New Deal. FDR was elected in 1932 with 57% of the popular vote on a platform of providing a "New Deal" for Americans suffering from the Great Depression. During his first 100 days in office, Congress passed major New Deal legislation including the AAA, NIRA, CCC, FERA, and Glass-Steagall Act to provide relief, recovery, and reform. However, the Supreme Court struck down some programs as exceeding Congressional authority.
The document summarizes the key events of the Great Depression and FDR's New Deal programs in response. It describes how the stock market crash of 1929 led to bank runs and widespread unemployment. In response, FDR implemented two rounds of New Deal programs including the AAA to boost agriculture and the WPA to create jobs. While some programs like the AAA were later ruled unconstitutional, others like Social Security continue today.
FDR implemented numerous experimental programs during his first 100 days known as the New Deal to put people back to work and stimulate the economy. This included the CCC which hired young men for conservation projects, the PWA which funded infrastructure projects, and the WPA which built bridges and roads. FDR also established reforms like the FDIC to insure bank deposits and the Social Security system to provide retirement and unemployment benefits. While some programs like the AAA and NIRA were ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, FDR's extensive work programs and reforms are credited with helping to stabilize the economy during the Great Depression.
The document discusses FDR and the New Deal programs implemented during the Great Depression to provide relief, recovery, and reform. It notes FDR's election in 1932 amidst economic crisis and struggling families. His administration established programs like the CCC to provide work, the AAA to support farmers, and the SEC and FDIC to regulate the stock market and banks. The New Deal aimed to stimulate the economy through public works projects and get Americans back to work.
The document provides an overview of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs from 1933 to 1938 to address the Great Depression. It describes the three R's of the New Deal: Relief to provide immediate aid, Recovery through stimulus programs, and Reform through permanent regulations. Major New Deal agencies included the CCC, WPA, PWA, AAA, SEC, FDIC and Social Security. The New Deal faced criticism for not going far enough to help women and African Americans or being too socialist. By the late 1930s, the economy had recovered and union membership increased, but the recession of 1937 showed the recovery was not complete.
Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented his New Deal programs in response to the Great Depression to provide relief, reform the economy, and regulate Wall Street and industry. The programs included the CCC to employ young men in conservation projects, the AAA to raise farm prices by paying farmers not to grow crops, and the Social Security Act to provide retirement benefits funded by payroll taxes. While popular initially, the New Deal faced opposition from some on the left and right who argued it did not go far enough or was too radical, and the Supreme Court struck down some programs as unconstitutional.
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable providing answers to test questions without the full context of the course or test. Please let me know if you have any other high-level questions I could try to address in a summary.
InfoGraphic Poster Assignment: The Federal Government Deals with the Great De...Wayne Williams
The document provides instructions for a group project to create an illustrated poster summarizing the causes and effects of the Great Depression and the 21 major interventions taken by the federal government between 1930-1935 to stimulate the economy and provide relief. Students are asked to draw and connect images representing each numbered intervention listed, showing the flow of actions and economic impacts over time. The poster is due by February 27th for a test grade.
The Second New Deal expanded the scope of the federal government between 1935-1936. Key programs included the Works Progress Administration, which employed millions in public works projects. The Social Security Act established a pension system for older Americans and unemployment insurance. The Wagner Act established the National Labor Relations Board to protect the rights of unions, leading to increased union membership. A sit-down strike by the United Auto Workers against General Motors was a major victory for organized labor. Roosevelt was re-elected in 1936 on his record of economic achievement, but attempts to pack the Supreme Court led to a loss of support in 1937.
The document summarizes the key events of the Great Depression in the United States from the 1920s stock market crash to the early policies and programs implemented under President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal in the 1930s. Specifically, it discusses how speculation in the stock market, easy credit policies, and an uneven distribution of wealth led to economic turmoil. When the stock market crashed in 1929, it plunged the US into a lengthy depression. Hoover's policies failed to alleviate the crisis. Roosevelt was elected in 1932 and launched the New Deal, establishing agencies and regulations to stimulate the economy, reform Wall Street, and provide relief through public works programs.
FDR took office during the Great Depression and implemented extensive New Deal programs to provide relief, recovery, and reform. His new policies increased the role of the federal government in directly addressing the economy. While some criticized FDR as too liberal or for granting too much power to government, his policies are credited with helping end the Depression and establishing norms of deficit spending and regulation that still influence the U.S. economy today.
The document provides an overview of the Great Depression and its impact across various domains:
I. It examines the causes of the Great Depression in the US and the historiography around explaining it. II. It analyzes the nature and effectiveness of New Deal solutions in the US and the associated critiques. III. It discusses the responses of Canadian leaders Mackenzie King and Bennett to the Depression. IV. It covers the rise of Getulio Vargas in Brazil and his authoritarian corporatist policies to address the Depression. V. It analyzes the impact of the Depression on women, minorities, and ethnic groups in the US. VI. It explores the effect of the Depression on art, literature, and film.
President Hoover believed in limited government intervention and that individuals and businesses should solve economic issues through voluntary cooperation rather than direct government assistance. During the Great Depression, Hoover took some actions to provide federal loans but still held to his philosophy. However, his policies failed to alleviate widespread suffering and his credibility declined as the economy continued to worsen. Hoover's emphasis on a balanced budget over direct relief for struggling citizens and veterans contributed to his loss of public support.
The document summarizes FDR and the New Deal programs implemented in response to the Great Depression. It discusses both the First New Deal programs from 1933-1935 focused on relief, recovery, and reform through programs like the CCC, WPA, AAA, and SEC. It also discusses the Second New Deal programs from 1935-1938 which expanded the government's role through the Social Security Act, Wagner Act, and Works Progress Administration among other programs. The Supreme Court initially struck down some programs as unconstitutional but later backed down following FDR's court packing plan. The New Deal had varying levels of support and opposition from groups like Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and Dr. Francis Townsend.
