This document provides instructions for producing vermicompost using earthworms. It describes collecting bedding materials like agricultural waste, preparing beds by layering materials and inoculating with earthworm culture, maintaining the beds, separating finished vermicompost and vermiculture, and analyzing the compost for nutrients. The goal is to produce organic fertilizer using waste recycling to improve soil fertility in a sustainable and cost-effective manner.
Composting methods and techniques (praveen.b.patil)21;05;14praveenentomo
This document discusses different types and methods of compost preparation. It describes rural and urban compost, noting their differing nutrient contents. Several common composting methods are outlined, including the Indore, Bangalore, Coimbatore, and NADEP methods. Vermicomposting is also summarized, along with the nutrient composition and benefits of vermicompost. Key earthworm species used in vermicomposting and their ideal growing conditions are highlighted.
Indian Insecticide Act,1968
An Act to regulate the import, manufactures, sale, transport, distribution and use of
insecticides with a view to prevent risk to human beings or animals and for matters
connected therewith. [2nd September 1968]
Green manuring is the practice of growing green plants or adding plant materials and incorporating them into the soil to improve soil structure and fertility. There are two main types - green leaf manuring, which involves collecting and adding leaves and twigs from elsewhere, and green manuring in situ, which involves growing plants like legumes and incorporating them into the soil before or at flowering. Green manuring benefits the soil by increasing nitrogen levels, improving soil structure and water retention, reducing erosion, and reclaiming saline or alkaline soils. Common green manure crops include sunn hemp, dhaincha, sesbania, and clusterbeans.
Soil health refers to a soil's ability to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain water and air quality, and support human habitation. A healthy soil is in a state of well-being biologically, chemically, and physically, and is able to perform functions like nutrient cycling without degradation over time. Soil health is context-dependent and can be defined differently based on user priorities and the soil's inherent qualities and geographic situation. Generic aspects of a healthy soil include supporting a diversity of productive uses and life, absorbing and recycling nutrients at a high rate relative to climate limits, and having low levels of contamination and erosion.
This document discusses various aspects of indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) used in organic farming in India. It explains that ITK is traditional knowledge that has been passed down over generations and varies between communities. ITK practices can help organic farming by avoiding synthetic chemicals and maintaining soil health in a sustainable manner. Some specific ITK practices discussed include using fermented coconut milk or mixtures containing goat products as crop growth promoters, using mulches like tree leaves to conserve soil moisture, and using plants like tulsi or neem for pest and disease management. The document provides many examples of traditional practices for different stages of farming from pre-sowing to post-harvest management.
Green manuring is the practice of enriching soil fertility by plowing under or incorporating green manure crops into the soil while still green or soon after flowering. It improves soil structure and fertility by adding nutrients like nitrogen. Common green manure crops in India include dhaincha, glyricidia, and karanja, which are plowed under at the flowering stage. The benefits of green manuring include increased organic matter, improved soil structure, increased nutrient availability and crop yields. Proper timing and crop selection is important for effective green manuring.
Methods of preparation of bulky and concentrated manuresMahiiKarthii
This document discusses various methods for preparing bulky and concentrated manures, including composting techniques. It describes the aerobic and anaerobic composting methods used in Bangalore and Coimbatore, as well as enriched farm yard manure and vermicomposting. The key composting methods discussed are the trench method, Bangalore method, Indore method, Coimbatore method, and vermicomposting.
Composting methods and techniques (praveen.b.patil)21;05;14praveenentomo
This document discusses different types and methods of compost preparation. It describes rural and urban compost, noting their differing nutrient contents. Several common composting methods are outlined, including the Indore, Bangalore, Coimbatore, and NADEP methods. Vermicomposting is also summarized, along with the nutrient composition and benefits of vermicompost. Key earthworm species used in vermicomposting and their ideal growing conditions are highlighted.
Indian Insecticide Act,1968
An Act to regulate the import, manufactures, sale, transport, distribution and use of
insecticides with a view to prevent risk to human beings or animals and for matters
connected therewith. [2nd September 1968]
Green manuring is the practice of growing green plants or adding plant materials and incorporating them into the soil to improve soil structure and fertility. There are two main types - green leaf manuring, which involves collecting and adding leaves and twigs from elsewhere, and green manuring in situ, which involves growing plants like legumes and incorporating them into the soil before or at flowering. Green manuring benefits the soil by increasing nitrogen levels, improving soil structure and water retention, reducing erosion, and reclaiming saline or alkaline soils. Common green manure crops include sunn hemp, dhaincha, sesbania, and clusterbeans.
Soil health refers to a soil's ability to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain water and air quality, and support human habitation. A healthy soil is in a state of well-being biologically, chemically, and physically, and is able to perform functions like nutrient cycling without degradation over time. Soil health is context-dependent and can be defined differently based on user priorities and the soil's inherent qualities and geographic situation. Generic aspects of a healthy soil include supporting a diversity of productive uses and life, absorbing and recycling nutrients at a high rate relative to climate limits, and having low levels of contamination and erosion.
This document discusses various aspects of indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) used in organic farming in India. It explains that ITK is traditional knowledge that has been passed down over generations and varies between communities. ITK practices can help organic farming by avoiding synthetic chemicals and maintaining soil health in a sustainable manner. Some specific ITK practices discussed include using fermented coconut milk or mixtures containing goat products as crop growth promoters, using mulches like tree leaves to conserve soil moisture, and using plants like tulsi or neem for pest and disease management. The document provides many examples of traditional practices for different stages of farming from pre-sowing to post-harvest management.
Green manuring is the practice of enriching soil fertility by plowing under or incorporating green manure crops into the soil while still green or soon after flowering. It improves soil structure and fertility by adding nutrients like nitrogen. Common green manure crops in India include dhaincha, glyricidia, and karanja, which are plowed under at the flowering stage. The benefits of green manuring include increased organic matter, improved soil structure, increased nutrient availability and crop yields. Proper timing and crop selection is important for effective green manuring.
Methods of preparation of bulky and concentrated manuresMahiiKarthii
This document discusses various methods for preparing bulky and concentrated manures, including composting techniques. It describes the aerobic and anaerobic composting methods used in Bangalore and Coimbatore, as well as enriched farm yard manure and vermicomposting. The key composting methods discussed are the trench method, Bangalore method, Indore method, Coimbatore method, and vermicomposting.
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
The document provides information about the College of Agriculture in Bhawanipatna, Odisha. It details the establishment of the college in 2009 under Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology. It provides statistics about current student enrollment, staffing levels, and facilities available at the college including the library, nursery, and student plot. It also outlines some of the extension activities conducted by faculty members and achievements of the college and its students over the past year.
This document discusses multi-tier cropping systems for vegetable production in India. It provides examples of vegetable-based multi-tier systems including elephant foot yam grown with bitter gourd, ridge gourd, or bottle gourd. Data shows these intercropping systems can increase total yields and incomes compared to sole cropping. Multi-tier systems make better use of space, resources, and provide continuous income from multiple crops. While labor intensive, multi-tier cropping improves soil health and supports more sustainable agricultural production.
Compost is decayed organic matter that provides nutrients to plants. It is produced through decomposition by microorganisms in a warm, moist, aerobic environment. The document describes different methods for selecting a compost production site and collecting raw materials, and outlines four common methods for compost production: heap, cage, pit, and barrel. The benefits of using compost include increased yields, improved soil fertility, and providing nutrients in a readily available form.
Integrated farming system and sustainable agricultureShaheenPraveen1
Integrated Farming System (IFS) is a sustainable agricultural approach that improves productivity and reduces costs through effective recycling and reuse of resources. In IFS, different farm enterprises like crops, livestock, and fisheries interact synergistically by using the waste of one component as input for another. This reduces costs and improves production and income while maintaining ecological sustainability. The objectives of IFS include improving farmer livelihoods, reducing external inputs, providing year-round employment and income, enhancing biodiversity, and sustaining soil health and productivity through efficient recycling of farm waste and minimizing nutrient losses. IFS presents an alternative to conventional farming that is better for both the environment and long-term economic viability of small-scale farmers.
This document describes three types of anaerobic composting: the Bangalore method, Coimbatore method, and Chinese pit method. The Bangalore method involves layering organic refuse and night soil in trenches, covering with soil, and leaving undisturbed for 6-8 months. The Coimbatore method layers farm wastes in pits under shade for 1 month before turning and aerobic decomposition over 4 months. The Chinese pit method alternates layers of materials in pits, maintains a water layer, and turns the materials over 3 months to produce compost.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) is a crucial regulatory framework implemented by governments to ensure the quality, availability, and proper use of fertilizers. It serves as a mechanism to monitor and regulate the production, distribution, labeling, and sale of fertilizers, with the ultimate goal of promoting sustainable agriculture and safeguarding the interests of farmers and consumers.
The FCO encompasses a wide range of provisions and regulations that govern various aspects of the fertilizer industry. One of its primary objectives is to ensure the quality of fertilizers available in the market. The FCO sets specific standards for nutrient content, physical characteristics, impurities, and labeling requirements. By enforcing these standards, the FCO aims to prevent the sale of substandard or adulterated fertilizers that could have detrimental effects on crop productivity and soil health.
Another key aspect of the FCO is the regulation of fertilizer pricing. Governments often intervene to control the prices of fertilizers to make them affordable for farmers. The FCO may include provisions to monitor and control the pricing of fertilizers, ensuring that they remain accessible to farmers while preventing price manipulation and exploitation.
The FCO also addresses the licensing and registration of fertilizer manufacturers, importers, and distributors. Manufacturers and importers are required to obtain licenses or registrations from the designated regulatory authorities. This helps in maintaining a record of fertilizer producers and suppliers, ensuring accountability, and enabling traceability in case of any quality-related issues or non-compliance.
