visit review on biomass utilization unit , IARI
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visit review of biomass utilization unit, IARI, Pusa, where they brief us about the methods of composting, earthworms, development of composting as a startup for entrepreneurship .
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Phytoalexin
Phytoalexins are antimicrobial compounds produced by plants in response to pathogens like fungi and bacteria. Some key phytoalexins include ipomeamarone from sweet potato, pisatin from pea pods, phaseollin from bean pods, and glyceollin I from soybeans. Phytoalexins are synthesized after the plant recognizes molecules from the pathogen. They function to inhibit pathogen growth through mechanisms like disrupting cell membranes or inhibiting energy production. Their production is part of the plant's defense response and helps contribute to resistance against diseases.
Status and scope of alternate hosts in crop pest management
This document discusses the importance of alternate hosts in crop pest management. It notes that alternate hosts can act as reservoirs for crop pests by providing food, shelter, and oviposition sites. Specific examples are given of weed species that serve as alternate hosts for pests of various crops like rice, cotton, horticultural crops, and more. Alternate hosts can also function as trap crops, natural refugia for Bt crops, and providers of food and shelter for beneficial natural enemies. While alternate hosts play several beneficial roles, their removal is not always advisable as it could also drive pests to infest crops. Careful management of alternate hosts is important for integrated pest management.
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Mutation of plant breeding
The document summarizes the history and process of plant mutagenesis. It discusses how mutation breeding was traced back to 300 BC in China and how the work of Lewis John Stadler in the 1920s-1930s laid the foundation for mutation breeding using X-rays. It also notes that almost 70% of durum wheat and over 400 rice varieties have been developed through mutation breeding programs using physical and chemical mutagens like radiation. The document then explains the key terms, types of mutagens used, factors influencing mutagenesis, types of mutations induced, and the general steps involved in mutation breeding programs.
Tissue culture techniques in plant protection
Tissue culture is used to produce plants through biotechnology. Key points:
- Explant tissue is cultured on nutrient media and hormones induce callus growth.
- Plants can be regenerated from single cells through tissue culture techniques.
- Transgenic plants are produced by transferring foreign genes into plant cells using Agrobacterium or direct methods. Genetically engineered plants help with crop improvement traits.
- While tissue culture and genetic engineering offer benefits, there are also risks like unintended gene transfer and loss of crop diversity that require careful risk assessment.
Floral development
after floral induction, the inflorescence meristem eventually forms the floral meristem. the process is controlled by an array of homeotic genes. this also involves microRNAs for their regulation
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Phytoalexin
Phytoalexins are antimicrobial compounds produced by plants in response to pathogens like fungi and bacteria. Some key phytoalexins include ipomeamarone from sweet potato, pisatin from pea pods, phaseollin from bean pods, and glyceollin I from soybeans. Phytoalexins are synthesized after the plant recognizes molecules from the pathogen. They function to inhibit pathogen growth through mechanisms like disrupting cell membranes or inhibiting energy production. Their production is part of the plant's defense response and helps contribute to resistance against diseases.
Status and scope of alternate hosts in crop pest management
This document discusses the importance of alternate hosts in crop pest management. It notes that alternate hosts can act as reservoirs for crop pests by providing food, shelter, and oviposition sites. Specific examples are given of weed species that serve as alternate hosts for pests of various crops like rice, cotton, horticultural crops, and more. Alternate hosts can also function as trap crops, natural refugia for Bt crops, and providers of food and shelter for beneficial natural enemies. While alternate hosts play several beneficial roles, their removal is not always advisable as it could also drive pests to infest crops. Careful management of alternate hosts is important for integrated pest management.
Bioassay for plant growth regulators
Biological assays are methods for the estimation of nature, constitution or potency of a material by means of the reaction that follows its application to living matter
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INTRODUCTION
OCCURENCE AND IMPORTANCE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WHEAT RUST
BLACK RUST
BROWN RUST
YELLOW RUST
COMPARISION OF ALL THREE RUST
SYMPTOMS
SIGNIFICANCE
HISTORY
RUST CYCLE
STAGES OF PATHOGEN
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RUST CYCLE IN INDIA
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Embryogenesis deepika
1) The document discusses various types of embryogenesis including the Onagrad, Asterad, Solanad, Chenopodiad, and Caryophyllad types.
2) It provides examples of plant families that exhibit each type and describes how the apical and basal cells divide and contribute to embryo formation.
3) General patterns of embryo development are described for dicots using Ceratocephalus falcatus as an example, and for monocots using Najas lacerata.
Mutation of plant breeding
The document summarizes the history and process of plant mutagenesis. It discusses how mutation breeding was traced back to 300 BC in China and how the work of Lewis John Stadler in the 1920s-1930s laid the foundation for mutation breeding using X-rays. It also notes that almost 70% of durum wheat and over 400 rice varieties have been developed through mutation breeding programs using physical and chemical mutagens like radiation. The document then explains the key terms, types of mutagens used, factors influencing mutagenesis, types of mutations induced, and the general steps involved in mutation breeding programs.
