The document discusses various logic gate designs using CMOS technology. It begins with descriptions of basic CMOS gates like inverters, NOR gates and NAND gates. It then covers more complex gates like XOR and XNOR gates. Alternative gate designs like pass transistor logic, transmission gates, pseudo-NMOS logic, dynamic CMOS logic, domino CMOS logic, clocked CMOS logic and n-p CMOS logic are also explained. The advantages and disadvantages of each design are provided.

1. VLSI-GATE LEVEL DESIGN
-BY N.C.CHANDU PRASANTH

2. General Logic Circuit
General Logic Circuit:

3. CMOS STATIC LOGIC

5. CMOS INVERTER

6. WORKING OF CMOS INVERTER

7. Explanation of Working Operation

8. CMOS NOR GATE

9. Working of CMOS NOR Gate

10. CMOS NAND GATE

11. Working of CMOS NAND Gate

12. Complex Gates in CMOS Logic

13. AOI Logic Function(or) Design of XOR
Gate Using CMOS Logic

14. CMOS Implementation

15. Steps for CMOS Implementation

18. OAI Logic Function(or) Design of
XNOR Gate Using CMOS Logic

19. CMOS Implementation

20. Switch Logic

21. Pass Transistor

23. Advantages &Disadvantages of Pass
Transistor

24. Pass Transistor Logic(PTL)
• Only N_MOS Transistors are Used to design the logic.
• Input Signals are Applied to both Gate and
Drain/Source.
When A=1 Upper NMOS is ON, So
o/p is F=B
When A=0 Upper
NMOS is ON, So o/p is F=B

25. CMOS Transmission Gate
 Actually, It is a Parallel Connection of
N_MOSFET and P-MOSFET that realizes a
simple switch.
 Inputs to the gates of N-MOSFET and P-
MOSFET are Complementary to each other.

26. Working of CMOS Transmission Gate
Case-1
When C=1 and C^=0
Both NMOS&PMOS--------ON
 Nodes A&B-----------Short Circuited
Input Logic is Transferred to Output
Case-2
When C=10and C^=1
Both NMOS&PMOS--------OFF
 Nodes A&B-----------Open Circuited
Actually ,this is Called High-Impedance State.

27. Transmission Gate Symbol

28. Operation of Transmission Gate

29. Advantages &Disadvantages of
Transmission Gate

30. 2- input Multiplexer using CMOS
Transmission Gates

31. Working
Alternative Gate Circuits

32. ALTERNATIVE GATE CIRCUITS
1. Pseudo- NMOS logic
2. Dynamic CMOS logic
(Pseudo –NMOS+NMOS Transistor)
3. Clocked CMOS (C2MOS) logic
4. CMOS domino logic
(Dynamic CMOS + Inveter)
5. n-p CMOS logic

33. General form of Pseudo- NMOS logic
G

34. Description
 It is used as a supplement for the CMOS logic circuits.
 In the pseudo-NMOS logic, the PUN is realized by a
single PMOS transistor.
The gate terminal of the PMOS transistor is connected
to the ground.
P-MOS Transistor remains permanently in the ON state
Depending on the input combinations, output goes low
through the PDN.
Only the NMOS logic (Qn) is driven by the input
Voltage
Qp acts as an active load for Qn.
Except for the load device(P-MOS), the Pseudo-NMOS
gate circuit is identical to the pull-down
network(PDN) of the CMOS gate.

35. Realization of logic circuits using Pseudo-NMOS logic

36. Advantages & Disadvantages of Pseudo N-MOS Logic
Advantages:
1) Uses less number of transistors as compared to
CMOS logic.
2) Geometrical area and delay gets reduced as it
requires less transistors.
3) Low power dissipation.
Disadvantages
1.The main drawback of using a Pseudo NMOS gate
instead of a CMOS gate is that the always on PMOS
load conducts a steady current when the output
voltage is lower than VDD.
2.Layout problems are critical.

37. General form of Dynamic CMOS logic

38. Description
 It is one of the alternate method of reducing
Transistor Count.
It is similar to Pseudo –NMOS Logic except one
additional NMOS Transistor(MN) Connected between
PDN and Ground.
PMOS Transistor in PUN and additional NMOS
Transistor(MN) in PDN are Operated by a Clock Signal
ϕ.
Dynamic Logic Circuit Operates in 2 Phases of Single
Clock Pulse ϕ
Phase-1 (Pre-Charge Phase ϕ =0)
Here, Output is Pre Charged to Logic High Level.
Phase-2 (Evaluation Phase ϕ=1)
Here, Output is evaluated based on applied Input Logic.

39. Dynamic CMOS Logic Example

40. Disadvantages of Dynamic CMOS logic
Dynamic CMOS Circuit has a Serious Problem
When they are cascaded.

41. Advantages of Dynamic CMOS logic

42. General form of CMOS Domino Logic
(Dynamic Logic + Inverter)
ϕ

43. Description
 It is a Slightly modified Version of Dynamic CMOS
Logic Circuit.
A Static Inverter is Connected at the Output of
each dynamic CMOS logic blocks.
Addition of Inverter Solves the Problem of
Cascading of dynamic CMOS logic Circuits.
 It is Suitable for only Non-Inverting Logic(the
expression having no complement over whole
expression)
For Inverting the logic the expression must be
reorganized before it can be realized using
Domino CMOS Logic.

44. Working
Case -1 when ϕ = 0
Output is Pre charged to logic high and O/P of static
Inverter is Low.
Case -2 When ϕ =1
O/P is either 0 (or) 1 Output of static Inverter
can make 0 1 in Evaluation. So, Irrespective of I/P
and O/p of Static Inverter can’t make 1 0 in
Evaluation Phase.
Note:
For, N- Input Logic function we require,
2N Transistors-- Static CMOS
N+2 Transistors- Dynamic CMOS
N+2+2 Transistors Domino CMOS

45. Example of Domino CMOS Logic

46. Clocked CMOS (C2MOS) logic

47. Description
A pull-up p-block and a complementary n-block pull-
down structure represent p and n-transistors
However, the logic in this case is connected to the
output only during the ON period of the clock.
Working
When ø = 1 the circuit acts an inverter , because
transistors Q3 and Q4 are ‘ON’ .
 It is said to be in the “Evaluation mode”. Therefore
the output Z changes its Previous value.
When ø = 0 the circuit is in hold mode, because
transistors Q3 and Q4 ‘OFF’ .
It is said to be in the “Pre Charge mode”. Therefore
the output Z remains its previous value.

48. n-p CMOS logic (NORA)

49. Description
In this, logic the actual logic blocks are
alternatively ‘n’ and ‘p’ in a cascaded structure.
The clock ø and ø^ are used alternatively to fed
the Pre Charge and Evaluate transistors.

50. Disadvantages of N-P CMOS Logic
Here, the P-tree blocks are slower than the
N-tree modules, due to the lower current drive
of the PMOS transistors in the logic network.