Voltage Source Inverter VSI - Six Step Switching
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This presentation describes the Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) - Six Step Switching - Pole voltages and its control - Frequency control of line voltages
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Ideal and practical inverter have sinusoidal and no-sinusoidal waveforms at output respectively.
If the input dc is a voltage source, the inverter is called a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). One can similarly think of a Current Source Inverter (CSI), where the input to the circuit is a current source. The VSI circuit has direct control over ‘output (ac) voltage’ whereas the CSI directly controls ‘output (ac) current.
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Inverter is a device which convert a DC input supply voltage into symmetric AC voltage of desired magnitude and frequency at the output side. It is also know as DC-AC converter.
Ideal and practical inverter have sinusoidal and no-sinusoidal waveforms at output respectively.
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Introduction
1. Shunt compensation involves connecting FACTS devices in parallel with transmission lines to act as controllable current sources.
2. There are two types of shunt compensation: shunt capacitive compensation improves power factor by injecting a leading current, while shunt inductive compensation increases power transfer capability by reducing voltage amplification.
3. Examples of FACTS devices for shunt compensation include STATCOM, SVC using TCR, TSC and TSR to continuously or stepwise vary the equivalent reactance.
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The document discusses reactive power and voltage control in power systems. It defines voltage collapse as occurring when the system is unable to meet the reactive power demand, typically due to heavy loading, faults, or insufficient reactive power generation/compensation. Voltage collapse can be studied by examining the generation, transmission, and consumption of reactive power in the system. The nature of voltage collapse can be transient or long-term depending on the time scale of the disturbance and system components involved. Analytical methods for assessing voltage stability treat the system as a two-bus model and define a critical voltage and reactance value below which the system becomes unstable. Reactive power support measures are needed to maintain voltage stability.
importance of reactive power in power system
Reactive power is necessary to maintain adequate voltage levels to transmit active power across transmission systems. It is required for system reliability and to prevent voltage collapse. Voltage is controlled by managing the production and absorption of reactive power on the system. Both insufficient reactive power and excessive reactive power can cause voltage issues and equipment problems if voltage is not properly regulated. Reactive power reserves are also required to maintain voltage stability under contingency events like generator or transmission line outages.
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This document discusses four types of modifications that can be made to an existing power network to revise the Z-bus representation. Type 1 involves adding a branch impedance between a new bus and the reference bus. Type 2 adds a branch between a new bus and an existing bus. Type 3 adds a branch between an existing bus and the reference bus. Type 4 adds a branch between two existing buses. The document presents figures to illustrate each type and provides the corresponding equations to update the Z-bus matrix for the network.
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This document discusses DC motor drives. It provides an overview of DC drives, including their applications, advantages, and types. It describes the basic characteristics and operating modes of shunt, series, and separately excited DC motors, including motoring, regenerative braking, dynamic braking, and plugging modes. It also discusses four quadrant operation of DC motors.
Choice of converter configuration
The document discusses converter configurations and analyzes a 12 pulse converter. It begins by explaining pulse number and valve/switch types in converters. It then discusses how converter configuration is selected based on pulse number to maximize valve and transformer utilization. It provides equations for peak inverse voltage, utilization factor, and transformer rating calculations. Finally, it analyzes a 12 pulse converter, explaining how two transformers connected in star-star and star-delta configurations produce 12 pulses of output with each pulse having a 30 degree duration.
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The document summarizes the analysis of a Graetz circuit, which is used in HVDC transmission, under two scenarios: without overlap and with overlap between thyristor valves. In the without overlap scenario, the analysis assumes valves switch on and off instantaneously with no two valves on at once. This allows simplifying the circuit to determine voltage and current waveforms. When overlap is considered and two valves can be on simultaneously, the analysis is more complex with different operation modes identified depending on the overlap angle. Key aspects of voltage, current, power factor and harmonics are derived.
Dual converters (1)
A dual converter is an electronic device that combines two bridges, where one bridge acts as a rectifier to convert AC to DC and the other acts as an inverter to convert DC back to AC. There are two main types - single phase and three phase dual converters. In operation, one converter acts as a rectifier while the other acts as an inverter to provide reversible DC power. Dual converters are commonly used for speed control of DC motors in industrial applications where reversible DC power is required.
Speed control of dc motors
The document discusses speed control methods for DC motors. It describes various types of speed control for DC series and shunt motors, including flux control, armature voltage control, potential divider control, and applied voltage control. It also discusses the Ward-Leonard system of speed control, which uses a motor-generator set to provide smooth and rapid variable speed control and is commonly used for elevators and industrial machinery. The document outlines advantages like smooth wide range speed variation but also disadvantages like low efficiency and high initial cost.