Tissue culture techniques in plant protection
Tissue culture is used to produce plants through biotechnology. Key points:
- Explant tissue is cultured on nutrient media and hormones induce callus growth.
- Plants can be regenerated from single cells through tissue culture techniques.
- Transgenic plants are produced by transferring foreign genes into plant cells using Agrobacterium or direct methods. Genetically engineered plants help with crop improvement traits.
- While tissue culture and genetic engineering offer benefits, there are also risks like unintended gene transfer and loss of crop diversity that require careful risk assessment.
Floral development
after floral induction, the inflorescence meristem eventually forms the floral meristem. the process is controlled by an array of homeotic genes. this also involves microRNAs for their regulation
Seed Saving 101
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Juvenility is a developmental stage in seedling plants where they are unable to induce flowers. The length of the juvenile period varies between plant species, from as short as 20-30 days in roses to 4-8 years in apples. During juvenility, seedling plants exhibit characteristics like vigorous leaf growth, whip-like shoot growth, and the presence of thorns in some species. Environmental factors like temperature, photoperiod, light intensity and quality, and nutrient and moisture availability can influence the transition out of juvenility and induce flowering.
Seed viability
Seed viability refers to a seed's ability to germinate and is affected by various conditions. Viability is highest at physiological maturity and then declines over time, with lifespan varying greatly between species. Conditions like cold, dry storage help maximize longevity. Factors like mechanical damage, incomplete pollination, weathering, moisture content, temperature, and fungi can all negatively impact viability during development and storage. Proper drying and storage at low moisture levels and temperatures can extend viability significantly.
Ethnobotanical study
This document outlines the steps for conducting an ethnobotanical study and screening collected plants. It involves selecting an unexplored study area, collecting ethnobotanical knowledge from local people, classifying and preserving collected plant species, screening 10 plants for further analysis using qualitative and quantitative methods, and extracting, amplifying, and detecting DNA from samples. The goal is to systematically evaluate traditional uses of plants and characterize the biochemical and molecular basis of these uses.
Gene for gene system in plant fungus interaction
1. Plant-fungus interactions can be characterized by gene-for-gene systems where a plant resistance gene corresponds to a fungal avirulence gene. Vertical or race-specific resistance follows this pattern and is not durable due to high selection pressure.
2. R proteins in plants recognize specific pathogen effectors or avirulence proteins through direct or indirect models. Direct models involve recognition of effectors by R protein receptors. Indirect models involve the effector targeting or modifying a host protein that is then recognized by the R protein.
3. Understanding gene-for-gene systems and how plants recognize pathogens at the molecular level can enable new strategies for disease control through deployment of resistance genes and exploitation of avirulence
Role of introns in plants
The eukaryotic genome contains introns and exons. the introns or the intervening sequences were considered to be junk of the genome. recently their roles are unrevealing.
Epidemiology of plant diseases
The document discusses plant disease epidemics and epidemiology. It defines an epidemic as a disease that spreads rapidly to many individuals within an area over a short time period. Epidemiology is the study of epidemics and the factors that influence them, including the interaction between hosts, pathogens, environments, and human activities. For an epidemic to occur, there needs to be a susceptible host, a virulent pathogen, and favorable environmental conditions over an extended period of time. The interaction of these components can be visualized using a disease triangle or tetrahedron model. Examples of historical epidemics that caused famines are discussed.
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2. Ethylene's effects on plants were observed as far back as ancient Egypt, China, and India, where smoke or burning materials were used to stimulate ripening.
3. Ethylene is produced by plants, bacteria, and fungi. It is involved in processes like stimulating seed germination, root and shoot growth, flowering, leaf and fruit drop, and fruit ripening.
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Some key points:
- IRGAs measure the reduction in infrared radiation transmission caused by gases like CO2, allowing measurement of gas concentrations.
- Portable photosynthesis systems use two IRGAs to measure CO2 and H2O concentrations in a reference air stream and one passing through a leaf chamber.
- Measurements within the closed leaf chamber must be made quickly before CO2 levels decrease due to photosynthesis.
- Environmental control is limited within the closed chamber compared to open systems.
The document provides details on using an IR
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Plant quarantine and phytosanitary certification
The word quarantine derives from the Italian word “quaranti giorni”, meaning ‘about fourty days’. After the Black Death arrived in Europe in 1347, observation and experience showed that the incubation time for the disease, from infection to the appearance of symptoms, was a little less than 40 days.
Plant quarantine is defined as the legal enforcement of the measures aimed to prevent pests from spreading or to prevent them from multiplying further in case, they have already gained entry and have established in new restricted areas.