To ensure compliance with the FCO, regulatory bodies are empowered with inspection and monitoring mechanisms. They conduct regular inspections of fertilizer manufacturing facilities, storage sites, and distribution channels to verify compliance with quality standards, labeling requirements, and other provisions of the FCO. Non-compliance can lead to penalties, fines, or even suspension of licenses, acting as a deterrent for violations and promoting adherence to the regulations.
The FCO also addresses the issue of fertilizers' safe and efficient use. It may mandate the inclusion of information on fertilizer labels regarding dosage, application methods, and safety precautions. This helps farmers make informed decisions about fertilizer application, preventing excessive or improper use that can lead to environmental pollution, nutrient imbalances, and crop damage. The FCO may also encourage the promotion of organic and biofertilizers, providing incentives and support for their production and utilization.
The document provides a progress report from an internship at Bhola Paswan Shastri Agricultural College in Purnea, Bihar. It summarizes activities conducted at the college including simulation games, farm visits, and guest lectures. It then details activities conducted at the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in Araria, including soil sampling and analysis, farmer training programs, and crop pest identification. Constraints faced by farmers in the region are identified as lack of quality inputs, mechanization, soil health issues, and marketing and infrastructure problems. The intern concludes they gained knowledge on crop production practices, local resources, and challenges in technology transfer.
This document discusses farm budgeting, including partial and complete budgeting. It defines farm budgeting as estimating the costs, returns, and net income of a farm or enterprise in monetary terms based on an advance farm plan. Partial budgeting estimates the costs and returns of a particular enterprise, while complete budgeting prepares a budget for the entire farm, considering all crops, livestock, production methods, and marketing aspects consolidated into a single estimate of total costs and returns. The document outlines the differences between partial and complete budgeting and their uses for minor versus major changes in farm operations. It also discusses the advantages of farm budgeting for evaluating plans, improving efficiency, and formulating agricultural policies.
The document discusses key concepts in economic entomology, including injury, damage, economic levels, economic thresholds, and economic injury levels. It defines injury as physical harm to a commodity caused by a pest, while damage refers to the monetary value lost due to injury. The economic level is the pest population level at which control actions must be taken to prevent quality or yield loss. The economic threshold is the pest density at which management should occur to prevent populations reaching the economic injury level, which is the lowest pest population that causes economic damage and justifies the cost of control.
The document discusses vermicomposting and provides information about:
1) The purposes of vermicomposting including improving agriculture productivity, creating clean and green cities, and replicating traditional composting.
2) Requirements for vermicomposting including space, bedding materials, biodegradable waste, earthworms, cover, and water.
3) Common earthworm species used for vermicomposting like Eisenia fetida due to its good reproductive and digestive potential and adaptation.
Integrated pest and disease management (ipdm)avsplendid
The document discusses integrated pest and disease management (IPDM) of crops in Kerala. It defines IPDM as using various control measures like physical, chemical, biological, legal, cultural, mechanical, and modern plant protection methods together to reduce pest populations below an economic injury level without disturbing the ecosystem. The document outlines the significance of IPDM, the harmful effects of excessive pesticide use, and various IPDM methods including cultural, mechanical, physical, biological, chemical, and legal methods for controlling pests, diseases, and weeds. It provides examples for each type of control method.
Concept and principles of organic farming technologyNeeraj Pathak
Organic farming is based on principles of health, ecology, fairness and care. It prohibits synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, GMOs, antibiotics and growth hormones. India's National Programme for Organic Production established standards and certification systems for the organic sector. Organic agriculture in India has grown from 42,000 hectares in 2003-2004 to 1.78 million hectares in 2017-2018. Standards address crop plans, conversion periods, nutrient management, and pest and disease control primarily using on-farm resources. The government promotes organic farming through various schemes.
This document summarizes a village survey conducted by students in Lambi Dhab village in Sri Muktsar Sahib district of Punjab. The summary includes:
- Lambi Dhab village was selected for survey and is located 8 km from Sri Muktsar Sahib with a population of 1324 people. The main occupations are agriculture and dairy farming.
- Cropping is based on the seasons with wheat and paddy as primary crops. Students also visited local farms and educational institutions to learn about agriculture.
- In addition to collecting demographic data, the survey covered natural resources, infrastructure, markets and the local economy of the village.
Rice is our staple diet and in the south and east of India people eat rice thrice a day in various forms. Since the last two - three decades we have been mainly eating polished white rice from few high yielding varieties of paddy. This is reported to cause numerous health issues. Pesticide use in paddy is also quite high and around 17% of the pesticides used in the country goes into paddy. Residues of these pesticides found in our staple grain is a serious cause for concern. Since most of the paddy is cultivated in wetlands and irrigated areas, this practice also leads to contamination of our water resources and soil.
Organic rice cultivation uses organic inputs such as farm yard manure, vermin - compost, Beejamrut, dharava jeeva amuruth, agniyastharam etc. These natural inputs will maintain a balance in the soil eco - system by maintaining a constant level of microorganism’s loads in the soil. As the organic rice cultivation uses none of the chemical pesticides, we can also prevent the degradation of flora and fauna living above the soil. Beside it we can also maintain a good agro eco - system and biodiversity. The organic rice has less calorific value and high fiber value when compared to conventional rice so people who are suffering from diabetes can consume organic rice without any hesitation. The inputs used in the organic rice are easily prepare from the available farm resources so farmers can easily adopt the cultivation of organic rice. Even the yield of organic rice may be low when compare to conventional rice cultivation and the nutritive value of the organic rice is high. As the demand is increasing day by day for organic rice hence the farmers can go for cultivation organic rice insisted of conventional cultivation in order to get sustainable yield and to prevent from health hazards, protect biodiversity and maintain balanced eco system.
This document provides an overview of organic farming principles and history. It contains:
1) Definitions of organic farming emphasizing avoiding synthetic inputs and relying on natural systems and materials.
2) A brief history tracing traditional farming methods, then the rise of artificial fertilizers in the 18th-20th centuries.
3) Details on various organic farming methods like Rishi Krishi, Panchgavya Krishi, and Natural Farming which utilize natural inputs.
4) Principles of organic farming focused on soil health, ecology, fairness and care.
This document discusses compost production from urban waste. It defines compost as organic matter that has been biologically decomposed and stabilized through heat generation to benefit plant growth. Urban areas generate large amounts of waste daily, which contains organic material that can be used to produce compost. The process involves collecting, transporting, and segregating waste, then arranging it into windrows for microbial decomposition. Turning, nutrient addition, screening, and storage produce a final compost product. However, urban waste composting presents challenges like waste quantities, pathogen removal, and high costs.
Organic certification is a process that certifies organic agricultural products. It involves compliance with production standards regarding inputs, land requirements, record keeping, and inspections. There are various national and international certification agencies and standards that farmers must consider when seeking certification. Certification assures consumers that organic integrity was maintained throughout production and provides market benefits to farmers.
Vermicomposting :- Vermicomposting is a method of making compost with the use of earthworms which generally live in the soil eat biomass and excrete it is digested form .This compost is generally called vermicompost
Vermiculture :- vermiculture means scientific method of breeding and raising earthworms in controlled condition
Materials required for vermicomposting prepration
Vermicomposting is a process using earthworms to turn food scraps and other organic materials into a nutrient-rich compost called vermicast or worm castings. Earthworms and bacteria work together to break down organic matter. The document provides instructions on setting up a vermicomposting system at home or work, including obtaining bins, worms, bedding, and supplies. Regular maintenance like checking moisture levels is also discussed.
This document provides instructions for producing vermicompost using earthworms. It describes collecting bedding materials like agricultural waste, preparing beds by layering materials and inoculating with earthworm culture, maintaining the beds, separating finished vermicompost and vermiculture, and analyzing the compost for nutrients. The goal is to produce organic fertilizer using waste recycling to improve soil fertility in a sustainable and cost-effective manner.
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
The document provides information about the College of Agriculture in Bhawanipatna, Odisha. It details the establishment of the college in 2009 under Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology. It provides statistics about current student enrollment, staffing levels, and facilities available at the college including the library, nursery, and student plot. It also outlines some of the extension activities conducted by faculty members and achievements of the college and its students over the past year.
This document discusses multi-tier cropping systems for vegetable production in India. It provides examples of vegetable-based multi-tier systems including elephant foot yam grown with bitter gourd, ridge gourd, or bottle gourd. Data shows these intercropping systems can increase total yields and incomes compared to sole cropping. Multi-tier systems make better use of space, resources, and provide continuous income from multiple crops. While labor intensive, multi-tier cropping improves soil health and supports more sustainable agricultural production.
Compost is decayed organic matter that provides nutrients to plants. It is produced through decomposition by microorganisms in a warm, moist, aerobic environment. The document describes different methods for selecting a compost production site and collecting raw materials, and outlines four common methods for compost production: heap, cage, pit, and barrel. The benefits of using compost include increased yields, improved soil fertility, and providing nutrients in a readily available form.
Integrated farming system and sustainable agricultureShaheenPraveen1
Integrated Farming System (IFS) is a sustainable agricultural approach that improves productivity and reduces costs through effective recycling and reuse of resources. In IFS, different farm enterprises like crops, livestock, and fisheries interact synergistically by using the waste of one component as input for another. This reduces costs and improves production and income while maintaining ecological sustainability. The objectives of IFS include improving farmer livelihoods, reducing external inputs, providing year-round employment and income, enhancing biodiversity, and sustaining soil health and productivity through efficient recycling of farm waste and minimizing nutrient losses. IFS presents an alternative to conventional farming that is better for both the environment and long-term economic viability of small-scale farmers.
This document describes three types of anaerobic composting: the Bangalore method, Coimbatore method, and Chinese pit method. The Bangalore method involves layering organic refuse and night soil in trenches, covering with soil, and leaving undisturbed for 6-8 months. The Coimbatore method layers farm wastes in pits under shade for 1 month before turning and aerobic decomposition over 4 months. The Chinese pit method alternates layers of materials in pits, maintains a water layer, and turns the materials over 3 months to produce compost.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) is a crucial regulatory framework implemented by governments to ensure the quality, availability, and proper use of fertilizers. It serves as a mechanism to monitor and regulate the production, distribution, labeling, and sale of fertilizers, with the ultimate goal of promoting sustainable agriculture and safeguarding the interests of farmers and consumers.