DC DC Converter
DC-DC converters are circuits that convert a DC voltage to another DC voltage level. They use switching elements like transistors and power switches to efficiently step up or step down voltage. The buck converter is a common DC-DC converter topology that can step down voltage. It uses a switch, inductor, diode, and capacitor. By periodically opening and closing the switch, the inductor filters the output to produce a lower average voltage. The output voltage of an ideal buck converter is equal to the input voltage multiplied by the duty cycle of the switch. Real converters have non-ideal components that cause additional voltage ripple. Proper component selection and design considerations are needed to minimize ripple.
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The document describes space vector modulation (SVM), an advanced switching algorithm for voltage source inverters that controls AC induction motors. SVM gives 15% more voltage output compared to sine PWM, improving voltage utilization and minimizing total harmonic distortion and switching losses. It represents the three-phase motor voltages as vectors in space and controls motor voltage and frequency by controlling the amplitude and frequency of the reference space vector. The SVM algorithm allows generating the maximum possible line-to-line voltage of the DC bus supply voltage, improving motor torque and dynamic response over sine PWM.
Advanced Polyphase Metering
John Kretzschmar presented on advanced polyphase metering on June 20, 2017. The presentation covered the evolution of meters and loads over time, from the past to present and possibilities for the future. It also discussed changes in communications and how non-linear loads have impacted the basic computations of metering. The bulk of the presentation was focused on providing an overview of three-phase power concepts including phasors, voltage and current relationships, and different connection types for three-phase systems.
DTC BASic model
The document discusses space vector modulation (SVM) of a three-phase two-level inverter. It describes how SVM represents three-phase voltages as a single rotating space vector and generates the reference space vector by switching between the inverter's active and zero states vectors. Specifically, it explains how the reference vector position is used to determine the appropriate sector and switching sequence to synthesize the vector over one sampling period.
sboa508.pdf
The document discusses limitations on amplifier input common mode range and output swing due to transistor operating characteristics in different input and output stage topologies. It provides examples of how limitations can be addressed through design modifications like level shifting inputs or outputs. Complimentary input stages can provide near rail-to-rail input common mode range, while bipolar and CMOS output stages have limitations related to transistor saturation voltages and resistances that constrain the output swing.
PE UNIT IV - INVERTERS.pptx
This document discusses different types of inverters used in power electronics. It describes that an inverter converts DC power to AC power at a desired output voltage and frequency. It then classifies inverters as line-commutated and force-commutated. Various inverter circuits are presented including half-bridge, full-bridge, and three-phase inverters. The 180 and 120 degree modes of operation for three-phase inverters are explained. Pulse width modulation techniques for inverters like sinusoidal PWM and modified sinusoidal PWM are introduced. Current source inverters are also briefly discussed.
EVF Series for Electric Vehicle
This document provides specifications for various VRLA Gel battery models for electric vehicles. It includes details on battery dimensions, voltages, capacities, charge methods and parameters. The charge method involves pre-charge, constant current, constant voltage limited current, trickle and float charge stages. The document also summarizes key features of the batteries such as extra long life, high reliability and safety, high environmental adaptability, and an environmentally friendly non-cadmium design.
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Voltage Source Inverter VSI - Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Voltage Source Inverter VSI - Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Three phase inverter - 180 and 120 Degree Mode of Conduction
Three phase inverter - 180 and 120 Degree Mode of Conduction
Line Differential - Test report for Alstom make Micom P546 relay
Line Differential - Test report for Alstom make Micom P546 relay
Voltage regulation techniques used in power systems
Voltage regulation techniques used in power systems
Comparator, Zero Crossing Detector and schmitt trigger using opamp
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Original Driver Mosfet IRS21814STRPBF IRS21814S 21814 SOP-14 New Internationa...
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Vf controlo of 3 phase induction motor using space vector modulation
Vf controlo of 3 phase induction motor using space vector modulation
More from Citharthan Durairaj
Equivalent Circuit, Phasor Diagram, Power Factor Control , V & Inverted V Cur...
This video describes the Equivalent Circuit, Phasor Diagram, Power Factor Control , V & Inverted V Curve of Synchronous Motor
For video please click the below link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdEAc_IHLbA&t=118s
Closed Loop I-F control using six step current source inverter
This document describes the Closed loop I-F control of Induction motor using six step Current Source Inverter (CSI).