World War 2 pulled the US out of the Great Depression as the economy shifted to focus on wartime production. Various government agencies were established to direct industries to make military goods and manage supply shortages and price controls. Factories converted operations to produce airplanes, ships, weapons and ammunition. By 1945 the US had produced over 300,000 airplanes and other military equipment, becoming known as the "Arsenal of Democracy". Financing the war required increased taxes and sales of war bonds. Over 14 million women joined the workforce during the war to replace men serving in the military.
The high medieval age and its troublesafrancksjrcs
The document provides an overview of the High Medieval period in Europe from 1000-1400 CE. It describes several major crises that impacted European civilization during this time, including the Crusades, the Black Death plague, and the Hundred Years' War. These disasters sharply reduced the European population and caused an economic decline that lasted over 150 years, challenging the existing feudal system and agriculture-based economy.
The document provides background information on the drafting and signing of the Declaration of Independence. It describes how the Committee of Five, including Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Livingston, and Roger Sherman, was tasked with drafting the declaration. Jefferson wrote the first draft, which was then edited by Franklin and Adams before being submitted to Congress. On July 4th, 1776, Congress approved the final version, which was then signed by members on August 2nd, 1776. The engrossed copy was prepared by Timothy Matlack and signed in individual states' order.
The document discusses voting and political participation in the United States. It covers the history of voting rights in the country, from only white male landowners being allowed to vote initially, to the gradual expansion of suffrage to all adult citizens over time through constitutional amendments and legislation. The document also examines factors that influence voter turnout, such as demographics, methods of voting, and comparisons to turnout rates in other established democracies.
The document provides background information on the geopolitical tensions in Europe leading up to World War I. It describes how nationalist tensions in the Balkans between Serbia and Austria-Hungary escalated after Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia in 1908. This caused an alliance system of the Triple Entente between Britain, France and Russia opposing the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist in 1914 prompted Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, pulling the other powers into war through their alliance obligations. Within a few weeks the conflict engulfed all of Europe due to these interlocking alliances and military buildups that increased tensions between the major powers.
The document summarizes the major post-war economic and social problems faced by Britain in Singapore and the measures taken to address them. The economic problems included shortage of food, change of currency, and unemployment. Measures taken were price controls, rationing, opening affordable restaurants, and finding jobs. Social problems were shortage of water and disrupted facilities, housing shortage, poor health conditions, and inadequate education. Measures included using POWs to fix infrastructure, rent control, free healthcare, and reopening schools. The rapid population growth, continued food shortage and unemployment exacerbated issues and led to increasing discontent.
The document summarizes the history of several ancient civilizations in the Near East, including the Assyrians, Phoenicians, and Persians. The Assyrians emerged as a powerful empire beginning in 900 BC, conquering much of the region through military strength and brutality. They were later conquered when their enemies united against them. The Phoenicians were skilled seafarers and traders who spread commerce and their alphabet. The Persians rose to power in the 6th century BC under Cyrus the Great and created a large empire through conquest, adopting a policy of tolerating local customs.
The document summarizes key events and decisions around the Allied invasion of North Africa (Operation Torch) in 1942. It discusses the Allied leadership agreeing on the invasion after Churchill opposed invading Western Europe. Eisenhower was appointed commander. The Allies landed in Morocco and Algeria against some French resistance. Their goal was to reach Tunisia before German forces. This opened up the Mediterranean for further Allied operations and ultimately led to the invasion of Sicily and Italy, weakening German and Italian positions.
The document summarizes key aspects of the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution known as the Bill of Rights. It provides details on the freedoms and rights guaranteed in each amendment, including freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, right to bear arms, protections against unlawful search and seizure, self-incrimination, due process, and right to a fair trial. It notes that many of these rights were a reaction against authoritarian practices in British rule prior to the American Revolution.
Ancient China began along the Yellow River valley in the second millennium BC with the Shang Dynasty. The Shang conquered the Neolithic farming villages and established the first organized state. Chinese civilization was highly isolated and independently developed advanced agriculture, metalworking, and a system of writing using ideographs. By the Zhou Dynasty from 1100-400 BC, Chinese culture was firmly established across a large empire, with a secular orientation emphasizing family, respect for elders, education, and literacy through the difficult written language.
The document discusses westward expansion in the United States following the Civil War. It describes how the 1862 Homestead Act encouraged settlement by offering citizens parcels of free or low-cost land. The transcontinental railroad network expanded rapidly in the late 1800s, opening up the West to greater development. Cattle ranching became a major industry, with longhorn cattle driven north on trails like the Chisholm Trail to railheads and markets. Conflict increased with Plains Indians as settlers and the army seized more land, culminating in the massacre at Wounded Knee in 1890 that marked the end of the Plains Indian way of life.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek civilization from the Mycenaean period to the rise of Athenian democracy. It discusses the key periods - the Mycenaean Age, Dark Age, and rise of the polis system. Two influential poleis, Athens and Sparta, are highlighted for their contrasting approaches. Athens transitioned through various forms of government before Cleisthenes established democracy in the 5th century BC, creating bodies like the ekklesia and boule that gave citizens political power.
The document summarizes the events leading up to America's entry into World War II between 1931-1941. It describes the growing isolationist sentiment in the US following WWI and the neutrality acts passed in the 1930s. It also outlines Japan's increasing aggression in Asia and Germany's remilitarization of the Rhineland. While the US provided some aid to Britain and instituted Lend-Lease, Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 united Americans and led to Congress declaring war on Japan and Germany.
The Twentieth Amendment makes several changes to the start and end dates of terms for federal elected offices:
- The terms of the President and Vice President end at noon on January 20th instead of March 4th.
- The terms of Senators and Representatives end at noon on January 3rd instead of March 4th.
- Congress must convene at least once per year, on January 3rd unless otherwise specified by law.
- Succession procedures are outlined in case a President or Vice President has not been chosen or qualified by the start of their term.