The importance of imposing restrictions on the movement of pest-infested plants or plant materials from one country to another was realized by Ireland famine 1845, the late blight pathogen (Phytophthora infestans) introduced into Ireland from Central
America resulted in almost total failure of the potato crop, the grapevine phylloxera was introduced into France from America around 1860, and the San Jose scale spread into the US in the latter part of the eighteenth century and caused severe damage. The first international plant protection convention (IPPC), the Phylloxera convention was signed at Berne on 3 November 1881 by five countries. This convention remained in force till 1951, when International Plant Protection Convention under FAO was established at Rome. This agreement was constituted with the purpose of securing common and effective action to prevent the introduction and spread of pests and diseases of plants and plant products.
The first Quarantine Act in the US came into force on 1905, while India passed an act in 1914 entitled “Destructive Insect and Pests Act of 1914”. This was later supplemented by a more comprehensive act in 1917.
Seed dormancy, Importance and overcoming seed dormancy
IN THIS PPT WE BE DISCUS ON DORMANCY AND ITS IMPORTANCE AND OVERCOMING... IN THIS PPT I FUCUS MAINLY ON IMPORTANCE AND OVERCOMING..
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Transgenic crops can be engineered to enhance levels of vitamins and amino acids through the insertion of genes involved in biosynthesis pathways. Golden rice was developed by introducing genes for phytoene synthase, desaturase, and lycopene cyclase to facilitate beta-carotene production in rice endosperm. Studies increased vitamin E levels in soybeans by expressing genes for methyltransferase and gamma-TMT. Potatoes have been engineered with higher beta-carotene levels through similar genetic modifications. Folate levels have also been increased through transgenic wheat genes introduced into rice. These successes demonstrate the potential for nutritional enhancement in crops without altering total nutrient levels.
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This study establishs a basis for growing
plantlets without sucrose and investigating other
factors like carbon dioxide and light regime to
improve the in vitro growth performance.Flower anatomy
The document discusses flower anatomy. It begins by stating that flowering plants are important for agriculture as major food crops like wheat, rice, corn, and soybeans are flowering plants. It then describes the parts of flowers including the male stamen and female pistil. Flowers can be perfect or imperfect, complete or incomplete. Plants can be monoecious or dioecious. Monocots and dicots differ in their flower structures. Flowers may be solitary or occur in inflorescences, which can take forms like spikes, racemes, panicles and more.
Apomixis and its application for crop improvement.
This document discusses apomixis, a type of asexual reproduction in plants where seeds develop without fertilization. It has been identified in over 300 plant species across 30 families. There are several types of apomixis including adventive embryony, apospory, and diplospory. Apomixis has applications for crop improvement as it allows for the fixation of hybrid vigor and heterozygosity. However, utilizing apomixis requires changes to traditional plant breeding programs.
Differences between Tapetum and Integumentary tapetum
Tapetum is the innermost layer of anther wall and attains its maximum development at the tetrad stage of microsporogenesis and its completely surrounds the sporogenous tissue.
Integumentary tapetum also known as Endothelium is a part of ovule which derived from innermost layer of integument and nutritive in function and cover the entire embryo sac.
SYNTHETIC SEED.pptx
Production of synthetic seed involves encapsulating somatic embryos, shoot buds, or cell aggregates using tissue culture techniques. This allows for the large-scale, low-cost propagation of plants while maintaining genetic uniformity. Synthetic seeds can be stored longer than traditional seeds and planted directly in fields without the need for transplanting. While synthetic seeds have advantages over traditional micropropagation methods, their production and germination rates can still be limited for some plant species.
Protoplast fusion
Protoplast is a naked cell (without cell wall) surrounded by a plasma membrane. It can regenerate cell wall, grow and divide.
Spheroplast cells have their cell wall only partially removed.
Is fragile but can be cultured and grow into a whole plant.
Cells can originate from any type of tissue (Mesophyll tissue - most suitable source ).
Can be applied in somatic hybridization.
Can be applied in biotechnology and microbiology.
Somatic hybridization is the development of hybrid plants through the fusion of somatic protoplasts of two different plant species/ varieties.
Somatic Hybridization was firstly introduced by Carlson in Nicotiana
glauca.
In 1960, E.C Cocking contributed to the enzymatic isolation and culture of protoplast.
Storage Life of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal (AMF) Inoculum in Vermiculite B...
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is ubiquitous soil borne fungi which provide an intimate link between soil and nutrient absorbing organs of plants. AMF fungi optimize the uptake of phosphorus in plant which results in increase in yield. Production of AMF inoculum and the storage in a viable condition for a longer period of time is still a serious constraint. This study describes the survival capability and infectivity of AMF spores under different storage conditions. The vermiculite based AMF inoculum contained spores of AMF namely Glomus sp., Gigaspora sp., Scutellospora sp., Entrophospora sp., and Acaulospora sp., identified from the rhizosphere soil collected from the maize crop cultivated at Mellur block of Madurai District in Tamil Nadu, India and the mixed AMF colonized host root bits as propagules. The AMF inoculum spore count was 5-6 / 100g inoculum and the infectivity was 100% in the roots of maize plant at the time of packing of the inoculum for storage. During storage, at the end of 180 days the AMF spore count was reduced to 2-5 / 100g inoculum and the infectivity was reduced to 90-95%. But the AMF inoculum stored with 10% moisture content at 20ºC - 30ºC and under the light intensity of 1500 lux maintained the same initial spore count of 5-6 / 100g inoculum and infectivity of 99% for the storage period of 150 days (5 months). The results of the present study suggest that AMF propagules, spores and hyphae colonized root bits in the form of vermiculite based culture maintained with 10% moisture content at temperature range of 20ºC - 30ºC and under light condition of 1500 lux for 5 months can be expected to be viable for infectivity in crop plants.