The FCO encompasses a wide range of provisions and regulations that govern various aspects of the fertilizer industry. One of its primary objectives is to ensure the quality of fertilizers available in the market. The FCO sets specific standards for nutrient content, physical characteristics, impurities, and labeling requirements. By enforcing these standards, the FCO aims to prevent the sale of substandard or adulterated fertilizers that could have detrimental effects on crop productivity and soil health.
Another key aspect of the FCO is the regulation of fertilizer pricing. Governments often intervene to control the prices of fertilizers to make them affordable for farmers. The FCO may include provisions to monitor and control the pricing of fertilizers, ensuring that they remain accessible to farmers while preventing price manipulation and exploitation.
The FCO also addresses the licensing and registration of fertilizer manufacturers, importers, and distributors. Manufacturers and importers are required to obtain licenses or registrations from the designated regulatory authorities. This helps in maintaining a record of fertilizer producers and suppliers, ensuring accountability, and enabling traceability in case of any quality-related issues or non-compliance.
To ensure compliance with the FCO, regulatory bodies are empowered with inspection and monitoring mechanisms. They conduct regular inspections of fertilizer manufacturing facilities, storage sites, and distribution channels to verify compliance with quality standards, labeling requirements, and other provisions of the FCO. Non-compliance can lead to penalties, fines, or even suspension of licenses, acting as a deterrent for violations and promoting adherence to the regulations.
The FCO also addresses the issue of fertilizers' safe and efficient use. It may mandate the inclusion of information on fertilizer labels regarding dosage, application methods, and safety precautions. This helps farmers make informed decisions about fertilizer application, preventing excessive or improper use that can lead to environmental pollution, nutrient imbalances, and crop damage. The FCO may also encourage the promotion of organic and biofertilizers, providing incentives and support for their production and utilization.
The document provides a progress report from an internship at Bhola Paswan Shastri Agricultural College in Purnea, Bihar. It summarizes activities conducted at the college including simulation games, farm visits, and guest lectures. It then details activities conducted at the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in Araria, including soil sampling and analysis, farmer training programs, and crop pest identification. Constraints faced by farmers in the region are identified as lack of quality inputs, mechanization, soil health issues, and marketing and infrastructure problems. The intern concludes they gained knowledge on crop production practices, local resources, and challenges in technology transfer.
This document discusses farm budgeting, including partial and complete budgeting. It defines farm budgeting as estimating the costs, returns, and net income of a farm or enterprise in monetary terms based on an advance farm plan. Partial budgeting estimates the costs and returns of a particular enterprise, while complete budgeting prepares a budget for the entire farm, considering all crops, livestock, production methods, and marketing aspects consolidated into a single estimate of total costs and returns. The document outlines the differences between partial and complete budgeting and their uses for minor versus major changes in farm operations. It also discusses the advantages of farm budgeting for evaluating plans, improving efficiency, and formulating agricultural policies.
The document discusses key concepts in economic entomology, including injury, damage, economic levels, economic thresholds, and economic injury levels. It defines injury as physical harm to a commodity caused by a pest, while damage refers to the monetary value lost due to injury. The economic level is the pest population level at which control actions must be taken to prevent quality or yield loss. The economic threshold is the pest density at which management should occur to prevent populations reaching the economic injury level, which is the lowest pest population that causes economic damage and justifies the cost of control.
The document discusses vermicomposting and provides information about:
1) The purposes of vermicomposting including improving agriculture productivity, creating clean and green cities, and replicating traditional composting.
2) Requirements for vermicomposting including space, bedding materials, biodegradable waste, earthworms, cover, and water.
3) Common earthworm species used for vermicomposting like Eisenia fetida due to its good reproductive and digestive potential and adaptation.
Integrated pest and disease management (ipdm)avsplendid
The document discusses integrated pest and disease management (IPDM) of crops in Kerala. It defines IPDM as using various control measures like physical, chemical, biological, legal, cultural, mechanical, and modern plant protection methods together to reduce pest populations below an economic injury level without disturbing the ecosystem. The document outlines the significance of IPDM, the harmful effects of excessive pesticide use, and various IPDM methods including cultural, mechanical, physical, biological, chemical, and legal methods for controlling pests, diseases, and weeds. It provides examples for each type of control method.
Concept and principles of organic farming technologyNeeraj Pathak
Organic farming is based on principles of health, ecology, fairness and care. It prohibits synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, GMOs, antibiotics and growth hormones. India's National Programme for Organic Production established standards and certification systems for the organic sector. Organic agriculture in India has grown from 42,000 hectares in 2003-2004 to 1.78 million hectares in 2017-2018. Standards address crop plans, conversion periods, nutrient management, and pest and disease control primarily using on-farm resources. The government promotes organic farming through various schemes.
This document summarizes a village survey conducted by students in Lambi Dhab village in Sri Muktsar Sahib district of Punjab. The summary includes:
- Lambi Dhab village was selected for survey and is located 8 km from Sri Muktsar Sahib with a population of 1324 people. The main occupations are agriculture and dairy farming.
- Cropping is based on the seasons with wheat and paddy as primary crops. Students also visited local farms and educational institutions to learn about agriculture.
- In addition to collecting demographic data, the survey covered natural resources, infrastructure, markets and the local economy of the village.
Rice is our staple diet and in the south and east of India people eat rice thrice a day in various forms. Since the last two - three decades we have been mainly eating polished white rice from few high yielding varieties of paddy. This is reported to cause numerous health issues. Pesticide use in paddy is also quite high and around 17% of the pesticides used in the country goes into paddy. Residues of these pesticides found in our staple grain is a serious cause for concern. Since most of the paddy is cultivated in wetlands and irrigated areas, this practice also leads to contamination of our water resources and soil.
Organic rice cultivation uses organic inputs such as farm yard manure, vermin - compost, Beejamrut, dharava jeeva amuruth, agniyastharam etc. These natural inputs will maintain a balance in the soil eco - system by maintaining a constant level of microorganism’s loads in the soil. As the organic rice cultivation uses none of the chemical pesticides, we can also prevent the degradation of flora and fauna living above the soil. Beside it we can also maintain a good agro eco - system and biodiversity. The organic rice has less calorific value and high fiber value when compared to conventional rice so people who are suffering from diabetes can consume organic rice without any hesitation. The inputs used in the organic rice are easily prepare from the available farm resources so farmers can easily adopt the cultivation of organic rice. Even the yield of organic rice may be low when compare to conventional rice cultivation and the nutritive value of the organic rice is high. As the demand is increasing day by day for organic rice hence the farmers can go for cultivation organic rice insisted of conventional cultivation in order to get sustainable yield and to prevent from health hazards, protect biodiversity and maintain balanced eco system.
This document provides an overview of organic farming principles and history. It contains:
1) Definitions of organic farming emphasizing avoiding synthetic inputs and relying on natural systems and materials.
2) A brief history tracing traditional farming methods, then the rise of artificial fertilizers in the 18th-20th centuries.
3) Details on various organic farming methods like Rishi Krishi, Panchgavya Krishi, and Natural Farming which utilize natural inputs.
4) Principles of organic farming focused on soil health, ecology, fairness and care.
This document discusses compost production from urban waste. It defines compost as organic matter that has been biologically decomposed and stabilized through heat generation to benefit plant growth. Urban areas generate large amounts of waste daily, which contains organic material that can be used to produce compost. The process involves collecting, transporting, and segregating waste, then arranging it into windrows for microbial decomposition. Turning, nutrient addition, screening, and storage produce a final compost product. However, urban waste composting presents challenges like waste quantities, pathogen removal, and high costs.
Organic certification is a process that certifies organic agricultural products. It involves compliance with production standards regarding inputs, land requirements, record keeping, and inspections. There are various national and international certification agencies and standards that farmers must consider when seeking certification. Certification assures consumers that organic integrity was maintained throughout production and provides market benefits to farmers.
Vermicomposting :- Vermicomposting is a method of making compost with the use of earthworms which generally live in the soil eat biomass and excrete it is digested form .This compost is generally called vermicompost
Vermiculture :- vermiculture means scientific method of breeding and raising earthworms in controlled condition
Materials required for vermicomposting prepration
Vermicomposting is a process using earthworms to turn food scraps and other organic materials into a nutrient-rich compost called vermicast or worm castings. Earthworms and bacteria work together to break down organic matter. The document provides instructions on setting up a vermicomposting system at home or work, including obtaining bins, worms, bedding, and supplies. Regular maintenance like checking moisture levels is also discussed.
This document provides instructions for producing vermicompost using earthworms. It describes collecting bedding materials like agricultural waste, preparing beds by layering materials and inoculating with earthworm culture, maintaining the beds, separating finished vermicompost and vermiculture, and analyzing the compost for nutrients. The goal is to produce organic fertilizer using waste recycling to improve soil fertility in a sustainable and cost-effective manner.
Vermicomposting is a process of composting organic wastes using earthworms. Certain species of earthworms are used to enhance the waste conversion process and produce a better quality compost. Red earthworms are commonly used as they efficiently convert organic matter into vermicompost within 45-50 days through their burrowing, castings and intestinal secretions. Vermicompost contains more nutrients in readily available forms compared to traditional compost and improves soil health, structure, fertility and plant growth.
Teacher Worm Composting Guide
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For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
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Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
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Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
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Vermiculture techniques and advantagesSabin Dhakal
This document provides information about different types of composting, including bin composting, tumbler composting, sheet composting, anaerobic composting, and vermicomposting. It discusses materials that can and cannot be composted, how to determine when compost is finished, and the benefits of various composting methods. Vermicomposting, or composting with worms, is described as harnessing worms to convert organic materials into usable compost and fertilizer, with earthworms improving soil structure, aeration, moisture retention, and nutrient content.