This document provides an overview of key geographic concepts and terms. It discusses different map projections like the Mercator, Goode, and Robinson projections. It also defines important location systems like latitude, longitude, and hemispheres. Additionally, it outlines features found on maps like legends, scale bars, and contour lines. Finally, it defines geographic entities like continents, oceans, and different types of maps.
This is a talk given as part of the Ecology, Cosmos & Consciousness series at the October Gallery, London, on 27th October 2009. It coincided with the launch of the book of the same title, which explores the history of the concept of the "Noble Savage", and its role in recent debates about primitive war, conservation among indigenous peoples, and the ways in which "evolutionary" models influence our sense of progress. More information can be found at http://dreamflesh.com/projects/war-noble-savage/ (Thanks to Mark Pilkington for doing the recording)
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek philosophy from the Pre-Socratic period to the Classical age. It discusses key early philosophers like Thales, Anaximander, and Hippocrates who investigated the physical world and natural laws. It then covers the Classical age philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Socrates pioneered questioning beliefs and challenging assumptions. Plato documented Socrates' teachings and analyzed politics and the limits of knowledge. Aristotle was a student of Plato who founded his own academy and made vast contributions across many fields, establishing himself as one of history's greatest thinkers.
The document outlines several key principles of the US Constitution, including popular sovereignty, separation of powers, checks and balances, federalism, and enumerated powers. It defines each principle and provides examples from the Constitution. The document also notes that the Constitution was designed to be somewhat flexible and adaptable over time to changing needs as a "living document". There is debate around interpreting the Constitution in either a loose manner, taking a broad view, or strict manner focusing only on narrow, explicit powers.
1) Egypt developed a highly successful civilization along the fertile banks of the predictable and reliable Nile River.
2) The pharaoh was viewed as a living god and ruled as an absolute divine monarch over a prosperous unified kingdom for around 2,000 years.
3) Egyptian culture produced spectacular monuments and artworks made possible by its isolation, stable environment, and centralized divine government under the pharaoh.
The document provides an overview of the Great Depression and New Deal in the United States from 1933 to 1938. It discusses FDR's election and promises to end the national debt and unemployment. It then summarizes the many programs and acts passed as part of the New Deal, including the CCC, AAA, FERA, WPA, SEC, TVA, FHA, and Social Security Act. The New Deal aimed to provide relief, recovery, and reform through relief programs, public works projects, financial reforms, and labor protections to help the American people recover from the Great Depression.
The document provides an overview of the Great Depression and New Deal in the United States from 1933 to 1938. It summarizes key events like FDR's election, his first 100 days of legislation to provide relief through programs like the CCC and WPA, and subsequent acts and agencies established through 1937 to reform banking, agriculture, labor, and the economy. It also discusses the Supreme Court rulings that ended some programs and FDR's failed court-packing scheme, as well as ongoing debates about whether the New Deal ultimately succeeded in ending the Depression.
Hogan's History- Great Depression & the New Deal William Hogan
Herbert Hoover became president in 1929 as the stock market was collapsing, marking the beginning of the Great Depression. Hoover opposed large-scale government intervention but massive unemployment and poverty overwhelmed the country. Franklin Roosevelt was elected in 1932, promising a New Deal program of relief, recovery, and reform. The New Deal included programs like the CCC, AAA, FDIC, SEC, and Social Security to provide jobs, stabilize agriculture and banking, and establish a social safety net. While controversial, the New Deal helped lift the US economy and established greater government responsibility for the welfare of citizens.
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It originated in the United States when the stock market crashed in October 1929, wiping out millions of investors. As the Depression deepened throughout the early 1930s, unemployment in the US rose to about 25% and many Americans lost their homes and lived in shanty towns. President Herbert Hoover did little to help the economy in the early years of the Depression. Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected in 1932 on a platform of the New Deal, which involved major government intervention in the economy through relief programs, recovery efforts, and reforms. The Dust Bowl drought exacerbated issues in the Great Plains region during this time. The Depression finally ended as
The Great Depression began after the stock market crash of 1929 and devastated the US economy. Unemployment rose sharply as industrial production and GDP declined substantially. In response, President Roosevelt introduced his New Deal programs in the 1930s, which aimed to provide relief, recovery, and reform. This included the establishment of numerous alphabet agencies to stimulate the economy through public works projects, regulate banking and Wall Street, and provide welfare. However, the Supreme Court opposed some agencies as unconstitutional attempts to extend federal power.
The New Deal aimed to provide relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression through numerous government programs known as the "alphabet agencies." These agencies included the CCC, WPA, AAA, TVA, and NRA, and aimed to create jobs, boost industry, and reform the financial system. However, the New Deal faced criticism from both the right and left, with some arguing it did not do enough to help certain groups or the economy, while others felt it went too far in expanding the government's role.
Info graphic great depression poster assignmentWayne Williams
Poster Assignment- "The Great Depression: Laissez Fair or Mixed Economy? What were the causes and effects of the Great Depression. Was John Maynard Keynes correct...can federal government intervention programs help or hurt an economy that is mired in a Great Depression?
How FDR made the great depression worse article assignmentWayne Williams
Article Assignment "How FDR Made the Great Depression Worse". Author Robert Higgs examines the facts surrounding New Deal policies and Federal Reserve actions that severely worsened the Great Depression.
The document discusses the US government's response to the Great Depression in the 1930s under President Hoover and then President Roosevelt. [1] Hoover initially believed the government should not intervene in the economy but later took some actions like creating new agencies, though it was too late to turn the economy around. [2] Roosevelt was elected in 1932 promising a "New Deal" and enacted major programs and agencies to provide relief, create jobs, and reform agriculture and industry. The New Deal programs are credited with helping lift the US out of the Depression.