Oriculture
Oriculture is a form of organic farming that utilizes oribatid mites to break down plant litter into nutrient-rich humus. These mites feed on decaying plant matter like wood, leaves, and roots, releasing fecal pellets that enrich the soil. Different species of oribatid mites prefer different types of plant litter. The document discusses oricuture techniques like collecting plant litter, identifying mites, and mass culturing oribatid mites to release into soils. Oriculture provides many advantages over chemical fertilizers by naturally improving soil quality at low cost in an environmentally friendly way.
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Seed Saving 101
Introduction to saving seeds, preserving heirloom and open-pollinated varieties, and plant pollination.
juvenilityandflowerbuddifferentiation-220318165341.docx
Juvenility is a developmental stage in seedling plants where they are unable to induce flowers. The length of the juvenile period varies between plant species, from as short as 20-30 days in roses to 4-8 years in apples. During juvenility, seedling plants exhibit characteristics like vigorous leaf growth, whip-like shoot growth, and the presence of thorns in some species. Environmental factors like temperature, photoperiod, light intensity and quality, and nutrient and moisture availability can influence the transition out of juvenility and induce flowering.
Seed viability
Seed viability refers to a seed's ability to germinate and is affected by various conditions. Viability is highest at physiological maturity and then declines over time, with lifespan varying greatly between species. Conditions like cold, dry storage help maximize longevity. Factors like mechanical damage, incomplete pollination, weathering, moisture content, temperature, and fungi can all negatively impact viability during development and storage. Proper drying and storage at low moisture levels and temperatures can extend viability significantly.
Ethnobotanical study
This document outlines the steps for conducting an ethnobotanical study and screening collected plants. It involves selecting an unexplored study area, collecting ethnobotanical knowledge from local people, classifying and preserving collected plant species, screening 10 plants for further analysis using qualitative and quantitative methods, and extracting, amplifying, and detecting DNA from samples. The goal is to systematically evaluate traditional uses of plants and characterize the biochemical and molecular basis of these uses.
Gene for gene system in plant fungus interaction
1. Plant-fungus interactions can be characterized by gene-for-gene systems where a plant resistance gene corresponds to a fungal avirulence gene. Vertical or race-specific resistance follows this pattern and is not durable due to high selection pressure.
2. R proteins in plants recognize specific pathogen effectors or avirulence proteins through direct or indirect models. Direct models involve recognition of effectors by R protein receptors. Indirect models involve the effector targeting or modifying a host protein that is then recognized by the R protein.
3. Understanding gene-for-gene systems and how plants recognize pathogens at the molecular level can enable new strategies for disease control through deployment of resistance genes and exploitation of avirulence
Role of introns in plants
The eukaryotic genome contains introns and exons. the introns or the intervening sequences were considered to be junk of the genome. recently their roles are unrevealing.
Epidemiology of plant diseases
The document discusses plant disease epidemics and epidemiology. It defines an epidemic as a disease that spreads rapidly to many individuals within an area over a short time period. Epidemiology is the study of epidemics and the factors that influence them, including the interaction between hosts, pathogens, environments, and human activities. For an epidemic to occur, there needs to be a susceptible host, a virulent pathogen, and favorable environmental conditions over an extended period of time. The interaction of these components can be visualized using a disease triangle or tetrahedron model. Examples of historical epidemics that caused famines are discussed.
Apomixis
Apomixis, Types of Apomixis, Mechanism, Sporophytic and Gametophytic Apomixis, Source and Impact of Apomixis, Identification of Apomixis
Ethylene
1. Ethylene is a plant hormone that influences many aspects of plant growth and development. It plays an important role in fruit ripening.
2. Ethylene's effects on plants were observed as far back as ancient Egypt, China, and India, where smoke or burning materials were used to stimulate ripening.
3. Ethylene is produced by plants, bacteria, and fungi. It is involved in processes like stimulating seed germination, root and shoot growth, flowering, leaf and fruit drop, and fruit ripening.
Irga portable photosynthetic system
The document discusses the principle, procedure, operation, advantages, and disadvantages of infrared gas analyzers (IRGAs) used in portable photosynthesis systems.
Some key points:
- IRGAs measure the reduction in infrared radiation transmission caused by gases like CO2, allowing measurement of gas concentrations.