The document discusses vermiculture and vermicomposting. It defines key terms like vermi, vermiculture, vermicasts, and vermicomposting. It then describes the advantages of vermicomposting, including improving soil quality and providing a natural fertilizer. The document outlines the principles of vermicomposting and details the anatomy, biology, cultural requirements and best practices for vermiculture.
1. Vermiculture is the process of composting organic matter with the help of earthworms to produce vermicompost. Different species of earthworms have different habitats, habits, and nutritional needs.
2. Important aspects of vermiculture include the earthworms' habits and habitats, their nutrition from consuming dead organic matter and releasing nutrients through castings, and their reproductive cycles.
3. There are various types of earthworms used for vermiculture including red worms, field worms, night crawlers, and brandling worms. Vermicomposting can be done through bins, cages, or indoor heap methods.
Vermicomposting is the process of using worms to break down organic material into a nutrient-rich compost. Eisenia foetida worms are commonly used as they efficiently break down food scraps, yard waste, and other organic matter. The resulting vermicompost contains higher concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, potassium and magnesium than regular soil. Vermicompost bins can be set up indoors or outdoors using a container with drainage holes, shredded newspaper or peat moss, and worms. The process produces compost while reducing food and paper waste sent to landfills.
The 10th annual vermicomposting conference at North Carolina State University brought together over 100 people from 28 states and 5 countries to share information on raising earthworms and using their castings. Speakers presented on both large and small-scale vermicomposting operations from around the world and discussed processing various organic wastes, marketing castings and extracts, and research on plant growth and disease suppression using vermicompost. Presenters also described challenges with packaging, distribution and meeting regulations for retail sales. Research from India showed vermicomposting can help remediate contaminated soils and wastewater sludge while improving soil health.
This document provides an overview manual on on-farm vermicomposting and vermiculture. It discusses the basics of caring for compost worms, including their needs for bedding, food, moisture, aeration and temperature control. Different system types are described, from simple windrows to more advanced flow-through reactors. The value of vermicompost and potential opportunities for farmers are also covered. The manual aims to help farmers understand if working with worms could provide benefits and assess associated efforts, resources and risks.
This document discusses solid waste management and utilization. It begins by classifying waste into municipal, industrial, and biomedical categories. It then describes the types of waste generated municipally as biodegradable and non-biodegradable. The document provides details on the composition and management of solid waste in India. It recommends processing options like composting and refuse derived fuel based on the waste generated. Finally, it summarizes the utilization of organic waste through vermicomposting trials conducted at PAPRI, showing increased growth in plants treated with vermicompost.
To achieve sustainable agricultural production it is imperative to explore alternative integrated soil and nutrient management systems with minimum environmental degradation. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) aims at maintenance or adjustment of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply to an optimum level for sustaining the desired crop productivity through optimization of benefit from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner (Roy and Ange, 1991). Continuous and imbalanced use of fertilizers under intensive agricultural cultivation had adverse impact on the soil. Use of bio and organic fertilizers and adherence to ecofriendly land management practice enhances crop production and sustains soil fertility (Sailaja and Usha, 2002). Keeping these in view, INM practice is seen as a viable option in restoring the soil physical structure and chemical fertility, improving soil organic C and therefore, sustaining the system productivity. Sources such as nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers, mycorrhize and other beneficial organisms contribute to enhance efficient uptake of plant nutrients (Gupta et al., 2003).
INM tries to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by taking advantages of non-chemical sources of nutrients such as the manures, composts and bio-fertilizers (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Bio-fertilizers application not only increases plants growth and yield, but increase soil microbial population and activity; resulting in improved soil fertility (Ramesh et al., 2014). They include free-living bacteria which promote plant growth even in polluted soils. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus are examples of these bacteria (Zahir et al., 2004). Niess (2002) reported that plant growth promoting bacteria reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and increased plant growth and yield.
Apart from this, agroforestry interventions through integration of suitable trees, soil improvement through cover cropping, soil and water conservation measures etc can be potential INM strategies that can be practiced to sustain yield, minimize risk, utilize the lag phase, and improve productivity (Rao, 2000). The success of INM depends on the judicious use of the right combination of INM component suitable for a particular land use system.
Vermiculture is the culture of worms. Vermicomposting uses worms to compost organic materials into vermicompost or worm castings. Earthworms turn soil into a superior quality by breaking down organic matter and leaving behind nutrient-rich castings. They create tunnels that improve soil aeration, moisture retention, and provide pathways for plant roots and nutrients. The document then discusses the benefits of earthworms and details the process of vermicomposting to produce compost using worms.
This document discusses solid waste management issues in India. It notes that rapid urbanization, neglect by authorities, and public apathy have led to a garbage crisis. To address this, authorities must implement proper waste management systems as per regulations by treating waste via composting, anaerobic digestion, or other technologies. The document outlines several waste treatment options and recommends that vermicomposting is suitable for individual homes, composting is best for medium capacities, and anaerobic digestion is appropriate for large volumes of waste. Effective waste management requires proper collection, transportation, treatment, disposal and public awareness.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to maintenance of soil fertility and the plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all the possible sources of Organic, Inorganic & biological component in an integrated manner.
Vermicompost - An Organic Gold (Vermiculture and Vermicompost, Earthworm Farm...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Vermiculture is the culture of earthworms. The goal is to continually increase the number of worms in order to obtain a sustainable harvest. The worms are either used to expand a vermicomposting operation or sold to customers who use them for the same or other purposes. Vermicomposting is the process by which worms are used to convert organic materials (usually wastes) into a humus-like material known as vermicompost. The municipal wastes; non-toxic solid and liquid waste of the industries and household garbage’s can also be converted into vermicompost in the same manner.
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The document discusses vermicomposting as an alternative to landfills for solid waste management. It notes that solid waste generation is increasing in Malaysia and current landfills face issues. Vermicomposting uses worms to convert organic waste into fertilizer and reduces the amount of waste going to landfills. It presents vermicomposting as a commercially viable and socially responsible investment that provides environmental and economic benefits over traditional waste disposal methods.
This document provides details about a student's experiential learning programme involving organic production technology, specifically vermicomposting and mushroom cultivation. It describes the objectives, materials, procedures, economics, and conclusions of setting up and maintaining vermicompost beds and cultivating oyster mushrooms. Key steps included preparing and inoculating substrates, monitoring environmental conditions, harvesting vermicompost and mushrooms, and calculating costs and profits. The student concluded that the hands-on experience improved their understanding of organic farming as a business and way to improve soil, human, and environmental health.
Solid Waste Management by Vermicomposting : ReviewNithinkumar Allu
This document discusses vermicomposting as a method of solid waste management. It begins by noting that India produces large amounts of organic waste annually. Vermicomposting is presented as an eco-friendly alternative to landfill disposal of municipal solid waste that uses worms to create nutrient-rich compost. The document then covers the vermicomposting process, from collecting organic materials and worms, maintaining proper moisture and temperature, to producing high-quality vermicompost and improving soil fertility. It concludes by advocating for organic farming using vermicompost to provide chemical-free foods and reduce economic costs.
Vermicomposting is a process using earthworms to convert organic wastes into nutrient-rich compost or vermicompost. It involves mixing partially decomposed materials like cow dung and plant residues with earthworm species like Eisenia foetida in beds. The earthworms consume the waste and excrete castings over 45-50 days. The finished vermicompost is rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and helps improve soil health and fertility. It is commonly produced using bed and pit methods on farms and promoted under government schemes for organic farming and horticulture.
Preparation and uses of vermicompost and biofertilizersHaseena Shabnam
This document provides information on the preparation and use of vermicompost and biofertilizers. It discusses the process of vermicomposting using earthworms to convert organic waste into nutrient-rich manure. The steps for producing vermicompost through bed and pit methods are outlined. Biofertilizers are defined as living microorganisms that promote plant growth when applied to seeds or soil. The document lists different types of biofertilizers and describes the mass production process. It also explains ideal carrier materials and how to package the inoculants for use. The main methods of application for biofertilizers are seed treatment, seedling root dip, and soil treatment.
AGRO 305 Ex 2Methods of vermi composting.pptxAkhilKanukula2
The document describes methods for producing vermicompost and enriched vermicompost from organic wastes and crop residues. Vermicomposting involves using earthworms to break down organic materials into a nutrient-rich compound. Key steps include collecting raw materials like manure, crop residues, and food waste; introducing earthworm species like Eisenia foetida; and maintaining ideal moisture, temperature, and aeration over 30-45 days as the earthworms process the materials. Enriched vermicompost is also produced by supplementing with additional nutrients from materials like rock phosphate, potassium sulfate, and agricultural byproducts to improve the compost's nutrient content. Vermicompost has benefits for soil properties, plant
The document discusses vermicomposting, which is a method of composting using earthworms. It describes the nutrient content of vermicompost and explains that it has higher nutrient levels than farmyard manure or bacterial compost. The document also outlines the process for preparing vermicompost, including using organic materials like leaves and manure in layers, maintaining proper moisture and temperature conditions, and harvesting the finished compost after several weeks. Vermicompost provides various benefits for plants such as disease resistance and enhanced nutrient availability.
Vermiculture and vermicomposting is a biotechnology that uses earthworms to break down organic waste into a nutrient-rich fertilizer called vermicast or vermicompost. It is an environmentally friendly and low-cost way to utilize agricultural and other organic wastes while generating income. The process involves collecting earthworms, preparing beds with layers of waste materials, and harvesting the vermicompost after the earthworms have fed and the waste is broken down. Vermiculture has many benefits like waste management, soil enrichment, employment opportunities, and reduced use of chemical fertilizers.
Vermiculture and Vermicomposting Biotechnology for Organic Farming and Rural ...x3G9
1. Vermiculture and vermicomposting use earthworms to break down organic waste into a nutrient-rich fertilizer called vermicast or vermicompost.
2. Vermicompost contains more nutrients than traditional compost and improves soil quality. It can support organic farming and rural economic development by providing income opportunities and a sustainable waste management solution.