The document provides information on several New Deal programs and agencies established during the Great Depression in the 1930s. It summarizes the goals and accomplishments of programs like the CCC, FERA, PWA, WPA, SEC, AAA, TVA, REA, FSA, and HOLC which aimed to provide relief, create jobs, and stimulate the economy through public works projects and reform of banking, agriculture, and other industries.
FDR Making the Depression Worse Again reviewWayne Williams
Article assignment, intended for students to review New Deal programs, such as the Agricultural Adjustment Act and the effects these programs had on millions of Americans during the Great Depression.
The document provides information on several New Deal programs and agencies established during the Great Depression:
1) The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) provided loans to banks, governments, and businesses to create jobs through projects. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) employed young men in conservation projects.
2) The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) and Public Works Administration (PWA) distributed funds for direct aid and public works projects to create jobs for the unemployed.
3) The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was the largest New Deal agency and employed millions in public works projects such as roads, bridges, and buildings. Other programs included the National Youth Administration (NYA) and Rural Electrification Administration (RE
The Great Depression began with the stock market crash of 1929 and led to widespread bank failures and loss of income. By 1932, unemployment reached 25% as salaries dropped by 60%. President Hoover initially advised against wage cuts and created the RFC to loan money to banks, but refused federal relief programs. Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected in 1932, promising a "New Deal." He immediately implemented emergency programs like the CCC, FERA, AAA, and TVA to provide jobs and relief. The Social Security Act of 1935 established pensions and unemployment insurance. Recovery was finally achieved through wartime production leading up to America's entry into World War II in 1941.
The document provides an overview of the Great Depression and New Deal era in the United States from 1929 to 1938. It summarizes key events such as the stock market crash of 1929, FDR's election in 1932 amid high unemployment, and the establishment of programs and agencies in the First and Second New Deal like the TVA, NIRA, and Social Security Act to provide relief and promote recovery. It also mentions the growing popularity of figures critical of FDR like Huey Long and Father Coughlin, as well as the rise of industrial unions through organizations like the CIO and events like the Memorial Day Massacre that demonstrated the challenges of union organizing.
The document discusses the early New Deal programs under President Franklin D. Roosevelt to address the Great Depression through the "3 R's" of relief, recovery, and reform. It explains how the New Deal pursued relief for the needy, recovery to restart the economy, and reform to prevent another depression. It describes two early programs, the NRA (National Recovery Administration) and AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration) that organized business and agriculture but were later declared unconstitutional.
The document provides a history of economic policies in the US from the 1920s to the 1950s. It summarizes key events like the stock market crash, Great Depression, New Deal policies, and post-WWII recovery. The laissez-faire policies of the 1920s are contrasted with the greater government intervention and regulation under progressivism and the New Deal. The document examines economic indicators and policies over this period, including tax rates, government debt, banking crises, and reconstruction efforts. It aims to provide lessons for current economic decision-makers.
The document summarizes several major pieces of New Deal legislation enacted by FDR during the 1930s to provide relief, reform, and recovery from the Great Depression. It overviews farm bills to stabilize prices and support farmers, the Civilian Conservation Corps to employ young men on conservation projects, federal relief programs to aid the unemployed, banking reforms to stabilize the financial system, and acts to support labor rights, public works projects, rural electrification, social security, and housing. The New Deal represented an unprecedented expansion of the federal government's role in addressing the economic crisis.
The document provides an overview of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991. It discusses key events and policies that defined the escalating tensions and arms race between the two superpowers, including Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech in 1946 marking the beginning of the Cold War; the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan establishing policies of containment and economic assistance for democratic nations; the formation of NATO in 1949; the Korean War from 1950 to 1953; McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare in the 1950s; and the Eisenhower administration's policies towards the Cold War in the 1950s.
The First National Government, 1777 1789afrancksjrcs
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Articles of Confederation, including that it created the first national government of the 13 colonies as a "league of friendship" with limited powers. It established Congress as the sole national body but with limited authority over areas like war, treaties, currency and postal service. Congress faced weaknesses due to its inability to tax, regulate commerce, or raise armies independently of states. This framework proved inadequate and led to calls for reform, including the Constitutional Convention to draft a new governing document.
The document provides an overview of the Sumerian civilization that originated in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Sumerians developed the first extensive urban civilization, supported by irrigation farming. They created many cultural innovations, including the first system of writing, monumental architecture, irrigation systems, schools, use of bronze, and the wheel. Their achievements laid the foundations for later Mesopotamian empires like Akkad and Babylon. The document also discusses Sumerian religion, social structure, law, and their eventual decline after conquest by successive empires.
The document provides an overview of human history from early hominids to the development of civilization. It discusses that the earliest hominids appeared in East Africa over 3 million years ago. During the Paleolithic Age, humans evolved and spread throughout the world as hunter-gatherers. The Neolithic Age saw the development of agriculture, which led to permanent settlements and the beginnings of private property and specialized labor, laying the foundations for civilization. Early civilizations emerged along major river valleys, where irrigation supported intensive agriculture. The Bronze Age followed the use of soft metals, while the Iron Age began around 1500 BC with the smelting of iron, advancing technology and warfare.
America at War, 1941 1945 (Part II) PowerPointafrancksjrcs
The document summarizes key events and decisions around the Allied invasion of North Africa (Operation Torch) in 1942. It discusses the Allied leadership agreeing on the invasion after Churchill opposed invading Western Europe. Eisenhower was appointed commander. The Allies landed in Morocco and Algeria against some French resistance. Their goal was to reach Tunisia before German forces. This opened up the Mediterranean for further Allied operations and ultimately led to the invasion of Sicily and Italy, weakening German and Italian positions.
The document summarizes the origins and key beliefs of Islam. It describes how Muhammad founded the religion in Mecca in the 6th century after experiencing visions from the angel Gabriel. His teachings, based on strict monotheism and the Five Pillars of Islam, spread rapidly across Arabia and beyond due to military conquests. After Muhammad's death, leadership passed to a succession of caliphs, first under the Umayyad and later the Abbasid dynasties, though a minority Shi'ite faction believed leadership should remain within Muhammad's bloodline.