For Explanation video- Please see my you tube channel - Future of EEE
V/F control of Induction Motor - Variable voltage and Variable frequency
This presentation describes Principle of Variable voltage and Variable frequency- the open loop & closed loop Voltage/Frequency (V/F) control of Induction motor with torque speed characteristics -
Voltage control of Induction Motor
This presentation describes the
Line Voltage Control - Torque Speed Characteristics - Methods -Advantages - Disadvantages - Applications of Voltage control
Equivalent circuit of Induction Motor
This presentation describes the per-phase equivalent circuit of induction motor - Power flow diagram - Ratio of air gap power, rotor copper loss and mechanical power developed.
Torque speed characteristics of Squirrel cage & Slip ring induction motors
This video describes the Torque - Slip / Torque- Speed Characteristics of three phase squirrel cage induction motor and slip ring induction motor- also describes the Condition for the maximum torque - Pullout torque and Pullout torque equation
Induction Motor- Principle of Operation
This presentation describes the Principle of Operation - Squirrel cage Induction motor
Classification of Induction motors
Rotating Magnetic flux- Relative Motion - Faradays law- Lenz law
Steps to be done in blynk app to get alert notification or email
This presentation describes the
Steps to be done in Blynk App to get alert notification
Steps to be done in Blynk App to get email
Steps to be done in arduino ide for monitoring
This presentation describes the Steps to be done in Arduino IDE & Monitoring the sensor values in blynk app. Program given
Steps to be done in node mcu for monitoring
This Presentation describes the Steps to be done in Node MCU for monitoring LM35 temperature sensor- Connection diagram
Circuit diagram
Steps to be done in blynk app for monitoring
This video describes the monitoring of sensor values/ random values using blynk app and FRED IoT
Steps to be done in Blynk App & Steps to be done in FRED IoT
IoT Introduction
This Presentation describes the
Introduction to IoT - What is IoT ?
An Example - Home automation - Hardware and Software
If you have questions, please don't hesitate to ask in the comment section.
Pls like, share and subscribe. Thank you!
#FutureofEEE
stepper motors
There are three main types of stepper motors: variable reluctance, permanent magnet, and hybrid. Variable reluctance stepper motors use changes in magnetic reluctance to rotate and can be single or multi-stack. They provide high torque but have torque ripple issues. Permanent magnet stepper motors use permanent magnets on the rotor and have bipolar drive circuits. They can achieve a 45 degree step angle through alternate single and two phase excitation. Hybrid stepper motors combine features of variable reluctance and permanent magnet motors, with a 4 pole stator and 5 pole rotor construction. Each motor type has advantages and disadvantages related to torque, torque ripple, and drive circuit complexity.
PMBLDC motors
1) The document discusses permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motors and their control. It explains that the desired current waveform for each phase must be estimated based on the instantaneous rotor position to satisfy the maximum torque at minimum current principle.
2) The desired current is provided to the phases through driver circuits containing six transistors, which are switched on based on whether the desired current is positive or negative.
3) Rotor position is typically sensed using three Hall sensors spaced 120 degrees apart, though sensorless control is also possible using back EMF measurements. Control circuit design and operation are also briefly outlined.
Parallel operation of alternators 1
1) For alternators to operate in parallel, they must be synchronized by having equal line voltage, frequency, phase sequence, phase angle, and waveform.
2) When alternators are synchronized and operating in parallel with no load, a circulating current will flow if their speeds or excitations differ slightly.
3) This circulating current acts to resynchronize the alternators by speeding up the slower one and slowing the faster one through their functioning as motor and generator respectively, until steady state is reached with no circulating current.
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Equivalent Circuit, Phasor Diagram, Power Factor Control , V & Inverted V Cur...
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Closed Loop I-F control using six step current source inverter
Closed Loop I-F control using six step current source inverter
V/F control of Induction Motor - Variable voltage and Variable frequency
V/F control of Induction Motor - Variable voltage and Variable frequency
Torque speed characteristics of Squirrel cage & Slip ring induction motors
Torque speed characteristics of Squirrel cage & Slip ring induction motors
Steps to be done in blynk app to get alert notification or email
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Heap Sort (SS).ppt FOR ENGINEERING GRADUATES, BCA, MCA, MTECH, BSC STUDENTS
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Hori...
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Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptx
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
一比一原版(UC Berkeley毕业证)加利福尼亚大学|伯克利分校毕业证成绩单专业办理
UC Berkeley毕业证原版定制【微信：176555708】【加利福尼亚大学|伯克利分校毕业证成绩单-学位证】【微信：176555708】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
◆◆◆◆◆ — — — — — — — — 【留学教育】留学归国服务中心 — — — — — -◆◆◆◆◆
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微信：176555708】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微信：176555708】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
学历顾问：微信：176555708
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniques
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
哪里办理(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
在线办理(ANU毕业证书)澳洲国立大学毕业证录取通知书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(ANU毕业证书)澳洲国立大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Building Electrical System Design & Installation
Guide for Building Electrical System Design & Installation
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
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Heap Sort (SS).ppt FOR ENGINEERING GRADUATES, BCA, MCA, MTECH, BSC STUDENTS
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RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Hori...