- Portable photosynthesis systems use two IRGAs to measure CO2 and H2O concentrations in a reference air stream and one passing through a leaf chamber.
- Measurements within the closed leaf chamber must be made quickly before CO2 levels decrease due to photosynthesis.
- Environmental control is limited within the closed chamber compared to open systems.
The document provides details on using an IR
Nanoparticles in vegetable crops
The document discusses a seminar on the use of nanoparticles in vegetable crops. It provides an outline of the seminar which includes an introduction to the need for nanotechnology in agriculture, definitions of nanotechnology and nanoparticles, different synthesis methods, advantages and limitations of nanoparticles, and their applications in crop growth, precision farming, and improving abiotic stress tolerance in various crops."
Plant quarantine and phytosanitary certification
The word quarantine derives from the Italian word “quaranti giorni”, meaning ‘about fourty days’. After the Black Death arrived in Europe in 1347, observation and experience showed that the incubation time for the disease, from infection to the appearance of symptoms, was a little less than 40 days.
Plant quarantine is defined as the legal enforcement of the measures aimed to prevent pests from spreading or to prevent them from multiplying further in case, they have already gained entry and have established in new restricted areas.
The importance of imposing restrictions on the movement of pest-infested plants or plant materials from one country to another was realized by Ireland famine 1845, the late blight pathogen (Phytophthora infestans) introduced into Ireland from Central
America resulted in almost total failure of the potato crop, the grapevine phylloxera was introduced into France from America around 1860, and the San Jose scale spread into the US in the latter part of the eighteenth century and caused severe damage. The first international plant protection convention (IPPC), the Phylloxera convention was signed at Berne on 3 November 1881 by five countries. This convention remained in force till 1951, when International Plant Protection Convention under FAO was established at Rome. This agreement was constituted with the purpose of securing common and effective action to prevent the introduction and spread of pests and diseases of plants and plant products.
The first Quarantine Act in the US came into force on 1905, while India passed an act in 1914 entitled “Destructive Insect and Pests Act of 1914”. This was later supplemented by a more comprehensive act in 1917.
Seed dormancy, Importance and overcoming seed dormancy
IN THIS PPT WE BE DISCUS ON DORMANCY AND ITS IMPORTANCE AND OVERCOMING... IN THIS PPT I FUCUS MAINLY ON IMPORTANCE AND OVERCOMING..
SUCCESS STORIES OF VITAMINE & AMINO ACIDS ENHANCEMENT IN TRANSGENIC CROPS
Transgenic crops can be engineered to enhance levels of vitamins and amino acids through the insertion of genes involved in biosynthesis pathways. Golden rice was developed by introducing genes for phytoene synthase, desaturase, and lycopene cyclase to facilitate beta-carotene production in rice endosperm. Studies increased vitamin E levels in soybeans by expressing genes for methyltransferase and gamma-TMT. Potatoes have been engineered with higher beta-carotene levels through similar genetic modifications. Folate levels have also been increased through transgenic wheat genes introduced into rice. These successes demonstrate the potential for nutritional enhancement in crops without altering total nutrient levels.
In vitro growth and hardening performance of yam plantlets from Temporary Imm...
In vitro growth and hardening performance of yam plantlets from Temporary Imm...International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
This study establishs a basis for growing
plantlets without sucrose and investigating other
factors like carbon dioxide and light regime to
improve the in vitro growth performance.Flower anatomy
The document discusses flower anatomy. It begins by stating that flowering plants are important for agriculture as major food crops like wheat, rice, corn, and soybeans are flowering plants. It then describes the parts of flowers including the male stamen and female pistil. Flowers can be perfect or imperfect, complete or incomplete. Plants can be monoecious or dioecious. Monocots and dicots differ in their flower structures. Flowers may be solitary or occur in inflorescences, which can take forms like spikes, racemes, panicles and more.
Apomixis and its application for crop improvement.
This document discusses apomixis, a type of asexual reproduction in plants where seeds develop without fertilization. It has been identified in over 300 plant species across 30 families. There are several types of apomixis including adventive embryony, apospory, and diplospory. Apomixis has applications for crop improvement as it allows for the fixation of hybrid vigor and heterozygosity. However, utilizing apomixis requires changes to traditional plant breeding programs.
Differences between Tapetum and Integumentary tapetum
Tapetum is the innermost layer of anther wall and attains its maximum development at the tetrad stage of microsporogenesis and its completely surrounds the sporogenous tissue.
Integumentary tapetum also known as Endothelium is a part of ovule which derived from innermost layer of integument and nutritive in function and cover the entire embryo sac.
SYNTHETIC SEED.pptx
Production of synthetic seed involves encapsulating somatic embryos, shoot buds, or cell aggregates using tissue culture techniques. This allows for the large-scale, low-cost propagation of plants while maintaining genetic uniformity. Synthetic seeds can be stored longer than traditional seeds and planted directly in fields without the need for transplanting. While synthetic seeds have advantages over traditional micropropagation methods, their production and germination rates can still be limited for some plant species.