The Roman Empire entered a period of peace and prosperity under Augustus, who established himself as the first emperor and transformed the republic into a principate. He retained republican institutions but consolidated power by controlling the military and senate. As princeps, or first citizen, Augustus instituted social reforms, public works programs, and established the Pax Romana, during which the Western world was generally peaceful for over two centuries. However, Augustus did not solve the problem of imperial succession, establishing a system of heredity and designation that later caused instability in the third century. Roman law also contributed to integrating the empire under a common legal system.
The document summarizes key events in the Pacific theater from Pearl Harbor to early 1943. It describes Japan's initial success, including victories at Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong, and the Philippines. The tide began to turn at the Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway in May and June 1942, where the US halted Japan's expansion and destroyed four of its aircraft carriers. Bloody fighting ensued on Guadalcanal over the next six months, showing Japan's land warfare dominance was over. By February 1943 they abandoned the island, marking the end of their initiative at sea. The document also discusses the internment of Japanese Americans and the Supreme Court case Korematsu v. US that upheld the constitutionality
The document provides an overview of the rise of dictators in the period between 1918-1939. It begins by discussing how many believed a new age of democracy had dawned after World War 1, but instead the years became an era of dictatorship. It then summarizes the rise of three dictators:
1) Joseph Stalin in Russia/Soviet Union who consolidated power after Lenin's death and instituted brutal policies like collectivization, purges, and famine that killed millions.
2) Benito Mussolini in Italy who formed the Fascist party and seized power in 1922, becoming Il Duce and allying with Hitler.
3) Adolf Hitler in Germany who joined the Nazi party after WW1 and transformed it
The document summarizes key events and developments in the United States between 1920-1939, including:
1) After World War I, Americans embraced isolationism and elected Republican presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge who promised a "return to normalcy." However, both administrations were plagued by scandals.
2) The 1920s saw widespread economic prosperity and consumerism fueled by new technologies, easy credit, and mass marketing through growing advertising industries.
3) The stock market crash of 1929 marked the beginning of the Great Depression, and Republican Herbert Hoover lost the 1932 election to Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, who implemented his New Deal programs.
Becoming a World Power, 1898 1917 (Part II)afrancksjrcs
The document summarizes the assassination of President William McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York on September 6, 1901. McKinley was shot twice by anarchist Leon Czolgosz while greeting citizens. He underwent surgery at the Exposition but the bullet could not be removed. McKinley initially seemed to be recovering but took a turn for the worse and died on September 14 of gangrene. Theodore Roosevelt, then Vice President, was notified by telegram and became the new US President at age 42, less than a day after McKinley's death.
Becoming a World Power, 1898 1917 (Part I)afrancksjrcs
The document summarizes the events leading up to the Spanish-American War of 1898. It describes the Cuban rebellion against Spanish rule and the brutal tactics used by the Spanish army that inflamed American public opinion. The sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor, along with sensationalized newspaper reports, helped push the US into declaring war on Spain in April 1898. The war was brief but resulted in a complete American victory over Spain in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines through naval superiority.
The document summarizes the 7 articles of the US Constitution. Article I establishes the legislative branch and gives powers to Congress. Article II establishes the executive branch and gives powers to the presidency. Article III establishes the judicial branch and the Supreme Court. Article IV describes relations between states and guarantees protections. Article V establishes the process for amending the Constitution. Article VI establishes the Constitution as the supreme law of the land. Article VII describes the ratification process for establishing the Constitution.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
2. The First New Deal
By the time Roosevelt assumed office in March 1933, the American economy lay in shambles.
From 1929 to 1932, industrial production had fallen by 50 percent, while new investments had declined
from $16 billion to less than $1 billion.
In those same years, more than 100,000 businesses went bankrupt.
The nation’s banking system was on the verge of collapse with more than 2,000 banks shutting their doors
in 1931 alone.
The unemployment rate was soaring.
Most Americans feared that the opportunity for reform had already passed, but not Roosevelt.
“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself,” Roosevelt declared in his inaugural address.
3. The First New Deal
In his First Hundred Days, from early March through early June 1933, Roosevelt persuaded
Congress to pass fifteen major pieces of legislation to help bankers, farmers, industrialists, workers,
homeowners, the unemployed, and the hungry.
Not all of the new laws helped to relieve distress and promote recovery, but, in the short term, that seemed
to matter little.
He also prevailed on Congress to repeal Prohibition.
The 21st Amendment to the Constitution repealed the 18th Amendment, which had mandated a nationwide
Prohibition on alcohol.
Roosevelt had brought excitement and hope to the nation – he was confident, decisive, and defiantly
cheery.
4.
5. The First New Deal
Roosevelt used the radio to reach out to ordinary Americans.
On the second Sunday after his inauguration, he launched a series of radio addresses known as “fireside
chats,” speaking in a plain, friendly, and direct voice to the desolate and discouraged.
In his first chat, he explained the banking crisis in simple terms but without condescension.
“I want to take a few minutes to talk with the people of the United States about banking,” he began and an
estimated twenty million Americans listened.
To hear the president speaking warmly and conversationally – as though he were actually there in the
room – was riveting.
6.
7. The First New Deal,
1933-1935
Conservative Programs and Policies
8. Saving the Banks
Roosevelt’s first order of business was to save the nation’s financial system.
He immediately ordered all of the nation’s banks closed – a bold move he boldly called a “bank holiday.”
At his request, Congress rushed through the Emergency Banking Act (EBA), which made federal
loans available to private bankers, and followed that with the Economy Act (EA), which committed
the government to balancing the budget.
Both the EBA and the EA were fiscally conservative programs that Herbert Hoover had proposed.
The EBA made it possible for private bankers to retain financial control of their institutions and the EA
announced the government’s intention of pursuing a fiscally prudent course.