3. Setting up vermicomposting requires selecting appropriate earthworm species, maintaining proper temperature, moisture levels, and food sources to break down organic materials into high-quality vermicompost within 30 days.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Praramva
Biotech Pvt.Ltd was established in the year 2011 (A.D) by the three Biotech graduates of
Kathmandu University. Praramva Biotech is now one of the largest manufacturers of
Vermicompost in Nepal. Besides that, it has its own well equipped laboratory that
produces wide portfolio of bio based products for disease and pest management, crop nutrition
and soil health management. Praramva Biotech Pvt. Ltd specializes in manufacturing biological
crop protection and plant nutrition based products for progressive farmers, who need more than
sustainable results. The main aims of the Praramva Biotech Company are:
• To help farmers to increase their productivity and economy.
• To achieve sustainable development through scientific research based method in agriculture and
environment sector.
• Production and processing of medicinal plant.
• To reduce chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides and promote organic farming.
Oriculture is a form of organic farming that utilizes oribatid mites to break down plant litter into nutrient-rich humus. These mites feed on decaying plant matter like wood, leaves, and roots, releasing fecal pellets that enrich the soil. Different species of oribatid mites prefer different types of plant litter. The document discusses oricuture techniques like collecting plant litter, identifying mites, and mass culturing oribatid mites to release into soils. Oriculture provides many advantages over chemical fertilizers by naturally improving soil quality at low cost in an environmentally friendly way.
In recent years, it is no doubt that in India, where on one side pollution is increasing day by day due to accumulation of organic waste and on the other side there is a great shortage of organic manure.
It has been estimated that India, as a whole, generates as much as 25 million tonnes of urban solid waste of diverse composition per year. Solid waste comprises of both organic and inorganic matter.
Under the present condition of environmental degradation, vermicomposting technology is the best way to meet all the requirements of the society. This is a process of recycling trash/agricultural wastes in an efficient and eco-friendly manner in order to produce quality compost.
Organic wastes can be broken down and fragmented rapidly by earthworms, resulting in a stable non-toxic material with good structure, which has a potentially high economic value and also acts as a soil conditioner for plant growth.
It is a type of composting in which worms eat and metabolize organic matter that comprises to a better end product known as Vermicast (commonly called as BLACK GOLD) which has a stuff of nutrients that can be directly incorporated into the soil to help with plant fertilization, soil enrichment and soil stability.From a social point of view, organic fertilizers will:
Improve the social status of the individuals and the community.
Create motivation for people to live in the countryside by providing job
opportunities and business plans.
From a hygienic point of view, organic fertilizers will:
Produce chemical-free crops which will improve people's health.
Reduce the danger of lung diseases and other diseases resulting from burning the organic wastes in the field.EPIGEIC EARTHWORMS:
Earthworms of this group cannot make burrows in the soil. They can only move through crevices of the surface. They feed exclusively on decomposing organic wastes.
ENDOGEIC EARTHWORMS:
They are subsoil dwellers. Secretions of body wall of earthworms cement and smoothen the walls of the burrows and protect the wall from collapsing easily. They move below 30cm or more in the soil
ANECIC EARTHWORMS:
They are found in the soil, which is not frequently disturbed. They make very complicated burrows in the sol and they firmly pack their burrow walls with their castings. The Anecic earthworms like Epigeic earthworms are commonly found in temperate countries.Vermicompost is an excellent soil additive made up of digested compost. Worm castings are much higher in nutrients and microbial life and therefore, are considered as a higher value product. Worm castings contain up to 5 times the plant available nutrients. It not only adds microbial organisms and nutrients that have long lasting residual effects, it also modulates structure to the existing soil, increases water retention capacity. Vermicompost contains an average of 1.5% - 2.2% N, 1.8% - 2.2% P and 1.0% - 1.5% K. The organic carbon is ranging from 9.15 to 17.98 and contains micronutrients Nitrogen, phosphorus, Potassium..
Effect of Rhinoceros Beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) Larvae Compost and Vermicomp...Premier Publishers
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Oryctes rhinoceros larvae compost and vermicompost on the selected soil chemical properties. The soil was incubated with 0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 % of these composts arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The experiment was carried out at the Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 100 mL of distilled water were added regularly to the soil-compost mixture throughout the incubation period. The soil-compost were sampled after one and four weeks of incubation. The samples were analysed for soil pH, soil electrical conductivity (EC), available P, total N and total C. Application of composts induced a positive effect on soil pH, and available P; soil pH increased from 6.29 (initial) to range 6.31-6.55, while available P of the soil increased from 1.39 mg kg-1 to range 1.73-2.02 mg kg-1. It was found that the capability of rhinoceros beetle larvae composts on the soil chemical properties have a similar effect with vermicompost. It made the insect compost are potentially beneficial for farm and can be profitable if commercially produced. It would also help in reducing rhinoceros beetle pests’ problem in oil palm plantation if this insects’ larvae were hunted for composting process.
1) Soil health depends on the balance of physical, chemical, and biological aspects of soil which ensures proper retention and release of water and nutrients and promotes root growth.
2) Organic manures like FYM, green manure, and compost improve soil physical properties, increase nutrient retention, and promote beneficial soil organisms. They also improve the efficiency of chemical fertilizers.
3) Biofertilizers containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria can provide small amounts of nutrients to crops and improve soil health.
Farmers’ best friend, earthworm has been existent at least since the past 20 million years. Needless to say, they have been faithfully releasing the organic nutrients from the dead tissues back into the soil and thus making it available to the living organisms. They have an important roll in organic farming.
Earthworm Secret
Earthworms feed on the decaying organic matter and survive in soil. During digestion in the alimentary canal, all the organic waste gets transformed into natural fertilizer. The pH is neutral and it is an odorless organic matter. After digestion, the undigested food is excreted. There is a thin oily layer on the excreted material or casting which takes as much as two months to erode. In other words, the castings that are rich in plant nutrients are made available gradually since they are released slowly into the soil. Hence they last longer. These castings also contain microbes and hence the process of decomposition is continued through microbial action outside the body of the earthworms.
What is Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting
Biologically, it is defined as the process of turning organic debris into worm castings that play a crucial role in increasing the fertility of soil. These castings contain seven times more potash, five times more nitrogen and 1.5 times more calcium than what is found in the topsoil. In addition they have better moisture retention capacity, aeration, porosity and structure than the topsoil. The water absorption capacity of the soil is enhanced thanks to the burrowing action of the earthworm, and the organic content in the castings. Research has shown the castings to hold nine times their weight in water.
Objective of Vermicomposting Project
The main objective of vermicomposting project is to produce organic manure of exceptional quality for the organically starved soil. Agricultural wastes, wastes from dairy and animal farms are usually dumped into at places resulting in a foul mess. By vermicomposting these wastes, they are not only utilized efficiently but also help in making a value-added product.
Types of Earthworm and Classification
Study of earthworms was pioneered by Charles Darwin. Taking the cue, Barrett and George Oliver carried out an extensive study and demonstrated the benefits of earthworms in agriculture. Barrett was the first person to grow earthworms on a commercial scale.
Totally there are 386 different varieties of earthworms that have been identified that are broadly classified into 3 categories, viz. epigeic, endogeic and diageic. This classification is based on their feeding habits, habitat in soil strata, response to the soil conditions and defecation activities.
Epigeic
Thriving on soil surface, they convert the organic waste into humus very quickly.
They have a high metabolic activity but it lasts only for a limited period.
They need a huge amount of organic content as a part of their feed and thus ideal for commercial vermicompost project.
Although they a
This document discusses vermicomposting and provides information about the process. It defines vermicompost as the end result of worms decomposing organic matter. The nutrient composition of vermicompost is provided, including nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus percentages. The document outlines the materials, methods, and procedures for vermicomposting and describes the favorable conditions for earthworms. Advantages include improved soil structure and increased plant growth, while disadvantages are foul odor and high maintenance needs.
Impact of structural amendment of Paper mill wastes with different organic ma...Premier Publishers
Solid wastes of Waste Paper based Emami Paper Mill at Balasore was collected from dumping ground by the side of Swapna nala (effluent releasing channel) and vermicomposted after mixing separately with different organic materials like cabbage leaves, water hyacinth, paddy straw and sawdust in different ratio either alone or in combination with cowdung. It was found that Paper Mill Wastes (PMW) alone was not palatable to Eisenia fetida, many of them either died or moved away from the tray. Amendment of PMW with cabbage leaves was also not promising. However, the amendment of PMW with cowdung and sawdust in 1:0.5:0.5 produced good quantity vermicompost in comparatively less time with better survival of earthworms. Vermicompost of this treatment was also recorded comparatively higher nutrient contents and performed better growth of paddy seedlings
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Operational Manual for Production of Vermicompost
1. OPERATIONAL MANUAL
FOR
(Production of VERMICOMPOST)
(RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAMME)
Dr. S.R. Sharma
(Professor)
2013-14
DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
S.K.N. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
(S.K. N. AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, JOBNER)
JOBNER-303 329
2. 2
Exer.
No.
Particulars Page
No.
Signature
1. Identification of earthworms
2. Collection and preparation of bedding materials
3. Preparation of beds for vermicompost and inoculation of
vermiculture
4. Separation of vermiculture and vermicompost
5. Maintenance of vermiculture
6. Preservation and packing of vermicompost
7. Determination of quality standards of vermicompost:
Analysis for N, P and K
8. Estimation of organic carbon in vermicompost
9. Fractionation of vermicompost
10. Drawing of flow-sheet chart of vermitechnology
INDEX
3. 3
INTRODUCTION
Vermicomposting is an ecofriendly, low cost effective and a effective way
to recycle agricultural and kitchen waste. The application of vermicompost not
only adds plant nutrients (macro and micro) and growth regulators but also
increases soil water retention, microbial population, nutrient content and carbon
content of the soil.