Protoplast fusion
Protoplast is a naked cell (without cell wall) surrounded by a plasma membrane. It can regenerate cell wall, grow and divide.
Spheroplast cells have their cell wall only partially removed.
Is fragile but can be cultured and grow into a whole plant.
Cells can originate from any type of tissue (Mesophyll tissue - most suitable source ).
Can be applied in somatic hybridization.
Can be applied in biotechnology and microbiology.
Somatic hybridization is the development of hybrid plants through the fusion of somatic protoplasts of two different plant species/ varieties.
Somatic Hybridization was firstly introduced by Carlson in Nicotiana
glauca.
In 1960, E.C Cocking contributed to the enzymatic isolation and culture of protoplast.
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juvenilityandflowerbuddifferentiation-220318165341.docx
juvenilityandflowerbuddifferentiation-220318165341.docx
Seed dormancy, Importance and overcoming seed dormancy
Seed dormancy, Importance and overcoming seed dormancy
SUCCESS STORIES OF VITAMINE & AMINO ACIDS ENHANCEMENT IN TRANSGENIC CROPS
SUCCESS STORIES OF VITAMINE & AMINO ACIDS ENHANCEMENT IN TRANSGENIC CROPS
In vitro growth and hardening performance of yam plantlets from Temporary Imm...
In vitro growth and hardening performance of yam plantlets from Temporary Imm...
Apomixis and its application for crop improvement.
Apomixis and its application for crop improvement.
Differences between Tapetum and Integumentary tapetum
Differences between Tapetum and Integumentary tapetum
Similar to visit review on biomass utilization unit , IARI
Storage Life of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal (AMF) Inoculum in Vermiculite B...
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is ubiquitous soil borne fungi which provide an intimate link between soil and nutrient absorbing organs of plants. AMF fungi optimize the uptake of phosphorus in plant which results in increase in yield. Production of AMF inoculum and the storage in a viable condition for a longer period of time is still a serious constraint. This study describes the survival capability and infectivity of AMF spores under different storage conditions. The vermiculite based AMF inoculum contained spores of AMF namely Glomus sp., Gigaspora sp., Scutellospora sp., Entrophospora sp., and Acaulospora sp., identified from the rhizosphere soil collected from the maize crop cultivated at Mellur block of Madurai District in Tamil Nadu, India and the mixed AMF colonized host root bits as propagules. The AMF inoculum spore count was 5-6 / 100g inoculum and the infectivity was 100% in the roots of maize plant at the time of packing of the inoculum for storage. During storage, at the end of 180 days the AMF spore count was reduced to 2-5 / 100g inoculum and the infectivity was reduced to 90-95%. But the AMF inoculum stored with 10% moisture content at 20ºC - 30ºC and under the light intensity of 1500 lux maintained the same initial spore count of 5-6 / 100g inoculum and infectivity of 99% for the storage period of 150 days (5 months). The results of the present study suggest that AMF propagules, spores and hyphae colonized root bits in the form of vermiculite based culture maintained with 10% moisture content at temperature range of 20ºC - 30ºC and under light condition of 1500 lux for 5 months can be expected to be viable for infectivity in crop plants.
Oriculture
Oriculture is a form of organic farming that utilizes oribatid mites to break down plant litter into nutrient-rich humus. These mites feed on decaying plant matter like wood, leaves, and roots, releasing fecal pellets that enrich the soil. Different species of oribatid mites prefer different types of plant litter. The document discusses oricuture techniques like collecting plant litter, identifying mites, and mass culturing oribatid mites to release into soils. Oriculture provides many advantages over chemical fertilizers by naturally improving soil quality at low cost in an environmentally friendly way.
Operational Manual for Production of Vermicompost
This document provides instructions for producing vermicompost using earthworms. It describes collecting bedding materials like agricultural waste, preparing beds by layering materials and inoculating with earthworm culture, maintaining the beds, separating finished vermicompost and vermiculture, and analyzing the compost for nutrients. The goal is to produce organic fertilizer using waste recycling to improve soil fertility in a sustainable and cost-effective manner.
Operational Manual for Production of Vermicompost
This document provides instructions for producing vermicompost using earthworms. It describes collecting bedding materials like agricultural waste, preparing beds by layering materials and inoculating with earthworm culture, maintaining the beds, separating finished vermicompost and vermiculture, and analyzing the compost for nutrients. The goal is to produce organic fertilizer using waste recycling to improve soil fertility in a sustainable and cost-effective manner.
Preparation and uses of vermicompost and biofertilizers
This document provides information on the preparation and use of vermicompost and biofertilizers. It discusses the process of vermicomposting using earthworms to convert organic waste into nutrient-rich manure. The steps for producing vermicompost through bed and pit methods are outlined. Biofertilizers are defined as living microorganisms that promote plant growth when applied to seeds or soil. The document lists different types of biofertilizers and describes the mass production process. It also explains ideal carrier materials and how to package the inoculants for use. The main methods of application for biofertilizers are seed treatment, seedling root dip, and soil treatment.