Only after the financial crisis had eased did Roosevelt turn to the structural reform of banking.
9. Saving the Banks
A second Glass-Steagall Act (1933) separated commercial banking from investment banking.
It also created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which assured depositors that the
government would protect up to $5,000 of their savings.
The Securities Act (1933) and the Securities Exchange Act (1934) imposed long-overdue
regulations on the New York Stock Exchange, both by reining in buying on the margin and by
establishing the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to enforce federal law.
10. Economic Relief
Roosevelt understood the need to balance financial caution with compassion.
Congress responded swiftly in 1933 to Roosevelt’s request to establish the Federal Emergency
Relief Administration (FERA), granting it $500 million for relief to the poor.
To head FERA, Roosevelt appointed a brash young reformer, Harry Hopkins, who disbursed $2 million
during his first two hours on the job.
Roosevelt next won congressional approval for the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which put
more than two million single young men to work planting trees, halting erosion, and otherwise
improving the environment.
The following winter, Roosevelt launched the Civil Works Administration (CWA), an ambitious
work-relief program, also under Harry Hopkins’s direction, which hired four million unemployed at
$15 per week and put them to work on 400,000 small-scale government projects.
11. Harry Hopkins
Interesting Facts
• Roosevelt began to mentor Hopkins as his presidential
successor in the late 1930s; however, as Hopkins
struggled with a bout stomach cancer and with the
advent of war in Europe, Roosevelt choose to run for an
unprecedented third term in 1940.
• On May 10, 1940, after a long night of political
discussions, Roosevelt urged a tired Hopkins to stay for
dinner and then the night – he would live in a second-
floor White House bedroom for three-and-a-half years.
• During World War II, Hopkins became the administrator
of the $50 billion Lend Lease program, which delivered
aid to the Allied Powers.
12.
13.
14. Agricultural and Industrial Reform
In 1933, Roosevelt expected economic recovery to come not from relief, but through agricultural and
industrial reform.
He regarded the Agricultural Adjustment Act, passed in May, and the National Industrial
Recovery Act (NIRA), passed in June, as the most important legislation of his hundred Days.
Both were based on the idea that limiting production would trigger economic recovery.
By shrinking the supply of agricultural and manufactured goods, Roosevelt’s economists reasoned,
they could restore the balance of normal market forces.
As demand for scarce goods exceeded supply, prices would rise and revenues would climb.
Farmers and industrialists, earning a profit once again, would increase their investment in new
technology and hire more workers, and prosperity and full employment would be the final result.
15. Agricultural Reform
To limit farm production, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), which was set up
by the Agricultural Adjustment Act, began paying farmers to keep a portion of their land out of
cultivation and to reduce the size of their herds.
The AAA made no provisions, however, for the countless tenant farmers and farm laborers who would be
thrown out of work by the reduction in acreage.
In 1936, the Supreme Court ruled that the AAA-mandated limits on farm production constituted an
illegal restraint of trade.
Congress responded by passing the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act, which justified the
removal of land from cultivation for reasons of conservation rather than economics – the inspiration for
this act was the soil problems of the Great Plains..
This new act also called on landowners to share their government subsidies with sharecroppers and tenant
farmers.
16. Industrial Reform
American industry was so vast that the Roosevelt administration never contemplated paying
individual manufacturers direct subsidies to reduce or halt production.
Instead, the government decided to limit production through persuasion and association – techniques that
Herbert Hoover had also favored.
To head the National Recovery Administration (NRA), authorized under the National Industrial
Recovery Act, Roosevelt chose General Hugh Johnson.
Johnson’s first task was to persuade industrialists and businessmen to agree to raise employee wages to a
minimum of 30 to 40 cents per hour and to limit employee hours to a maximum of 30 to 40 hours per
week.
17. Hugh S. Johnson
Interesting Facts
• Johnson attended the United States Military
Academy at West Point with Douglas MacArthur
from 1899 to 1903 – MacArthur finished 1st of 94
while Johnson finished 53rd of 94.
• Time magazine named Johnson the 1933 “Man of
the Year” over Roosevelt in recognition for his
relief efforts with the NRA.
• In 1934, Roosevelt felt that Johnson was no longer
useful to the NRA or his administration and asked
him to resign – Johnson would become, by 1936,
the biggest critic of Roosevelt and his New Deal.
18.
19. Industrial Reform
Johnson launched a high-powered publicity campaign:
He distributed NRA pamphlets and pins throughout the nation.
He used the radio to exhort all Americans to do their part.
He staged an NRA celebration in Yankee Stadium and a parade down New York City’s Fifth Avenue.
He sent letters to millions of employers asking them to place a “blue eagle” – the logo of the NRA – on
store-fronts, at factory entrances, and on company stationery to signal their participation in the campaign to
limit and restore prosperity.
Johnson, understood, that his propaganda campaign could not by itself guarantee recovery so he
brought together the largest producers in every sector of manufacturing and asked each group to
work out a code of fair competition that would specify prices, wages, and hours throughout each
sector.
20. Blue Eagle
Campaign
In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1933,
DeBenneville “Bert” Bell formed a
new National Football League
franchise to replace the defunct
Frankford Yellow Jackets, naming this
team the Eagles in recognition of the
NRA Blue Eagle – a name the team
retains today.
21. Industrial Reform
In the summer and fall of 1933, the NRA codes drawn up for steel, textiles, coal mining, rubber,
garment manufacture, and other industries seemed to be working.
The economy improved and Americans began to hope for an end to the depression.
But in the winter and spring of 1934, economic indicators plunged downward once again and
manufacturers began to disregard the code provisions.
By fall 1934, it was clear that the NRA had failed.
When the Supreme Court declared the NRA codes unconstitutional in May 1935, the Roosevelt
administration allowed the agency to die.
22. Rebuilding the Nation’s Infrastructure
In addition to establishing the NRA, the National Industrial Recovery Act launched the Public
Works Administration (PWA).