Vermicompost refers to an organic manure produced by earthworms. It is
mixture of worm castings, organic material including humus, live earth worms
and their cocoons and other organisms. Vermicomposting is a appropriate
technique for the disposal of non-toxic solid and liquid organic wastes. It helps in
cost effective and efficient recycling of animal wastes agricultural residual and
industrial wastes using low energy.
The key role of earthworms in improving soil fertility is well known.
Earthworms feed on any organic waste, consume two to five times their body
weight and after using 5-10 per cent of the feed stock for their growth, excrete
the mucus coated undigested matter as wormcasts worm cast consists of organic
matter that has undergone physical and chemical breakdown through the activity
of the muscular gizzard which grinds the material to a particle size of 1-2 micron.
The nutrients presents in wormicast are readily soluble in water for the uptake of
plants. Worm casts are rich source of macro and micro nutrients, vitamins,
enzymes, antibiotics, growth harmones and immobilized microfloras.
In Rajasthan gross cultivated area is 20.69 m ha and out of which 33.3 %
area falls under irrigation. The recommended dose of FYM per hectare is 5-10
ha-1
. Therefore, the total requirement of FYM may be estimated as 34 to 68 m t
per year. The availability of FYM is about 4.7 m t per year. Thus 29.3 to 63.4 m t
of FYM per year is still lacking. The total organic waste material is produced 875-
1300 mt per year and this material can be processed either by vermicompositing
or by other composting methods and the demand of 29.3 to 63.4 mt of FYM per
year can be full filled and the whole process of vermicomposting can ensure
supply of organic matter to the fields and can provide job to the persons.
4. 4
Increased usage of chemical with out adequate organic recycling has not
only aggravated multinutrient deficiencies in soil plant system but also
deteriorated soil health and created environmental pollution.
The world market for organic food production is estimated to be worth
around 35 billion annually. The annual growth rates of worldwide sales are
between 10-30%. It is estimated that the market could be worth between $100
and $190 billion by 2006. More than 130 countries, currently produces
commercial quantities of certified organic food and agricultural products. Strong
consumer demands, high premiums and government subsidies to convent
organic production methods are driving further growth in the organic production.
In developing countries, where existing agricultural production techniques are
depend on lower inputs and are close to being organic, could provide source of
the organic production and the growth is needed to satisfy demand.
Vermicompost
What It is a cast of earthworms.
Why It is required to full fill the following objectives.
Vermi
composting
Agricultural waste
Demand
of
FYM
Soil & Plant pollution
Sell Job
&
to thers
Organic
recycling
Save chemical
fertilizers
Adds in
national
economy
Sustained soil
production &
fertility
5. 5
Exercise No. 1 : Identification of earthworms
Classification, identification of earth worm
Phylum - Annelida
Class - Oligochacta
Order - Opisthopora
Genus - Pheretima
Species - Eisenia foetida
- Lumbricus rubellus
Characteristics
Procurement of earthworm and required material: - Spade, tap, pillars,
cencherus munja to made the shade / cloth for cover, sutli, plant residues,
organic waste, cow / buffalo dung, gunny bag or banana leaves, necessary
arrangement for water supply, worm culture (cocoon) etc.
Types of earth worms
India has about 3000 species of earth worms, which are adapted to a
range of environment and vermiculture needs. Earthworms can be divided into
the following two broad groups:-
(i) Epigeic- The suface living worms
(ii) Epiarecic- The burrowing worms
Epigeic or manure worms are found on the surface and are reddish brown
in color. They do not process the soil but are efficient in composting of organic
wastes. They enhance the rate of organic manure production. Through
biodegradation or mineralization and nutrient mobilization. The local species are:-
Lampito mauritii
Octochaetona serrata
Perionyx excavatus
6. 6
Epianecic species burrow and mix the soil from different horizons in the
profile. They ingest organic and mineral fractions of soil. Thus promoting the
formation of organic complexes. Organic mineral crumbs are brought from
deeper parts of the soil profile to the surface.
In temperate regions, humus feeders (epianecic) dominate over the
organic matter feeding (epigeic) worms in tropical coantries. Epianecic worms
can not feed directly on partially degraded organic matter. In the tropics, a small
group of 4-10 cm long worms having dark pigmentation are found in the litter
heap, dung pad or near the cattle shed during monsoon.
The worms do not enter the soil strata.
Earthworms species for vermicompost
Name place of residence
1. Lampito mauriti Sandy loam soil
2. Octochaetona serrata Clayey soil
3. Lumbricus terrestris Deep boarings
4. Allolobophora caliginosa shallow boarings
5. Eudrilus eugeniae
6. Eisenia foetida
7. Perionyx excavatus
8. Pheretima elongate
The Eisenia foetida an epigeic species of earthworms is used for
vermicomposting. The general characteristics of Eisenia foetida are as under :
Habit : Epigeic
Size : 8-10 cm
Diameter : 0.8-1.0 mm
Duration of life : 70 days
Temperature range : 15-40 0
C
Approximate weight of : 1.0-3.0 g
single earthworm
Mopisture tolerance range : 30-70%
Habit and Habitats : Living on surface and organic
matter rich areas
7. 7
Exercise No. 2 : Collection and preparation of bedding materials
Bedding material :
1. Agriculture waste
2. All type of weeds
3. Litter falls of trees
4. Kitchen waste
5. Agricultural industrial waste
6. All spoiled food grain and food materials
7. Wastes of dinner or get together
8. Wastes of animal feeding
All the materials which are treated as waste, only burned and that can not
be utilized by human beings and animals are useful for preparation of bedding
material for earthworms.
(i) Initial digestion:
Dig a pit of the size 6 x 6 x 3 or prepare a chamber on the ground surface
of the size 6’ x 6’x 3’ or depending open number of cows /buffaloes etc or
availability of cowdung and agricultural waste and put cowdung on the ground
surface of pit by farming Ist larger and than put agricultural waste as a second
layer the ratio of 8:5 repeat the preparation of these alternate layers of cowdung
and agricultural waster till the chamber is not filled. The last layer or top layer of
the chamber should be cowdung. The cowdung and agricultural wastes filed in
the chamber should be appreciatively in the 8:5 ratio. Than saturate the chamber
with water and than keep it for 10 days.
Results
1. The materials which are collected:
2. Temperature and moisture of the bedding material is :
8. 8
Exercise No. 3: Preparation of beds for vermicompost and
inoculation of vermiculture
Preparation of vermicomposting bed:- Select a place in vermicomposting shed
and mark an area of 3 x 10 feet and spread on it hard woody agricultural waste to
form a basement layer and spray water till it is wetted well and than collected the
material from initial digestion chamber and put it on the bed, prepared in the size
3 x 10 feet up to the height of 1½ -2 feed and check the moisture and after
confirmation of the proper moisture, inoculate the bed by the earthworms culture
which is required @ 3 kg vermiculture per bed of the size 3x10 feed. Cover the
bed with green leaves/ weeds/ banana leaves/ gunny begs etc. After every 3-5
days of interval in summer or 7-10 days of interval in winters, watering should be
done by spraying on the beds till vermicomposting process completed. The
spraying of water should be of the pH 7.0 to 7.5 or upto 8.0. The
vermicomposting process in the bed will take only 35-40 days, stop watering after
35-40 days and remove the cover and separate the vermicompost and
vermiculture.
RESULT:
1. The vermicompost prepared in :…………….. day
2. The test of completion of vermicompost are: A.
B.
3. The moisture content and temperature at final stage of vermicomposting
A. Moisture content ………………………. %
B. Temperature ………………………. 0
C
PRECAUTIONS:
(i) Always maintain 30% moisture in each layer during whole of
process of vermicomposting and watering should be done at 15
9. 9
to 20 day of interval in winter and 7 to 10 days in summer or as
per requirement to maintain 30% moisture.
(ii) Maintain the population of earthworms by 150/5 Sq M in IIIrd
layer.
(iii) During summer special care should be taken to maintain
optimum moisture for that add 3-4 time of water.
(iv) Avoid heavy watering during the process of composting.
(v) Protect earthworm from enemies i.e. birds and ants.
(vi) Use fresh dung during the preparation of lined layer because
fresh dung is most desired substrate of worm.
(vii) Charging and checking of earthworms once in 8-9 weeks to
ensure their regular multiplication.
(viii) The over all thickness of all layers must be up to 1½ feet.
(ix) Worms hatch out with in a month. They start processing the
organic much and produce vermi casting.
10. 10
Exercise No. 4 : Separation of vermiculture and vermicompost
Separation of the vermicompost and vermiculture : Loose the bed with the
help of iron Panja/ Kushi/Dantali and wait for 5-10 minutes or till earthworms
reaches to lower layers. Than with the help of wooden stick, remove a layer free
from earthworms and their eggs. Repeat this process of separation for three time
and collect the removed material (vermicompost) and sieve it and keeping for the
further use. The material remained in the bed will be vermiculture, collect it and
keep it for its survival in vermiculture bed.
Results:
1. The earthworms separated from vermicompost
2. The vermicompost separated and sieved and collected in heap and
maintained moisture
11. 11
Exercise No. 5 : Maintenance of vermiculture
Prepare a bed containing cowdung and agriculture waste containing
sufficient moisture and the culture received from vermicomposting beds is stored
in this beds and moisture is maintained till its further use. The culture also
protected from enemies.
Results
12. 12
Exercise No. 6 : Preservation and packing of vermicompost
1. Preservation:
The vermicompost collected from beds is sieved by four mesh sieve and
collected in a heap and moisture is maintained till it is utilized for production of
crops, nurseries, trees etc.
2. Packing of vermicompost
After application of sufficient moisture, the material is weighted and filled
into the plastic bags and sealed. The packing bags are of 2, 5, 10 and 50 kg
capacity are generally used.