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Praramvabiotech Field Visit Report
Praramva
Biotech Pvt.Ltd was established in the year 2011 (A.D) by the three Biotech graduates of
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Vermicompost in Nepal. Besides that, it has its own well equipped laboratory that
produces wide portfolio of bio based products for disease and pest management, crop nutrition
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crop protection and plant nutrition based products for progressive farmers, who need more than
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Safety precaution to maintain grain quality - implementer induction training
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The document discusses safety precautions for maintaining grain quality during storage. It notes that in 2004, an outbreak of aflatoxin poisoning in Kenya resulted from contaminated maize stored under damp conditions. Proper sampling, drying of grain to safe moisture levels before storage, cleaning of grain to remove impurities, fumigation to control pests, and monitoring of moisture content and temperature during storage are important practices to prevent mold growth and aflatoxin contamination. Following good storage practices can help small-scale farmers avoid economic losses from contaminated grain.Vermicomposting Technology for Solid Waste Management
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Vermicomposting Technology for Solid Waste Management
Vermicomposting is a process that uses earthworms to convert organic wastes into nutrient-rich vermicompost. The document discusses the vermicomposting process, suitable earthworm species for vermicomposting like Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugeniae, and provides their life cycles. It also discusses the basic requirements for vermicomposting like bedding, food sources, moisture, aeration, temperature and pH. Livestock manures, food waste and paper waste are mentioned as common feedstocks used in vermicomposting.
Plant breeding
Plant Breeding: Art and Science
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release Bt cotten in india A case study
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R&d jatropha
The project aims to develop a germplasm repository of jatropha plants and mycorrhizal fungi to improve biodiesel production. It will characterize plant and fungal diversity, develop micropropagated plants using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and select high oil-yielding jatropha genotypes. The project also seeks to eliminate toxicity from jatropha waste for use as animal feed and reclaim former industrial sites. It expects to establish a jatropha and fungal culture collection to improve oil production and increase nutrient uptake and stress tolerance in plants.
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This document discusses in vitro pollination and artificial seeds. It begins by introducing in vitro pollination as a technique to produce hybrid embryos between plant species that cannot naturally cross-breed. It then describes different in vitro pollination techniques like stigmatic, ovarian, and ovular pollination. The document also covers the applications of in vitro pollination in plant breeding by overcoming self-incompatibility and cross-incompatibility. Next, it defines artificial seeds as embryos enclosed in a medium within a artificial seed coat, combining advantages of cloning and seed propagation. Finally, it outlines the procedure for synthetic seed production and advantages over somatic embryos for propagation.
Production of Vermicompost from Domestic Waste with Cow Dung by using Periony...
Vermicomposting is one of the eco friendly method to composting the domestic waste materials, vermicomposting is a process which the earthworms convert the organic waste into manure rich in high nutritional content. Perionyx excavatus sps are most commonly used in composting process. Vermicomposting are easily handled and supply nutrients and growth hormone. Nutrients content of vermicomposting in higher than traditional compost. Perionyx excavatus is the potential epigeics earthworm species for breaking down and processing organic waste is well known. Perionyx excavatus is a commercially produced earthworm. It is a beautiful worm with an iridescent blue or violet sheen for vermiculture and vermicomposting process. It is a very small worm poorly suited as fishing Bait, but has an impressive growth and rate far in excess of the other species grown in indoor culture. This tropical worm with a very poor tolerance of low temperature and fluctuations in the environment Perionyx excavatus is often referred to as the traveler for its tendency often to leave the indoor culture the maturation period of the worms is approximately 30 55 days under ideal conditions. G Lavanya | M. Abi "Production of Vermicompost from Domestic Waste with Cow Dung by using Perionyx Excavatus" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50242.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/50242/production-of-vermicompost-from-domestic-waste-with-cow-dung-by-using-perionyx-excavatus/g-lavanya
R&D Jatropha
The project aims to develop a germplasm collection of Jatropha curcas plants and mycorrhizal fungi with high oil yields for biodiesel production. It will characterize genetic diversity, develop micropropagated plants using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and select high-yielding Jatropha genotypes. The project also seeks to eliminate toxicity in Jatropha waste to enable use as animal feed through composting and evaluating microorganisms for detoxification.
Milky mushroom cultivation process and its cost analysis
From 1000kg fresh milky mushroom, 100kg dried mushroom and 50kg mushroom powder can be produced. The total estimated cost of the drying and powder making project is Rs. 4,20,000. The main machinery required includes a slicer, tray dryer and pulverizer. With an annual production of 100kg dried mushroom and 50kg powder, the total revenue generated would be enough to repay the loan and provide profit within the first year of operation. Mushroom drying and powder making provides opportunities for value addition and a longer shelf life for the product.