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Hori...
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptx
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptx
Tutorial for 16S rRNA Gene Analysis with QIIME2.pdf
Tutorial for 16S rRNA Gene Analysis with QIIME2.pdf
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniques
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniques
ACRP 4-09 Risk Assessment Method to Support Modification of Airfield Separat...
ACRP 4-09 Risk Assessment Method to Support Modification of Airfield Separat...
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
Voltage Source Inverter VSI - Six Step Switching
- 1. SPEED CONTROL METHODS OF INDUCTION MOTOR 1) Line voltage control 2) Line frequency control Variable frequency constant voltage Voltage/Frequency control (V/F) Voltage Source Inverter fed induction motor drive Current Source Inverter fed induction motor drive 3) Rotor resistance control - used only in slip ring Induction motor 4) Slip power recovery scheme - used only in slip ring Induction motor Six Step PWM
- 2. VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER FED 3 PHASE IM - SIX STEP SWITCHING HOW FREQUENCY CONTROL IS DONE USING SIX STEP SWITCHING ? S1 S3 S5 S2 S4 S6 VA0 VB0 VC0 A B C VA0, VB0 , VC0 = POLE VOLTAGES (You can directly control these pole voltage by controlling the gate voltages of IGBT switches!) For example: • When S1 (upper) turned ON then, VA0 +V/2 • When S2 (lower) turned ON then, VA0 - V/2 • When S3 (upper) turned ON then, VBO +V/2 • When S4 (lower) turned ON then, VBO -V/2 • When S5 (upper) turned ON then, VC0 +V/2 • When S5 (upper) turned ON then, VC0 -V/2 But in V/F control, what we need to control is “frequency” of line voltages (VAB, VBC, VCA) VAB (0 DEG Phase shift) = VA0 – VB0 VBC (120 DEG Phase shift)= VB0 – VC0 VCA (240 DEG Phase shift)= VC0 – VA0 { If we control the pole voltages, then it is possible to control the frequency of line voltages 1st leg 2nd leg 3rd leg V/2 V/2 V 0V + - + -
- 3. VA0 +V/2 (S1 turned ON) -V/2 (S2 turned ON) +V/2 (S1 turned ON) +V/2 -V/2-V/2(S4 turned ON) (S3 turned ON) (S4 turned ON) VB0 VC0 +V/2 (S5 turned ON) - V/2 (S6 turned ON) - V/2 (S6 turned ON) +V/2 (S5) VAB VAB = VA0 – VB0 +V ZERO -V +VZERO +V +V +V - V - V - V - V VBC = VB0 – VC0 VBC VCA VCA = VC0 – VA0 ZERO ZERO ZERO ZERO ZERO ZERO 120 degree 60 degree HOW CONTROLLED GATE VOLTAGES ARE GENERATED IN SIX STEP SWITCHING?- ARE GENERATED TO GET POLE VOLTAGES AS BELOW180 degree
- 4. ONE TIME PERIOD (T) ; f = 1/T ONE TIME PERIOD (T) ; f = 1/T HOW TO CONTROL THE FREQUENCY OF LINE VOLTAGE VAB? “Here Frequency of Line voltage VAB increases - By increasing the switching frequency of S1,S2, S3 & S4 OR in other words by decreasing the switching time of S1, S2, S3, S4” 120 DEGREE 120 DEGREE
- 5. HOW TO FIND THE PHASE VOLTAGE VAN ? VAN = VA0 – VN0 (1) VBN = VBO – VN0 (2) VCN = VC0 – VNO (3) For a balanced three phase operation: VAN + VBN + VCN = 0 VN0 = VA0 – VAN (4) VN0 = VB0 – VBN (5) VNO = VCO- VCN (6) ADDING 4, 5, 6 3VN0 = VA0+VB0+VCO – (VAN+VBN+VCN) So , 3VN0 = VA0+VB0+VCO (OR) VNO = (VA0+VBO+VCO)/3 (7) VN0 +V/6 - V/6 VAN VAN = VA0 – VN0 SIX STEPPED WAVE (PHASE VOLTAGES) THE REASON FOR THE NAME SIX STEP SWITCHING Substitute (7) in (1) VAN = 2/3 (VA0) – 1/3 (VB0+VC0)
- 6. 1) VSI 2) CSI DOWNLOAD (PPT & PDF) IN THE DESCRIPTION