Results
13. 13
Exercise No.7: Determination of quality standards of
vermicompost: Analysis for N, P and K
Quality Standards of Vermicompost
Average nutrient content of vermicompost
S. No. Nutrient Vermicompost FYM
1. N% 1.6 0.75
2. P2O5 % 2.04 0.17
3. K2O 0.80 0.55
4. Ca % 0.44 0.91
5. Mg % 0.15 0.19
6. Fe (ppm) 175.2 146.5
7. Mn (ppm) 96.51 69.0
8. Zn (ppm) 24.43 14.5
9. Cu (ppm) 4.89 2.8
10. C : N 15 : 5 31 : 28
Source : Purakayastha and Bhatnagar (1997)
Comparative nutrient content of composts
S.
No.
Compost Nutrient content % of
drymatter
N P2O5 K2O
1. Vermicompost 1.6 2.2 0.67
2. Rural compost 1.22 1.08 1.47
3. Urban compost 1.24 1.92 1.07
4. Paddy straw compost 0.90 2.05 0.90
5. Maize stalk compost 1.09 1.30 1.01
6. Cotton waste e.g. nut full compost 1.62 1.04 1.26
Source : Venkatranum (1997)
14. 14
Vermicompost can also be called as biological manure and it contains not
only mainly micronutrients like Mn, Fe, Mo, B, Zn, Cu but also contains some
growth regulators and a good amount of microbial population (Singh and Rai,
1997).
Population of cocoon population of earthworms in culture should be 150
cocoon / 5 Sq.m.
Temperature for activity the most conductive temperature for the activity of
worms ranges between 26-35°C.
15. 15
7.1 Determination of total N in vermicompost
Principle:
The material is digested with H2SO4 and salicylic aid in the presence of
K2SO4ˉ, FeSO4, CuSO4 and sodium thiosulphate (NaS2O3). In this process
K2SO4 acid raises the boiling point of H2SO4 and CuSO4 as a catalyst. Salicylic
acid forms Nitrocompounds (nitrogen salicyclic acid) which are reduced by
Na2S2O3 to amino (ammonia) compound. This ammonia is then estimated by
kjeldahl method as described in estimation of N including NO3 in plant material.
In the above method zinc dust can also be used in place of sodium thiosulphate
to reduce nitrosalicylic acid to aminosalicylic acid. The various reactions are as :
C6H4OH.COOH + HNO3 …….. C6H3OH.NO2COOH + H2O
Salicylic acid Nitrogen salicylic acid
The nitrosalicyclic acid is reduced to amino-salicylic acid by the action of
sulphurous acid formed by the reaction between sulphuric acid and sodium
thiosulphate.
Na2
S2
O3
+ H2SO4 …………… Na2SO4 + S + H2SO3
Sulphurous acid
C6H3OH.NO2COOH+3H2SO3+ H2O …. C6H3OH.NH2COOH + 3H2SO4
Amino salicylic acid
2C6H3OH.NH2.COOH+27H2SO4 …. (NH4)2 SO4 + 26SO2 +14CO2 + 30H2O
Reagents and apparatus:
16. 16
(i) Kjeldahl digestion and distillation assembly
(ii) Concentrated H2SO4.
(iii) Standard HCI solution: N/10
(iv) NaOH solution (45%): Prepared by dissolving 450 g NaOH in one litre
of distilled water.
(v) Mixed indicator: Dissolve 0.5 g bromocresol green and 0.1 g methyl
red in 100 ml of 95 per cent ethanol.
(vi) Boric acid 4% (indicator solution) : Dissolve 40 g H3BO3 in 1 litre
distilled water by heating gently. Add 5 ml of mixed indicator in it and
adjust pH of boric acid to 4.5 by using NaOH or HCI (colour turns from
blue to slightly pink).
(vii) Granulated zinc: To prevent bumping in distillation flask.
(viii) Mixture: Prepare by mixing 10 parts anhydrous sodium sulphate or
potassium sulphate + 0.3 parts copper sulphate. anyhydrous Na2SO4
or K2SO4, raise the boiling temperature of digestion mixture whereas
CuSO4 acts as catalyst and hasten the digestion. Other catalyst which
can be used are HgO, Hg, Se powder etc.
(ix) Sulphuric acid + Salicylic acid mixture: Add one gram of salicylic acid
to 30 ml of sulphuric acid.
(x) Sodium thiosulphate, finally ground crystals or zinc dust.
Method:
(i) Take one gram of sample and transfer it into a kjeldhal flask.
(ii) Add about 30 ml of sulphuric acid salicylic acid mixture.
(iii) Shake until thoroughly mixed and keep the flask for about half an hour
for the reaction to proceed.
(iv) Add 5 g of sodium thiosulphate (or 2 g zinc dust) and heat over a low
flame till frothing ceases. Then raise the heat and continue boiling until
white fumes cease to come out.
17. 17
(v) Raise the heat to boil the contents until solution is clear and then
continue digestion for at last 30 minutes. (Solution become whitish
upon complete digestion)
(vi) Cool and add slowly with intermittent shaking about 200 ml of water
and cool again.
(vii) Add few pieces of granulated zinc in the flask to prevent bumping, tilt
the flask and about 80 ml of 45 per cent NaOH gently so that the
contents do not mix.
(viii) Immediately connect this flask to distillation assembly and see that the
end of condenser tube dips into the 50 or 100 ml 4 percent boric acid
solution contained in the receiving 250 or 500 ml conical flask along
with mixed indicator. Mix the content of the flask by swirling.
(ix) Distill ammonia at moderately high heat for about 45 minutes till at
least 150 ml of distillate has been collected. Test with red litmus paper
if any NH3 is still coming out.
(x) Remove receiving flask with putting off the heating and rinse out-let
tube into receiving flask with a small amount of distilled water.
(xi) Titrate the content of receiving flask with standard 0.1 N HCl till blue
color disappears. Simultaneously run blank using all reagents in the
same quantity but without the sample.
Observation and calculation:
i. Blank reading =
ii. Sample reading =
When 10 ml of 1 percent fertilizer solution is taken
Where T = (Sample reading – Blank reading)
Per cent N in fertilizer =
0.0014 x T x 100 x 100
10
18. 18
In case on gram sample is taken directly, dilute the digest to 500 ml and
take 25 ml of it for distillation and calculate percent N as follows:
Note:
(i) If the flame or electricity goes out off during distillation, immediately
remove the receiver flask containing standard acid to prevent the
contents from being sucked back into the kjeldahl flask Light the burner
(or start the heater) and then replace the receiving flask. If there is
severe bumping, regulate the flame or heater gradually till it is low.
Continue distillation for about 45 minutes. At the end, without putting of
the burner or heater, disconnect the dipped tube from the condenser.
Rinse it with distilled water.
(ii) The granulated zinc is added to prevent bumping during distillation.
Zinc reacts with dilute sulphurinc acid producing minute bubbles of
hydrogen, which help in preventing bumping. The sulphuric acid used
may contain traces of ammonium sulphate and the distilled water
exposed to the laboratory air may contain traces of ammonium
hydroxide. Hence it become necessary to carry out a blank
determination by which any extraneous nitrogen is determined and
subtracted from the total value.
Per cent N in V. =
0.0014 x T x 500
25
X 100
19. 19
7.2 Determination of total phosphorus in vermicompost (Volumetric
ammonium molybdate method)
Principle:
Phosphorus is precipitated from the acidic solution as ammonium
phosphomolybdate (NH4)3 PO4ˉ - 12 MoO3 ) by adding ammonium molybdate
solution. The precipitate is dissolved in measured excess of the standard alkali;
after filtration and washing till free from the acid. The equations involved are as
follows:
I. Precipitation:
Na3PO4+12(NH4)2MoO4+24HNO3 …
(NH4)3PO4ˉ12MoO4+3NaNO3+21NH4NO3+12H2O.
II. Dissolution of precipitate in standard alkali:
(NH4)3PO4. 12MoO4+23NaOH ...
11Na2MoO4+NaNH4HPO4+(NH4)2MoO4+11 H2O
Reagents:
(i) Ammonium molybdate solution 3 per cent: 3 g of ammonium molybdate is
dissolved in hot distilled water and makes its volume to 1 litre.
(ii) Standard NaOH solution: 0.1 N.
(iii) Standard H2SO4 solution: 0.1 N.
(iv) Sodium nitrate 2 per cent: 20 g sodium nitrate A.R. grade is dissolved in 1
litre of distilled water.
(v) Phenolphthalein indicator: 1 g phenolphthalein is dissolved in 100 ml of
95.5% ethanol.
(vi) Magnesium nitrate solution (9%). Dissolve 90 gram of phosphorus free Mg
(NO3)2 in water and dilute to 1 litre.
20. 20
Method:
Preparation of sample solution: According to the nature of fertilizer, the
sample solution should be prepared with one of the following methods.
(i) For materials and fertilizer mixtures containing high organic material: Take
1 g sample in evaporation dish. Add 5 ml of Mg (NO3)2 solution and
evaporate to dryness. Then ignite to destroy organic matter and dissolve
in 10 ml HCL.
(ii) For materials containing small quantity of organic matter: Take 1 g sample
in a 50 ml beaker. Add 30 ml HNO3 and 5 ml HCI and boil gently until the
organic matter is destroyed and red brown fumes cease to appear.
(iii) For fertilizers containing much Fe or Al phosphate and basic slag: Treat 1
gm sample with 30 ml HCI and 10 ml HO3 and boil gently until red brown
fumes disappear.
Cool the solution prepared by any of the three above methods, dilute to
250 ml mix and filter through dry filter if required.
(i) Pipette out 5 to 25 ml aliquot depending upon the P content (containing
not more than 25 mg P2O5) in a 250 ml beaker. Dilute it with 100 ml
distilled water.
(ii) Add approximately 5-10 ml of concentration HNO3 and about 10 g
ammonium nitrate.
(iii) Heat this mixture on a water bath at 55-60 OC till it is just unbearable
to hand.
(iv) Ad 3 per cent ammonium molybdate solution in beaker drop by drop
with the help of burette. Continue stirring with a glass rod till about 5 ml
of molybdate solution have been added. Stir for another few minutes till
the yellow precipitate appears to become granular.