The PWA had a $5.3 billion budget to sponsor internal improvements that would strengthen the nation’s
infrastructure of roads, bridges, sewage systems, hospitals, airports, and schools.
These projects could be justified in terms that conservatives approved – economic investment rather than
short-term relief.
The PWA authorized the building of three major dams in the West – the Grand Coulee, Boulder, and
Bonneville – that opened up large stretches of Arizona, California, and Washington to industrial and
agricultural development.
It funded the construction of the Triborough Bridge in New York City and the 100-mile causeway linking
Florida to Key West.
It also appropriated money for the construction of thousands of new schools between 1933 and 1939.
23.
24. The TVA Alternative
One piece of legislation passed during Roosevelt’s First New Deal specified a strategy for economic
recovery significantly different from the one promoted by the NIRA.
The Tennessee Valley Authority Act (1933) called for the government – rather than private
corporations – to promote economic development throughout the Tennessee Valley, a vast river basin
winding through parts of Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina.
The act created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) to control flooding on the Tennessee River, harness
its water power to generate electricity, develop local industry, improve river navigability, and ease the poverty
and isolation of the area’s inhabitants.
This act revealed that the Roosevelt administration was fully committed to a government-planned and
government-operated economy.
25.
26. The TVA Alternative
The accomplishments of the TVA were many.
It built, completed, or improved more than twenty dams, including the large Wheeler Dam near Muscle
Shoals in Alabama.
At several dam sites the TVA built hydroelectric generators and soon became the nation’s largest
producer of electricity.
Its low rates compelled private utility companies to reduce their rates as well.
The TVA also constructed waterways to bypass non-navigable stretches of the river, reduced the
danger of flooding, and taught farmers how to prevent soil erosion and use fertilizers.
Although the TVA was one of the New Deal’s most celebrated successes, the thought of replacing
the NRA with a nationwide TVA made little headway.
The New Deal never embraced the idea of the federal government as a substitute for private enterprise.
27.
28. Political Unrest, 1934-1935
Some critics were disturbed by what they perceived as the conservative character of New Deal
programs.
Banking reforms, the AAA, and the NRA, they alleged, all seemed to favor large economic interests while
the ordinary American was being ignored.
In the South and Midwest, millions listened regularly to the radio addresses of Louisiana Senator
Huey Long, a former governor of that state and an accomplished orator.
Long offered a simple solution to Roosevelt’s New Deal policies: “Break up the swollen fortunes of
America and…spread the wealth among all our people.”
He called for the redistribution of wealth that would guarantee each American family a $5,000 estate.
29. Huey Long
Interesting Facts
• Long was an passionate supporter of Louisiana
State University, quadrupling the size of the LSU
band and co-writing music that is still played
today.
• Long was dubbed the “the Kingfish” after the
master of the Mystic Knights of the Sea Lodge to
which the fictional “Amos ‘n’ Andy” belonged.
• On September 8, 1935, at 9:20 a.m. Long was
assassinated by Dr. Carl Weiss in a hallway of the
Louisiana State Capital – Long’s bodyguards
returned fire and shot Weiss sixty-two times.
30. Political Unrest, 1934-1935
Long’s rhetoric inspired hundreds of thousands of Americans to support his Share the Wealth
program under the motto “every man a king.”
Most came from middle-class ranks or from the ranks of skilled workers.
By 1935, Roosevelt regarded Long as the man most likely to unseat him in the presidential election of
1936.
Before that campaign began, however, Long was murdered by an assassin.
31. Political Unrest, 1934-1935
Meanwhile, in the Midwest, Father Charles Coughlin, the “radio priest,” delivered his stinging
critique of the New Deal to a weekly radio audience of 30 to 40 million listeners.
Like Long, Coughlin appealed to anxious middle-class Americans and to privileged groups of workers who
believed that middle-class status was slipping from their grasp.
A devoted Roosevelt supporter at first – he once called the New Deal “Christ’s Deal” – Coughlin had
become, by 1934, a harsh critic.
He charged that the New Deal was run by bankers and the NRA simply aimed to revive corporate profits
without concern for the average working man.
He founded the National Union of Social Justice (NUSJ) in 1934 as a precursor to a political party
that would challenge the Democrats in 1936.
32. Political Unrest, 1934-1935
Coughlin increasingly admired dictators such as Italy’s Benito Mussolini who built their power and
programs through decree rather than through democratic consent.
If necessary, he admitted in 1936, he would “dictate to preserve democracy.”
Although Coughlin was a compelling speaker, he failed to build the NUSJ into an effective political
force.
Embittered, Coughlin moved further to the political right – denouncing democracy and accusing Jewish
bankers of masterminding a world conspiracy to rob the laboring masses.
By 1939, his accusations became so extreme that some radio stations refused to carry his addresses, but
millions of ordinary Americans continued to put their faith in the “radio priest.”
33. Fr. Charles Coughlin
Interesting Facts
• Coughlin’s radio broadcasts began in 1926 in
response to the cross burnings by the Ku Klux
Klan on his church’s grounds.
• Ambassador Joe Kennedy and Cardinal Eugenio
Pacelli (the future Pope Pius XII) were successful
in getting the Vatican to silence Coughlin in 1936.
• Coughlin was often mocked in 1942 through the
political cartoons of Theodor Seuss Geisel, best
known for his pen name – Dr. Seuss.
34. Political Unrest, 1934-1935
Another popular figure was Francis E. Townsend, a California doctor who claimed that the way to
end the depression was to give every senior citizen $200 per month with the stipulation that seniors
would spend that money, which would put money into circulation and reviving economic demand.
The Townsend Plan also made clear the need for some kind of pension program to ease the plight of the
nation’s elderly.
While the Townsend movement did not last long, it did prod a nervous Roosevelt administration to
make relief for the elderly – a program that would be labeled Social Security – an important
component of the New Deal.