Agrotech
This document discusses agrotextiles, which are textile structures used for agricultural applications like agriculture, horticulture, and animal husbandry. It defines agrotextiles and outlines their classification and various uses, including as shade cloths, frost covers, harvesting aids, windshields, and in animal husbandry and aquaculture. The document also discusses fibers commonly used in agrotextiles like nylon, polyester, and jute. It summarizes recent innovative work on using agrotextiles and biodegradable mulches to improve crop yields and quality.
Waste rendering plant (Make Meat Meal from waste) 2017
The document discusses waste management solutions for poultry waste including hatchery waste, layer farm manure, slaughterhouse waste, and slaughterhouse fat. It describes Dhopeshwar's digestor-based technology which uses high temperature short time processing to sterilize the waste and produce dry, pathogen-free byproducts that can be used as animal feed or fertilizer. This helps address the growing problem of disposing large volumes of poultry waste from the rapidly expanding global poultry industry in an environmentally-friendly manner.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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visit review on biomass utilization unit , IARI
- 2. BIOMASS UTILIZATION UNIT, IARI The BIOMASS UTILIZATION UNIT (BUU-IARI) of IARI, New Delhi is one of the pioneer unit of R & D on bio-composting technology, its utilization and capacity building under ICAR/NARES system. This unique IARI unit has developed and validated many microbe- mediated and farm-machinery driven bio-composting and utilization protocols in collaboration with different IARI Divisions and IIT, New Delhi as well, for the last 10 years.
- 3. JOURNEY OF OUR TRIP PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 STORAGE AND MARKETING PRODUCTION PROCESSING
- 5. COMPOST PRODUCTION They produce 3 types of compost in BUU-IARI- FARMYARD MANURE LEAF MANURE VERMICOMPOST
- 6. VERMICOMPOST CHARATERISTICS- C/N RATIO – 12 Better aeration Better water holding capacity Better soil texture Contains precursor of growth promoters NATIVE- Eisenia foetida (red worm) Perionyx excavates (Indian) EXOTIC Eudrilus euginae (African crawler)
- 7. ROLE OF EARTHWORM IN COMPOST DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER MIXING OF ORGANIC MATTER IN SOIL MAINTAINS SOIL POROSITY ENHANCES MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES INCREASES WATER HOLDING CAPACITY ENHANCES SOIL FERTILITY DEEPER GROWTH OF ROOTS ENHANCE PRODUCTION OF PGP SUBSTANCES BY ENHANCING GROWTH OF PGP RHIZOBACTERIAS ENHANCES SOIL PERCOLATION IMPROVES SOIL TEXTURE
- 8. PRODUCTION OF VERMICOMPOST STEP-1 : COLLECTION OF ORGANIC WASTE - AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES ANIMAL DUNG LEAF LITTER ETC.
- 9. PRODUCTION (Contd.) STEP 2 : PARTIAL OXIDATION – BEFORE FEEDING TO WORMS THIS AGRICULTURAL WASTE SHOULD BE PARTIALLY DIGESTED. IT CAN BE DONE BY TWO WAYS- o EITHER BY MIXING COWDUNG AND WATER IN THE RATIO 1:3 o OR BY ADDING MICROBIAL INOCULUMS – It contains various lignocellulytic fungi such as- Aspergillus awamori F-18, Trichoderma viride ITCC 2211, Aspergillus nidulans ITCC 2011 and Phanerochaete chrysosporium NCIM 1073
- 10. STEP 3 : INOCULATING WORMS AND BREEDING OF WORMS - RECOMMENDED AMOUNT- 1000 WORMS PER SQUARE METRES ALTHOUGH THEY ARE HERMAPHRODITE BUT THEY PREFER CROSS FERTILISATION EACH COCOON HATCHES INTO 4-5 HATCHLINGS WHICHES SEXUAL MATURITY IN 3-4 WEEKS. PRODUCTION (Contd.)
- 11. PRODUCTION (Contd.) STEP 4 : PREPRATION OF BEDS 1ST a layer of biodegradable material is placed 2nd a layer of partially decomposed matter is placed Then it is moistened (moisture content to be maintained – 30-40%) STEP 5 : INCUBATION- It will take 3-4 months for production of vermicomposting.
- 13. STEP-6- COVERING THE BED The bed is covered. To prevent worms from predatory birds , to maintain temperature PRODUCTION (Contd.)
- 14. PRODUCTION (Contd.) STEP 7 : HARVESTING AND VERMICOMPOST Vermicompost is in the form of worm castings (faecal pellets) For harvesting one half of the bed is placed over the other half, and on the emptied portion new material for composting is placed and on the mature half watering is stopped so all the worms present on that side will move towards the fresh side, which is rich in moisture
- 15. METHODS OF COMPOSTING • WINDREW METHOD • PIT METHOD
- 17. SEPERATION OF GARBAGE FROM COMPOST Through hand picking
- 20. SEIVING
- 21. PHASE 3 PHASE 3 STORAGE AND MARKETING
- 23. LEAF COMPOST