21. 21
(v) Cover the beaker with glass and allow it settle for some time. Draw the
clear solution through a what man no.44 filter paper and wash the
precipitate with 2 percent sodium nitrate solution agitating thoroughly
and allowing the precipitate to settle. Transfer the precipitate on to the
filter paper and wash with NaNO3 solution till free from acid.
(vi) The precipitate and filter paper are then transferred to the beaker and
two ml of 0.1 N NaOH is added at a time by pipette till the precipitate
become soluble.
(vii) Add 1-2 drops of 1 per cent phenolphthalein and titrate the excess of
alkali against 0.1 N sulphuric acids.
Observations and calculation
As per equation II
23 x 40 g NaOH = 31 g P = 71 g P2O5 or 23 g equivalent of NaOH = 31 g P = 71
g P2O5.
Since a normal solution contains 1 g equivalent per litre
Thus 0.003088 is the factor for P2O5 corresponding to 1 ml of 1 N alkali
Volume of the aliquot (solution) taken = 5 ml
Total volume of fertilizer solution = 250 ml
Suppose volume of 0.1 N NaOH required to dissolve the precipitate = 40 ml (V1).
Volume of 0.1 N H2SO4 used for titration to neutralize excess alkali = 10 ml (V2)
31
23I equivalent of NaOH =
g P = 71
23
g P2O5
1000 ml of 1 N NaOH =
71
23
1 ml of 1 N NaOH =
71
23
1
1000
g P2O5 = 0.003088 P2O5X
22. 22
Then volume of 0.1 N NaOH used for precipitate = 40-10 = 30 ml
Where,
N1 = Normality of the standard alkali
N2 = Normality of standard acid,
F = Factor for P2O5.
Per cent P2O5 =
F x (V1N1 – V2N2) x Vol of total fert. Solu.
Aliquot taken
100
Wt.of Fert.
x
=0.003088 x (40 x 0.1 – 10 x 0.1) 250
5
100
1
= 46.32x
23. 23
7.3 Determination of potassium in vermicompost by cobalty nitrite method
Principle
Sodium cobaltinitrite {Na3 CO (NO2)6}, when added to a solution of
potassium salt, forms a canary yellow precipitate of potassium sodium
cobaltinitrite K2Na {CO (NO2)6} H2O. The precipitate is dissolved in a known
volume of standard KmnO4 solution, the excess of which is determined by back
titration with standard oxalic acid solution.
10K2Na {CO (NO2)6} H2O + 22 KmnO4 + 58 H2SO4
= 21K2SO4 + 5Na2SO4 + 10COSO4 + 22 MnSO4 + 60HNO3 + 38 H2O
Reagents and apparatus
(i) Sodium nitrate: 175 g NaNO3 free from K+ and NH4+ ions is dissolved
in distilled water and make the volume to 500 ml.
(ii) Cobalt nitrite: 100 g cobalt nitrite free from K+ and NH4+ ions is
dissolved in distilled water and dilute to 500 ml.
(iii) Saturated sodium chloride: 350 g NaCl is dissolved in 1 litre distilled
water. Filter and cool. (Solution may be warmed during dissolution).
(iv) Alcohol (35 per cent) : 420 ml of alcohol is diluted with 600 ml distilled
water.
(v) N/20 standard KmnO4 solution.
(vi) N/20 standard oxalic acid solution.
Sample preparation
Weigh accurately 5 g of the sample in an evaporating dish and incinerate
in muffle furnace to carbon-free ash. Heat the ash with 10 ml of concentrated HCl
for 10 minutes, Cool and transfer into a beaker. Wash the dish with distilled water
several times and collect the washings in the beaker. Dilute with water to about
150 ml and heat to boiling. Add powdered barium hydroxide to make the contents
24. 24
just alkaline. Cool, make volume up to 250 ml and evaporate to dryness in a
porcelain dish. Heat the reside gently over a low flame with a few ml of
concentrated HNO3 till all ammonium salts are expelled. Wet the residue with
concentrated HCI and again evaporate to dryness. Add dilute HCI and digest on
a water bath. Filter and wash free from chloride. Use the filtrate for precipitation
of potassium.
In the presence of NH3, Ca and Al etc. (for determination of K in NPK
complexes and NPK fertilizer mixtures:
Place 2.0 gram of sample in 250 ml volumetric flask. Add 125 ml water
and 50 ml of 4 per cent ammonium oxalate (NH4)2 C2O4) solution,. Add 1 ml
diglycon streate, to prevent foaming, if needed. Boil for 30 minutes, add light
excess of NH4 OH and after cooling dilute to 250 ml, mix and pass through dry
filter No.12 or equivalent.
Method
(i) Prepare 0.25 per cent solution of fertilizers by procedure given in a or b
or c after adjusting amount of fertilizer taken and corresponding
dilution. Take 10 ml of 0.25 per cent fertilizer solution in a Pyrex beaker
or glazed dish.
(ii) Dry the fertilizer solution on a water bath and after cooling add 1.5 ml
of glacial acetic acid and 10 ml of saturated sodium chloride solution.
(iii) After 4 minutes add 4 ml of 35 per cent NaNO3 solution and stir again.
(iv) After 5-10 minutes (not more than that) when reaction is complete, add
5 ml of 20 per cent cobalt nitrite solution rapidly with constant stirring.
(It should not take more than 3-4 seconds).
(v) Stir 40-60 seconds. Cover and allow it to settle overnight in a cool
place free from fumes of ammonia.
25. 25
(vi) Filter through a gooch crucible charged with asbestos or use sintered
glass crucible number 4.
(vii) Transfer to precipitate to the crucible and wash 4 times with 6-10 ml of
35 per cent alcohol each time. Finally wash the crucible with 3 small
lots of 2 ml each of cold water to remove alcohol.
(viii) Pipette out 50 ml of N/20 KmnO4 in a 400 ml beaker. Dilute it to about
150 ml with distilled water and add 5 ml of H2SO4.
(ix) Add the crucible along with precipitate in this mixture and keep it
submerged in the solution and warm gently. If the color appears to be
discharged add further known quantity of KmnO4 solution to ensure
excess.
(x) Now heat nearly to boiling. Remove from the heat (flame) and after few
minutes add excess of N/20 oxalic acid nearly 50 ml.
(xi) Warm until all oxides of Mn have been dissolved.
(xii) Titrrate excess of oxalic acid with N/20 KmnO4. The difference
represents the amount of KmnO4 used for oxidation of the precipitate.
Observations and calculations
Amount of fertilizer solution taken = 10 ml
Amount of N/20 KmnO4 solution added = 50 ml
Amount of N/20 oxalic acid solution added = 50 ml
Volume of N/20 KmnO4 solution required for the excess of oxalic acid= xml
Volume of N/20 KmnO4 used for reacting the precipitate = (50-x) ml
% of K2O = Ml of N/20 KmnO4 x Total volume of fertilizer solution
Volume of solution taken
100
Wt. Of
fertilizers
x
26. 26
Exercise No. 8 : Estimation of organic carbon in vermicompost
Determination of organic matter b1 ash ba method
Method: Weight 10 g of the well-mixed manure vermicompost in a dry nickel
crucible of silica basin. Heat it on a low flame, till the organic matter begins to
burn. Place the crucible in a muffle furnace at dull red heat i.e. at about 550C
when grayish white ash is formed; remove the crucible from the furnace. Cool in
a desiccator and weigh. The residue represents the ash. The loss in weight arid
represent the moisture and organic matter.
Observation and calculation:
Wet of the crucible = c
Wet of the crucible + manure = b
Wet of crucible + manure after ignition = a
Ash, g/100 g = (a-c)
------------ x 100
b-c
Percentage of ash on original basis =
Percentage of organic matter = 100-Z-M
Organic matter % = 100-% Ash
%organic carbon = % organic matter
1.724
Note: Percentage of organic matter and ash is usually calculated on oven dry
basis.
Results
The organic carbon content in giving sample of organic manure is
…………………
27. 27
Exercise No. 9 : Fractionation of vermicompost
Organic matter
Acidity to pH 1.5 Water + domination
Acidity to Ph 1.5
Soil
NaOH
extractable
Humin
Humicaue
Precipitate
A
Fulivic acid
soluble
A
Sonipied water
expact
Humic acid
B
Falvic acid
B
28. 28
The waste-retention basin sampled for this study was constructed in 1993
and is located in north central Iowa. The basin is permitted for 1.8 million
gallongs, with about 1.3 million gallongs being pumped out in the spring and fall
of each year. No fresh water is added to this basin as it fills with swine waste.
This basin received waste from five buildings that housed about 5700 swine at
the time of sampling. The average weight per animal was about 135 pounds at
this time. In an effort to reduce the adors from this basin, the operator has added
paper cuttings in previous years and soybean stover in the current year (2003).
Sample collection
Two unfiltered 1-liter samples were collected in amber glass bottles in
July, 2003. One sample was collected close to the waste in-flow pipe (north-side-
sample), and one was collected on the other side of the basin opposite the waste
in-flow pipe (south-side sample). The samples were chilled on ice and shipped
overnight to the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory, and
immediately analysed with minimal refrigerated storage to minimize sample
degradation.
Organic Matter Fractionation
The north side sample was fractionated in a comprehensive scheme,
presented in figure 1, designed to obtain compound class information for
particulate, colloidal, and dissolved organic matter. This is the first
comprehensive fractionation scheme designed to include volatile acid and
particulate organic matter with the published scheme (Leenheer and others,
20000 for fractionation and analyses of colloidal and non-volatile dissolved
organic matter. The south side sample was used to evaluate a non-
comprehensive solvent extraction scheme (Fig. 20 for comparison of a typical
solvent extraction analyses with the comprehensive analytical approach. This
comparison assumes there were no significant differences between the north and
south side samples as the ph and conductivity values (measured in the
laboratory) were identical for these two samples.