35. Dr. Francis Townsend
Interesting Facts
• Townsend joined the Army Medical Corps in
1917 when the United States entered the First
World War.
• Townsend left his life of medicine for politics in
1933 after he witnessed three elderly women
rummaging through the garbage cans in the alley
for food.
• In 1936, Townsend was prosecuted by the U.S.
Department of Justice for contempt of
Congress; however, FDR commuted his thirty
day prison sentence.
36. The Second New Deal,
1935-1937
Liberal Programs and Policies
37. The Second New Deal
Congress passed much of that legislation in January to June 1935 – a period that came to be known
as the Second New Deal.
Two of the acts were of historic importance: the Social Security Act and the National Labor Relations Act.
The Social Security Act, passed in May, required the states to set up welfare funds from which
money would be disbursed to the elderly poor, the unemployed, unmarried mothers with dependent
children, and the disabled.
It also enrolled a majority of working Americans in a pension program that guaranteed them a steady
income upon retirement.
A federal system of employer and employee taxation was set up to fund the pensions.
The Social Security Act of 1935 provided a sturdy foundation on which future presidents and
congresses would erect the American welfare state.
38. The Second New Deal
Equally historic was the passage, in June, of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), which
delivered what the NRA had only promised: the right of every worker to join a union of his or her
choosing and the obligation of employers to bargain with that union in good faith.
The NLRA, also called the Wagner Act after its Senate sponsor, Robert Wagner of New York, set up
a National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to supervise union elections and to investigate claims
of unfair labor practices.
The NLRB was staffed by federal appointees, who would have the power to impose fines on employers who
violated the law.
39. The Second New Deal
Roosevelt directed most of the new relief money, however, to the Works Progress Administration
(WPA) under the direction of Harry Hopkins, now known as the New Deal’s “minister of relief.”
The WPA built or improved thousands of schools, playgrounds, airports, and hospitals.
WPA crews raked leaves, cleaned streets, and landscaped cities.
In the process, the WPA provided jobs to approximately 30 percent of the nation’s unemployed.
By the end of the thirties, the WPA, the PWA, the newly expanded RFC, and other agencies had built
500,000 miles of roads, 100,000 bridges, 100,000 public buildings, and 600 airports.
The WPA also funded a vast program of public art, supporting the work of thousands of painters,
architects, writers, playwrights, actors, and intellectuals.
Beyond extending relief to struggling artists, it fostered the creation of art that spoke to the concerns of
ordinary Americans, adorned public building with colorful murals, and boosted public morale.
40.
41.
42. The New Democratic Coalition
Roosevelt described his Second New Deal as a program to limit the power and privilege of the
wealthy few and to increase the security and welfare of ordinary citizens.
In his 1936 reelection campaign, he called on workers to strip the corporations of their power and
“save a great and precious form of government for ourselves and the world.”
American voters responded by handing Roosevelt the greatest landslide victory in the history of American
politics.
He received 61 percent of the popular vote while Alf Landon of Kansas, his Republican opponent,
received only 37 percent.
Only two states – Maine and Vermont – representing a mere eight electoral votes, went for Landon.
43.
44. The New Democratic Coalition
The 1936 election won the Democratic Party its reputation as the party of reform and the party of
the “forgotten America.”
Of the six million Americans who went to the polls for the first time, five million voted for Roosevelt.
Among the poorest Americans, Roosevelt received 80 percent of the vote.
Black votes in the North deserted the Republican Party – the “Party of Lincoln” – calculating that their
interests would best be served by the “Party of the Common Man.”
Roosevelt also did well among white middle-class voters, many of whom stood to benefit from the Social
Security Act.
These groups would constitute the “Roosevelt Coalition” for most of the next forty years, helping
to solidify the Democratic Party as the new majority party in American politics.
45. Stalemate, 1937-1940
By 1937 and 1938, the New Deal had begun to lose momentum.
The president’s proposal on February 5, 1937, to alter the makeup of the Supreme Court worsened
middle-class fears.
Roosevelt asked Congress to give him the power to appoint one new Supreme Court justice for every
member of the court who was older than age 70 and who had served for at least ten years.
His reasoning was that the current justices were too old and feeble to handle the large volume of cases
coming before them; however, his real purpose was to prevent the conservative justices on the court from
dismantling his New Deal.
His proposal, if accepted, would have given him the authority to appoint six additional justices,
thereby securing a pro-New Deal majority.
46. Stalemate, 1937-1940
The president seemed genuinely surprised by the outrage that greeted his “court-packing” proposal.
This anger united Republicans, conservative Democrats in the South, an civil libertarians into an anti-New
Deal coalition that was determined to protect private property and government integrity.
Ironically, Roosevelt’s court packing scheme may have been unnecessary.
In March 1937, just one month after he proposed his plan, Supreme Court Justice Owen J. Roberts, a former
opponent of New Deal programs, decided to support them.
In April and May, the Court upheld the constitutionality of the Wagner Act and Social Security Act,
both by a 5-to-4 margin – the principal reforms of the Second New Deal would endure.
Roosevelt allowed his court-reform proposal to die in Congress that summer.
Within three years, five of the aging justices had retired, giving Roosevelt the opportunity to fashion a court
more to his liking – nonetheless, Roosevelt’s reputation had suffered.
47.
48. Stalemate, 1937-1940
Whatever hope Roosevelt may have had for a quick recovery from the court-packing fiasco was
dashed by a sharp recession that struck the country in late 1937 and 1938.
The New Deal programs of 1935 had stimulated the economy, which prompted Roosevelt to scale
back relief programs.
Meanwhile, new payroll taxes took $2 billion from wage earners’ salaries to finance the Social Security
pension fund even though benefits would not be paid out until 1941.
Thus, the federal government substantially shrunk the volume of dollars it was putting into
circulation.
Starved for money, the economy and stock market crashed once again.
Unemployment, which had fallen to 14 percent, shot back up to 20 percent.